Biography of Wen Yuan
From the beginning of the founding of the country, the Song Dynasty adopted the measure of "emphasizing literature over military force", and the status of literati was lofty, which created the peak of culture, and was known as the most prosperous era of culture in the history of the mainland. The History of the Song Dynasty and the Biography of Wenyuan are as many as seven volumes, including more than 90 literati. This book is represented by Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, and Mi Fu (fú).
"Jiangxi Poetry School" Huang Tingjian
Huang Tingjian (1045-1105), the name Luzhi, the name of the rope right, the number valley Dao, Hongzhou Prefecture Fenning County (now Xiushui County, Jiangxi Province) people. A famous calligrapher and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, the originator of the "Jiangxi Poetry School", and Zhang Lei, Chao Buzhi, and Qin Guan are collectively known as the "Four Scholars of Sumen".
Huang Tingjian's distant ancestor is Huang Ba, a famous follower of the Western Han Dynasty, and since the Han Dynasty, the family has produced many talents and has become a famous local family. In the Song Dynasty alone, the Huang family produced forty-eight Jinshi, and later generations called Shuangjing Village, where they lived, "the first village of Jinshi in Huaxia".
When Huang Tingjian turned one year old, his family arranged to "catch Zhou" according to custom, and he grabbed a brush and refused to put it down. My father was very happy and said, "Our Huang family has produced the seeds of reading again. "My father flipped through the ancient books and saw the character Tingjian (yáo), a famous minister in the Tang Yao period, so he took this as a name, hoping that his son could serve the country in the future.
Huang Tingjian has been very smart since he was a child, and he can memorize books after reading them a few times, and his uncle Li Chang loves him very much. After his father's death, Li Chang instructed Wong Ting-kin to read a wide range of books, dabbling in the poetry of his predecessors and presents, laying a solid foundation for his later literary creation.
In 1067, Huang Tingjian was admitted to the Jinshi and entered the official career. He is an honest official, loves the people like a son, and is unwilling to increase the burden on the people. At that time, Wang Anshi was implementing the new law, and local officials often annoyed the people in order to cater to it. Huang Tingjian served as a county magistrate in Taihe County (present-day Taihe County, Jiangxi Province), insisted on simple administration, and the officials who did things lost their way to run their own businesses, and they were very unhappy. Huang Tingjian said: "Don't be afraid of heavy things as an official, and be a small official must be pure-hearted and have few desires." Therefore, it is deeply loved by the people and is called "Huang Qingtian".
Huang Tingjian admired the great writer Su Shi, and when he was a professor in the Daming Mansion (now Daming County, Hebei Province), he sent his poems to Su Shi, and Su Shi read them, thinking that his poems were outstanding and independent, and the world had not seen such a good work for a long time, so Huang Tingjian became famous. The two sang harmony with each other and discussed the creation of poetry.
Soon, Su Shi was framed by political enemies and was imprisoned for the "Wutai Poetry Case", many people avoided it, but Huang Tingjian ignored people's slight words, complained about Su Shi, and was also punished.
A few years later, Huang Tingjian and Su Shi met for the first time in the capital, got along for more than three years, and formed a deep friendship. Someone once counted that in the past three years, there have been more than 100 songs and works by the two, and they have similar styles and similar interests. Since then, Huang Tingjian's poetry and calligraphy have entered a new realm, and the world has begun to call it "Su Huang". But Huang Tingjian has always regarded himself as a junior, no matter whether Su Shi was demoted or even died, he carried out the discipleship ceremony and became one of the "Four Scholars of Sumen".
After Song Zhezong ascended the throne, Huang Tingjian was recommended by Prime Minister Sima Guang to revise the "Zizhi Tongjian", and later participated in the compilation of the "Records of Shenzong". A few years later, Huang Tingjian's mother fell ill, he couldn't untie his clothes, served day and night, and personally cleaned the bedpan for his mother every day, leaving an allusion to "washing relatives and drowning utensils", which became one of the 24 filial piety stories.
Huang Tingjian's mother died of illness, and he kept filial piety for three years, and then returned to the imperial court as a historian. At this time, Song Zhezong was already in charge of the government and reused the new law minister Zhang Dian and others. After the New Party came to power, it began to suppress officials who opposed the change. Huang Tingjian was regarded as an old party because he was recommended by Sima Guang.
Zhang Dian and others believed that there was a lot of content in the "Records of Shenzong" compiled by him that lacked basis, and they constantly interrogated him. Huang Tingjian replied truthfully, did not back down, and was fined to Qianzhou (now Pengshui County, Chongqing City) for resettlement.
Since then, Huang Tingjian's career has been very bumpy, but he is unconcerned and still maintains a positive attitude towards life. During his years in the southwest, he established schools, taught his disciples, studied calligraphy and poetry, and wrote a large number of excellent works, and his skills in calligraphy, cursive and regular script entered a new realm.
After Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty succeeded to the throne, Huang Tingjian briefly resumed his official position and was soon deposed to Yizhou (present-day Hechi, Guangxi Province), where he died in 1105 at the age of sixty-one.
Graceful lyricist Qin Guan
Qin Guan (1049-1100), the word Shaoyou, and the word too empty, the name Huaihai Jushi, Yangzhou Gaoyou Army (now Gaoyou City, Jiangsu Province) people. Famous lyricist of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Qin Guan has read a lot of books since he was a child, is arrogant, ambitious, good at writing words and compositions, likes to talk about military affairs, has a wide range of interests, and has traveled everywhere in the south of the Yangtze River.
When Qin Guan was thirty years old, Su Shi served as the governor of Xuzhou (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province). He admired Su Shi's literary talents, and immediately went to pay homage after learning the news and wrote "Huang Lou Fu". After reading it, Su Shi thought that Qin Guan had the talents of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, and greatly appreciated it. Under Su Shi's persuasion, Qin Guan studied hard and wanted to enter the official career through the imperial examination.
Qin Guan failed to pass the exam twice, and was a little disheartened, so Su Shi wrote a letter of encouragement and recommended him to the former prime minister Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi praised Qin Guan's poetry style as fresh, comparable to Bao Zhao and Xie Hao. With the encouragement of two literary predecessors, Qin Guan was admitted to the Jinshi in 1085 and began to serve as a magistrate.
Soon after, Song Shenzong died, and his son Song Zhezong ascended the throne. Under Su Shi's strong recommendation, Qin Guan entered the dynasty two years later to participate in the compilation of national history.
Song Zhezong was young when he succeeded to the throne, and his grandmother Empress Dowager Gao was in charge. Empress Dowager Gao opposed Wang Anshi's change of law and reused the old party. Among the old party, the relationship between the "Shu Party" represented by Su Shi and the "Luo Party" represented by Cheng Hao was extremely tense, and Qin Guan was persecuted by the "Luo Party" officials many times and was hit hard. A few years later, Su Shi entered the dynasty and was reused, Qin Guan's situation improved, and he served as a historian at the same time as Huang Tingjian and others, becoming one of the "Four Scholars of Sumen".
Three years later, Song Zhezong took charge of the new law and drove all the supporters of the old law out of the capital. Qin Guan, as a Sumen scholar, was degraded and finally came to Leizhou (now Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province).
After Song Huizong succeeded to the throne, he recalled the degraded officials, and Qin Guan was among them. At that time, Qin Guan was very old, passing by Tengzhou (now Tengxian County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), visiting Huaguang Pavilion, telling the people around him about the words he made in his dream, feeling thirsty and wanting to drink water, the water had just been delivered, Qin Guan had died with a smile on his face, at the age of fifty-two.
Qin Guan because of the ups and downs of his career, the style of his lyrics is subtle and beautiful, cold and lonely, he is good at expressing helplessness and resentment, good at creating slow words, and has become one of the important lyricists of the Song Dynasty.
Calligraphy everyone Mi Fu
Mi Fu (1051-1107), the first name 黻 (fú), the character Yuan Zhang, the number of Haiyue foreign history, Huozheng descendants, etc., Xiangyang Mansion (now Xiangyang City, Hubei Province) people. Calligraphers, painters, and calligraphy theorists of the Northern Song Dynasty, together with Cai Xiang, Su Shi, and Huang Tingjian, are known as the "Four Song Families".
Mi Fu is the descendant of Mi Xin, the founder of the Northern Song Dynasty, has been very interested in calligraphy since childhood, began to learn at the age of seven, and studied under the Xiangyang calligrapher Luo Rang; At the age of ten, he began to write inscriptions, copying Su Shi's calligraphy, and some people praised his calligraphy for beginning to have the style of Li Yong, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty.
At the age of seventeen, Mi Fu followed his mother Yan to the capital Bianjing, and Yan entered the palace to serve Queen Gao. When Song Shenzong succeeded to the throne, read in Yan's service to his mother, awarded Mi Fu the post of school secretary, responsible for the proofreading of classics, Mi Fu has since entered the officialdom.
Mi Fu's career is tepid, whether in the local or in the court, are just ordinary officials. He focused on calligraphy, painting research and creation, and constantly copied the works of famous artists, so that to the extent of the fake, but Mi Fu did not stop there.
At the age of thirty-two, Mi Fu visited Su Shi as a junior, and Su Shi suggested that he learn the calligraphy of the Jin people. So Mi Fu concentrated on Wei and Jin, collected a lot of law, and even the name of the study was changed to "Bao Jin Zhai". It is said that today's circulation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty calligrapher Wang Xianzhi's famous post "Mid-Autumn Festival", is Mi Fu copy. Because Mi Fu learned too many famous masters, became everyone's laughing stock, but he did not care, self-deprecation as "set of ancient characters", and finally proficient in the seal, official book, regular script, line of books, etc., especially the best book.
Even so, Mi Fu still continued to practice hard. In his later years, he once said in "Self-Description": "When I don't write for a day, I feel sluggish in thinking, and I immediately think of the ancients practicing calligraphy, and there has never been a moment without writing." Finally, Mi Fu at the age of fifty, found his own style of calligraphy, became a famous calligrapher in the history of the mainland.
At this time, Song Huizong, who loves art, ascended the throne and appointed Mi Fu as a doctor of calligraphy, and later let him serve as a doctor of calligraphy and painting, full-time creation and training students.
In addition to indulging in calligraphy, Mi Fu also likes to paint, his paintings are unique, a wide range of subjects, especially proficient in landscape and bamboo and stone. Mi Fu loves the mountains and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River, and created the technique of "Mi's Cloud Mountain", which will be the rapid changes of the water town smoke and clouds, and depict it with ink and water. Later, his son inherited his father's law, which led to the further development of this school.
Mi Fu is also known for his obsession with strange stones. He once saw a very ugly stone, immediately tidied up his clothes, and worshipped this strange stone as a brother, and called the strange stone a brother, which became a laughing stock at that time, but he enjoyed himself.
In 1107, Mi Fu served as a magistrate in the Huaiyang Army (now Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province), and died in office at the age of fifty-seven. Mi Fu because of his obsession with his hobby can not extricate himself, so that the behavior is crazy, people at the time called him "Mi Brian".
This article is excerpted from "Twenty-four Histories Read Now, Language and History Are Progressing" - Volume 10 "History of the Song Dynasty", which is officially authorized to be published, welcome to continue to pay attention.