Among China's multi-ethnic languages, Manchu is an imperfect minority language. Manchu is the language spoken by the Manchurians, which belongs to the Altaic language family, the Manchu-Tungusic language family.
The influence of the Chinese language on the Manchu language
There are a large number of loanwords from Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit and other languages in Manchu, especially in Chinese, and there is a view that Chinese loanwords in Manchu account for about one-third of Manchu words.
Speaking of Chinese loanwords in Manchu, they can be traced back to Jurchen, the predecessor of Manchu. In the Ming Dynasty's Huayi Translation, more than 800 Jurchen words were included, all of which were phonetized in Chinese, of which about 10% were loanwords in Chinese.
In the eleventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), Nurhachi raised troops with thirteen pairs of armor and began the cause of unifying the Jurchen tribes. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1616), the Jurchen tribes were unified, the Later Jin regime was established, and Manchuria was proclaimed. In the tenth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1625), Taizu of the Qing Dynasty moved the capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and the entire Liaodong was included in the territory of Houjin. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Taizong of the Qing Dynasty was established and the Yuan Chongde was changed. Until 1644, before entering the customs, this Jiazi period was a period when the Manchus were formed, the scope of their activities was expanding day by day, and their contacts with other ethnic groups, especially the Han people, became more and more frequent.
During this period of history, the Manchus, as a new nation, were full of vitality and vigorous development, constantly broadening their horizons, accepting new affairs, and learning a lot of new production techniques and scientific knowledge. In order to adapt to the new situation and to our own development, it is indispensable to learn from and learn from other advanced nationalities. The emergence of a large number of Chinese loanwords in Manchu is the inevitable result of the development of this situation.
After the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, they tried to popularize the Manchu language throughout the country, but they did not succeed. The reason is very simple, due to the insufficient vocabulary of the Manchu language, when the Manchu emperor was governing the country, many orders could not be expressed in Manchu at all, and the court was very embarrassed by this. In order to facilitate the handling of state affairs, the Manchu imperial family had to learn Chinese from the Han Chinese.
The integration of ethnic groups gradually changed the status of the Manchu language, and the Chinese language became increasingly in a strong position in the Sino-Manchu language contact. After the Qing army entered the customs, although the imperial court insisted that the Manchus should speak Manchu, the influence of the Beijing dialect was too great, and within a few years, many Manchus living in Beijing regarded it as decent to be able to speak the Beijing dialect. In the Kangxi Dynasty, the Manchus were fluent in Beijing films.
Emperor Kangxi saw the popularization of the Chinese language and realized that it would lead to the loss of the Manchu language, so he specially issued a decree requiring Manchu officials to learn the Manchu language, but it seemed that the effect was not great, because the emperor himself liked Chinese, did good poems and wrote good essays. Kangxi's father, Emperor Shunzhi's biological mother, the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, is of Mongolian nationality and has a Borzigit clan. Kangxi's biological mother, Cihe Empress Dowager Tong Jiashi, is the daughter of the Han minister Tong Tulai and the Eight Banners of the Han Army, so Kangxi has Manchu, Mongolian, and Han blood, and the Han nationality accounts for half of them. So, there is a reason why he likes Chinese. Kangxi's son, Yongzheng Emperor Yinzhen, was very fond of Han culture, and he learned and spoke fluent Chinese from an early age. And Yongzheng's son Emperor Qianlong was even more fond of Han culture, and his Han cultural cultivation even far exceeded that of ordinary Han officials.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were still people who could speak Manchu, but there were very few people who knew Manchu. In the 80s of the 20th century, when the Beijing Manchu Academy was to be established, the relevant people counted the number of people who knew Manchu in the whole country, and there were less than 100 people in the whole country, and there were only more than 30 people in Beijing, and they were all over 50 years old.
The influence of Manchu on the Chinese language
The influence of the two languages after contact is reciprocal, but in the contact between Manchu and Chinese, Chinese is in a strong position and Manchu is in a weak position, but it does not mean that Manchu has no influence on Chinese at all.
The influence of the Manchu language on the Chinese language is regionalized, and the Jurchen and even later Manchus have been living in the northeast before entering the customs, and later the Qing army entered the customs, and they were mainly concentrated in North China, so the places where the Manchu language had a greater influence on the Chinese language were mainly in these two regions. With the integration of ethnic groups, the Manchus and the Chinese inevitably collided with each other, and in the process of collision, they penetrated each other and finally achieved integration.
According to the encyclopedia, our common Mandarin is based on Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern official dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical standard. As the underlying language, Manchu is left in the Northeast dialect and the northern dialect, which is the enrichment and development of the Manchu dialect to the Northeast dialect and the northern dialect, and it is also a great contribution of the Manchu to the treasure house of Mandarin Chinese and even the world's languages.
In today's Northeast dialect and Beijing dialect, there are still traces of Manchu.
The most obvious feature of Beijing pronunciation is the soft voice and "child" rhyme. This is actually influenced by the pronunciation habits and phonemes of the Manchu language. The light voice is because Manchu is a toneless language, but there is a change in light stress, and the change law of this light accent is "heavy light" or "heavy and light". The rhyme of "er" is due to the fact that the phonemes of Manchu are lower than those of Chinese and have a small tongue trill.
Some individual words in the Manchu language, which are deeply rooted in life, are still preserved in the northern dialects. For example, the knee in Mandarin and the Northeast dialect are Bo Ling Gaier, which is transliterated from the Manchu pronunciation "pelegar"; Mandarin means the youngest of the siblings, and the Northeast dialect is Lao Gada, which is transliterated from the Manchu pronunciation "lokata"; Mandarin means deterioration, and the Northeast dialect is Hara, such as "leftovers overnight, all have Hara flavor", which is transliterated from the Manchurian pronunciation "xar". Wait a minute.
Some people in the Northeast still call the talus bone on the hind leg of the pig "Galaha", the small rice "Xingxing Buda", the sorghum rice "Susubuda", the sitting "Te", the walking "Yabu", and the warrior "Baturu". The Manchu pronunciation of "japu" transliterated from the pressing road (rolling road), with the development of the Chinese language, has even become synonymous with falling in love in the south.
The preservation of vocabulary in Chinese
Nowadays, although the Manchu language has almost disappeared, some of its words have been borrowed from Chinese, and these words are still preserved in the Chinese language due to the inheritance of production and life, place names, etc.
I. Place Names
Harbin: The original meaning of Manchu is "drying nets";
Qiqihar: Formerly known as "Bukui", the Manchu word means wrestler. There is also a theory that Qiqihar is a transliteration of the Manchu language "Hui Chen Gala";
Jiamusi: Manchu means "Yicheng Village" or "Zhanguantun";
Yichun: Manchu means "land of fur";
Jilin: Originated from "Jilin Wula", Manchu Jilin means "along", Wula means "Jiang", now called Jilin is actually the use of the abbreviated name of Chinese, if the transliteration, it is not good to call it along the river, and the transliteration is not good to call Jilin River, or Jilin is good;
"Yalu yalu ula," yalu指田你辶 鸭绿为音译；
Tanggu: Manchu pronunciation "tanggu", meaning hundred, is said to be because Tanggu is a hundred miles away from Beijing.
2. Nouns
Mama: Chinese means milk, milk, now it means nursing mother; 饽饽: refers to pastries, biscuits, and Chinese plays them, such as you are really a fragrant gluttony; Saqima: The original meaning is "dog milk sugar dipping (dog milk is the name of wild fruit)", now sold in major supermarkets, also called Shaqima; Gada, pimple (ga da): Hanyi place, region. For example, Zhao Benshan is the big city of Tieling, Nagada;
Niu: The full pronunciation is "nionio", the meaning of girl, this has spread quite widely, who doesn't like chicks?
3. Verbs
Baba Hu: Derived from the Manchu word "cahu", which means shrew, and in the Northeast dialect, it means shouting, impolite or uncivilized;
呵斥:源于满语"hacihiyambi",汉意为责备、斥责;
剋: The Manchu language means to beat, and the northern dialect is quoted as accusation, such as being beaten;
Kekou: Derived from the Manchu word "keike", which means the same as the Chinese extortion of bamboo and oil, such as the warlord deducting military salaries;
磨蹭:来源于满语"moco",原意为迟钝,今汉意为繁琐缓慢,拖拖拉拉;
Tickle; Manchu "gejihesembi", which means scratching the armpit to make people itch and laugh, this girl seems to like this the most, and the Chinese language has been carried forward and the word "nest" has been added to the back, which has become a noun, as for where to point, you raise your arm to smell it.
4. Adjectives
埋汰:满语"from Tai,"肮赃的意思;
Moduo: It is also said that ink, Manchu "moduo", refers to procrastination, such as "that person is really grinding, a bowl of rice for two hours";
Color: It is also said that there is a color, which refers to a special personality and is not social;
Bai: Derived from the Manchu word "baibi", which means in vain. This is widely spread, such as doing it in vain, working hard in vain, running in vain, etc.;
Ting: Derived from the Manchu ten, which means very, very, we often use, such as being a woman is good, being a man to stand up.
......
Others, such as those retained in film and television dramas, are also many and well-known to people, such as Amma, Eniang, Brother, Gege, Eyu, Baoyi, etc.
Due to the breadth and profundity of ancient Chinese and the large number of Chinese loanwords in Manchu, some of them are mistaken for Manchu loanwords preserved in Chinese, but in fact they are originally Chinese, which is difficult to distinguish.
For example, "sloppy" is authentic Chinese.
Seeing that the road is far away, the shoes are sloppy, and how many ancient roads are whipped by the west wind and thin horses. ——Yuan Wang Ziyi "Strayed into the Paradise"
Manchu vocabulary in Chinese is far more than the above examples, but with the deepening of the integration of the Manchu and Han peoples, some words have long been forgotten. In a sense, the Manchu language is not dead, it is still living in dialects, in the minutiae of the Chinese language. Although it is now difficult to find people who can speak the full Manchu, the Manchu language has survived by other means.
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