#夏日生活打卡季#
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著名的法国思想家米歇尔·德·蒙田(Michel de Montaigne)说,
Some people have knowledge and understand the truth, but they do not necessarily have judgment.
There are also people who have judgment, but they have no knowledge and do not understand the truth.
This quote expresses the observation that knowledge and judgment do not always exist in a person at the same time.
Socrates also famously made the point:
“我知道我什么都不知道”（I know that I am ignorant）
Socrates reveals the contradictions in people's beliefs by asking questions (Socratic questioning) and thus prompts people to think deeply.
He believed that true wisdom lay in recognizing one's own ignorance.
His approach emphasized the importance of judgment and the ability to approach the truth through critical thinking, even in situations of inadequate learning.
Plato, a student of Socrates, in his book The Ideal Republic, explores the ideal political structure and the philosopher Wang's ideas.
According to Plato, philosophers can recognize the truth in the world of ideas through study and thinking, and that the rulers should be those who are philosophically literate.
Here, Plato sees learning as the basis of judgment, arguing that only philosophers who have the truth can make the most rational political decisions.
Aristotle, a student of Plato, developed the concept of "practical wisdom" (phronesis), which is a sound judgment about human behavior, somewhere between theoretical wisdom and ethical virtue.
According to Aristotle, practical wisdom is the knowledge of action, which is not only the understanding of abstract principles, but also the ability to make the right choices in concrete situations.
René Descartes, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, famously proposed the method ·of skepticism in his First Philosophical Meditations in search of the unquestionable truth by questioning everything that can be doubted.
笛卡尔最终得出"我思故我在"(Cogito, ergo sum)的结论。
His approach emphasized the importance of rational judgment, the need to establish true knowledge through skepticism and criticism, even in a learned context.
Immanuel Kant, on the other hand, in his Critique ·of Pure Reason, explores how human beings can perceive the world through a priori rational faculties.
Kant distinguishes between pure reason and practical reason, arguing that although we cannot fully know the essence of things (the object itself) through reason, we can guide our actions through practical reason, which requires the use of judgment (Kritik).
Kant believed that judgment is the bridge between knowledge and action.
18世纪的启蒙思想家们,如伏尔泰(Voltaire)、卢梭(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)和亚当·斯密(Adam Smith),都强调了理性判断力的重要性。
Through their writings and debates, they contributed to the transformation of society from feudal superstition to rational criticism, in which knowledge and judgment were seen as key factors in advancing social progress.
Therefore, from Michel · de · Montaigne to the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century, these great philosophers have profoundly revealed the complex and subtle relationship between knowledge and judgment through their own unique perspectives and theories.
Montaigne's observation reminds us that knowledge and judgment do not necessarily go hand in hand, but require continuous self-reflection and improvement.
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