At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongols rose in Mobei. While unifying the Mongolian Plateau tribes by force, Temujin, the ruler of the Qiyan tribe, began to expand outward.
After Temujin was promoted as Genghis Khan by the Mongol chieftains, he swept the eyes of his conquerors beyond the Mongolian steppes.
Western Xia was a small state founded by the Dangxiang people (a branch of the Qiang people). It includes today's Ningxia and northern Shaanxi, as well as part of Gansu and Qinghai, and is separated from the Mongolian Plateau by a majestic and steep Helan Mountain.
In 1205, the Mongol army smashed into the Xia realm and captured Lijili Village in one fell swoop; When the Mongolian army passed through Luosi City, they could not attack the city, so they plundered people and animals, and the damage was great. After the Mongol army retreated, Li Chunyou of Xia Huanzong ordered all localities to repair the castle destroyed by the Mongol army, and granted amnesty to the whole territory, and changed the capital Xingqing Mansion to Zhongxing Mansion (now Yinchuan, Ningxia).
In 1206, Li An'an, the king of Zhenyi County, staged a coup d'état, deposed Xia Huanzong Chunyou, and established himself as emperor, which was for Xia Xiangzong.
In the autumn of this year, Genghis Khan sent troops to invade the summer again, and the Mongol army broke through the city of Hura, burned, killed and looted, and the disturbance was extremely miserable. In February of the following year, the Mongolian army was fully captured and took the initiative to retreat north.
In 1209, Genghis Khan's third attack on Xia, the Mongol cavalry rushed forward with great speed, and soon crossed the city of Heishui and killed to the pass of Huluo.
Xia Xiangzong took the prince Chengzhen as the marshal and the metropolitan governor Gao Yi as the deputy marshal, and led the army to resist the invasion of the Mongolian army, but was defeated and lost, and Gao Yi was captured and killed by the Mongolian army. The Mongol army was overwhelmed and soon advanced to the outskirts of Zhongxingfu, Keyimen. Xia Xiangzong ordered the famous general of Western Xia, Wei Ming Linggong, to lead the army to reinforce, but was defeated by the Mongolian army again, and Wei Ming Linggong was defeated and captured.
The Mongol army took advantage of the situation to besiege Zhongxingfu and burst the embankment to divert water from the Yellow River to flood the city. The flood was surging, seeing that the city was about to break, just the outer embankment burst, the flood flooded the Mongolian army, many soldiers were drowned, and the Mongolian army was forced to withdraw from the siege.
Although God helped to relieve the siege, Xia Xiangzong was still frightened. After the Mongol army withdrew, he offered a daughter to Genghis Khan and expressed his willingness to be a vassal of the Mongols.
After that, Western Xia attached itself to Mongolia and followed the Mongols to attack gold, and the two sides repeatedly fought wars. In 1211, Li Zunwei, the king of Qi, deposed Xiangzong and established himself as emperor. It is for the Xia Shen Sect.
Since 1211 A.D. Shenzong Zun ascended the throne, has been to take the pro-Mongolian hatred of the Jin policy, taking advantage of the opportunity of the Mongol army to cut gold year after year, the Western Xia also sent troops to capture the land of the Jin State many times, the Jin State in the interval of resisting the Mongol invasion, but also from time to time divided troops to fight back against the Xia army that robbed by fire.
Xia and Kim came and went, fighting each other from time to time, and after a long time, both sides felt tired, so both the two countries and the DPRK and China had calls for peace.
On the other hand, the Mongol aristocracy waged almost non-stop foreign wars in order to plunder more people and wealth to satisfy their poor and luxurious lifestyle. Every time the Mongolian army went on an expedition, it had to recruit the Xia army to accompany the expedition, and after a long time, in the face of the increasingly frequent Mongolian conscriptions, the small country of Xixia began to be unbearable, and gradually felt unbearable, and Shenzong often expressed dissatisfaction.
In the autumn of 1211, Genghis Khan began his expedition west to Khorezm, an ancient country in Central Asia. Before the Mongol army set out on the expedition, the troops of Hararu, Alimari, Wuur, and Western Xia were recruited to join the expedition, but the Xia people were already unbearable, so they clearly refused.
Faced with the refusal of Western Xia to send troops to accompany the expedition, Genghis Khan was furious. But the Mongolian army's westward expedition was like an arrow, so he had to hold back this breath for the time being, and held back, thinking that he would send troops to teach this disobedient little brother a lesson after the triumph of the westward expedition.
The Mongol army returned from its westward expedition and entered Western Xia for the fourth time. The Mongolian army's invasion of summer was of a retaliatory nature, and they wantonly killed and looted along the way.
The fierce Mongol cavalry soon broke through the Western Xia defenses and fought all the way to the city of Zhongxingfu (also known as Xingqingfu, present-day Yinchuan, Ningxia), where they once again surrounded the city.
Xia Shenzong ordered the crown prince Deren to stay behind, fled to Xiliang himself, and sent envoys to beg the Mongols to surrender. The Mongol army attacked Xia this time, originally for deterrence and punishment, and did not intend to stay for a long time, seeing that the Xia lord was asking for peace, he once again took the initiative to withdraw from the siege.
Later, there were more and more ministers in the Western Xia Dynasty who opposed the pro-Meng Vajin, and the powerful minister Asha dared to be the representative of this tendency, while the Xia Shenzong Zun was suffering from gains and losses, and wavering.
After the Mongol army retreated, Xia Shenzong tried to join Jin to resist Mongolia, the Jin people had enough of the repeated hardships of the Xia people, and resolutely refused to allow it, and Shenzong tried to join the Song Dynasty to attack Jin, but the courtiers did not agree and could not fight.
In 1223, the Xia God Sect sent the crown prince Li Deren to lead an army to attack Jin. Li Deren was quite insightful, and strongly advocated a good alliance with the Jin State, refusing to accept the order. Shenzong was furious and deposed Deren as the crown prince, and then ceded the throne to his second son Li Dewang and became the emperor himself.
After Xia Xianzong Li Dewang ascended the throne, he strongly advocated the alliance with Jin to resist Mongolia. The Xia army deployed along Helan Mountain and closely monitored the movements of the Mongolian army.
In the autumn of 1224, the son of the famous Mongolian general Mu Huali, Marshal Polu, was ordered by Genghis Khan to lead a large army to attack Xia, and conquered Yinzhou (now Hengshan County, Yulin, Shaanxi) in one fell swoop.
Xia Xianzong Dewang was afraid of the comeback of the Mongol army, so he sent envoys to the Polu army camp to ask for surrender, and promised to send the son as a hostage, but later regretted it, not only refused to send the proton, but also fought hard, still wanted to fight against the Mongols, and finally caused a catastrophe.
In the autumn of 1226, Genghis Khan gathered a large army and prepared to attack the summer. The Mongol army was divided into two routes: one through the Wuwuer border (now eastern Xinjiang) to the east, successively captured Sha, Gan and other prefectures, and approached Xiliangfu; The other route was led by Genghis Khan, attacking from the north and south of the desert, successively conquering Heishui City, Huluo Ha City, and crossing Helan Mountain.
In July, Genghis Khan led the main force of the Mongolian army to join the Western Route Army and captured Xiliangfu in one fell swoop. Asha, who advocated resistance to Mongolia, was captured and killed by the Mongolian army, and all the soldiers and civilians who followed him were captured.
During the attack on Suzhou, the Western Xia defenders refused to surrender and resolutely resisted, and inflicted heavy losses on the Mongol army. Genghis Khan hated the soldiers and civilians of Suzhou for a long time, and resisted desperately, and ordered the slaughter of the city after breaking the city, the corpses in the city were piled up like a mountain, and the blood flowed like a river, and only 106 craftsmen were spared death.
Seeing that the Mongol army was attacking the city and being invincible, Xia Xianzong Dewang died of fright, and his nephew Li Hui, the king of Nanping, succeeded to the throne as the emperor at the end of Xia.
The Mongol army crossed Shatuo and captured Yingli (present-day Zhongwei, Ningxia) and other prefectures. In November, after the Mongol army conquered Lingzhou (Lingwu, Ningxia), they began to besiege the summer capital of Zhongxingfu (Yinchuan).
At the beginning of 1227, Genghis Khan expected that Zhongxing Mansion would fall soon, so he left only part of the army to continue the siege, and he himself led a large army into the territory of Jinguo, even breaking Tao, He, and Ning Prefectures, and capturing Xindu Prefecture and Deshun Prefecture. In the summer, he led the army to withdraw from the Golden Realm and entered Liupan Mountain to escape the summer. In June, he continued to march south out of Liupan Mountain, and fell ill when he arrived in Qingshui County, Qinzhou (in Tianshui, Gansu) (one said to have been bitten by the princess of Western Xia). In July, Genghis Khan fell ill and died. Last words: Don't mourn secretly, don't let the enemy know; When Zhongxing Mansion was captured, the king of Western Xia and all the residents of the city were immediately annihilated.
Zhongxing Mansion was besieged by the Mongolian army for half a year, there was no food and grass inside, no reinforcements outside, and there was a strong earthquake, the house collapsed, the casualties were heavy, and the desperate emperor Li Hui had to send an envoy to beg to surrender. He was executed by the Mongol army immediately after surrendering the city. After the Mongol army entered the city, it began to slaughter the city, and the Tuoba clan of the Western Xia royal family (later given the surname Li by the Li Tang court) clan was basically slaughtered, and the soldiers and civilians in the city were also killed and plundered. However, the Mongol army did not give up, but plundered, wantonly burned, killed and looted, and the territory of Western Xia was full of ruins and bones. The Mongol army also destroyed the tombs of the Western Xia kings to cut off their "dragon veins". Suffering from this catastrophe, the party members completely disappeared into the depths of history. The Western Xia Kingdom, which had survived tenaciously for 190 years in the cracks of the Song, Jin, and Mongol powers, died in name only (1227).
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