【Tang Jun】
The firing of Jun porcelain began in the Tang Dynasty, when the glaze was made of porcelain with iron as the colorant, and the glaze was fired at high temperature to produce a black background blue spot color glaze, a blue background black spot color glaze or a pure white glaze. This kind of blue spot color glaze has high optoelectronic turbidity, moon white or sky blue, has a certain fluidity, and has the characteristics of Jun porcelain kiln art. The utensils are mainly pots, pots and drums, and their specimens are currently found in the ruins of Song Junguan kiln in Yuzhou and the Baiyu kiln under the Shenhou Xia.
【Song Jun】
Jun porcelain developed to the Song Dynasty, and the potters introduced copper oxide as a colorant in the glaze, and fired a kiln glaze with red and purple red in the blue. This glaze color is represented by the artifacts burned by the Junguan kiln, some of the utensils are purple and red, some are green inside and red outside, and the color changes are rich, with azure, moon white, rose purple, begonia red and so on are the most famous. At the same time, the glaze is covered with earthworm mud patterns and various silk hair-like flow patterns.
With the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty and the southward migration of the Song Dynasty, the Jun porcelain kiln factory that burned the purple and red glaze no longer existed. During the Jin and Yuan dynasties, Jun porcelain was dominated by azure and sky blue, and its fine ones could be seen with purple and red spots. The production of Jun porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty was very large, but the production was relatively rough. In the Ming Dynasty, the production of Jun porcelain was very small or had been stopped, and it was also said that the production of Jun porcelain was banned in order to avoid the name of Zhu Yijun of the Ming Dynasty. During the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the Jun porcelain kiln sites were located in most of the towns and villages of Yuzhou City.
【Mingling】
After the society gradually stabilized in the early Ming Dynasty, the economy reappeared, but northern porcelain did not fully recover because of this. During the Yongle and Xuande periods, the center of the national porcelain industry tended to the south, and with the rapid development of porcelain in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, its porcelain, modeling, especially the skills of painting and decoration were perfected, and gradually formed the center of the porcelain industry in China and even the world.
There is relevant research, although the ceramic production of Yuzhou in the Ming Dynasty is still concentrated in Shenyuan Town, but it has decayed to the point that it can only burn wine jars, bottle jars of coarse porcelain kilns.
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, because of the avoidance of Zhu Yijun, the Ming Dynasty, Junzhou was changed to Yuzhou, therefore, there is no record of Jun kiln production in the official ceramic history books.
Due to the decline of the northern Jun kiln in the Ming Dynasty, there are fewer Jun porcelain objects in the Ming Dynasty that can be seen now, except for a very small number of imitation Tianqing Jun porcelain objects found in the north, the firing of copper red glaze and red glazed porcelain is mainly in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi.
The origin of the name of Jun porcelain
In the third year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty (1428), the book "Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum" compiled by Lu Zhen and others. The book mentions "firewood, ru, official, brother, and named kiln ware in the inner palace...... which refers to the famous kiln vessels collected by the imperial court of the Inner Palace, which refers to the porcelain used by the court that has been fortunate to be preserved through the migration of the imperial palace. The word "Jun" was mentioned for the first time in the book, and from this time on, it began to have the name of Jun kiln. It can be seen from this that "Jun kiln" was named by the people of the Ming Dynasty, and this name was used after the Ming Dynasty.
【Furnace】
During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, it was popular in the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties. Jun porcelain is fired twice, similar to the traditional Song Jun, the difference is that it is first fired at high temperature to strengthen the fetus, and then into the furnace low-temperature glaze firing, there are two types of representative works, there are golden-red speckled particles called "halo furnace", and there are no golden-red speckled particles called "plain furnace", which can be seen in the "South Kiln Notes" record.
In the Zheng period, the furnace is red and blue, the glaze flows widely, and the color tends to be red; During the Qianlong period, the furnace was blue and white, the glaze flow was small, and the color tended to be green. The furnace is known for its special kiln change style, which is a color glaze, and is made of purple sand soil and is mostly used for daily necessities.
【Lu Jun】
After Qianlong, the five emperors of Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu disappeared for more than 100 years. Until the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894 AD), the Lu brothers of Shenyuan Town made Lu Jun.
Lu Junling's "Black Tang New Flower" is Lu Jiaxin's unique stunt. "Black Tang New Flowers" takes black, white and blue as the main colors, and is characterized by black and blue, blue and white, blue and white, and sometimes red infiltrated in the meantime, showing a large number of earthworms walking mud and turtle back lines on the main color, which not only resembles the style of the Tang Dynasty, but also hides the charm of the Song Dynasty.
Lu Jun is a representative work of another peak in the history of the development of Jun porcelain after the official kiln of the Song Dynasty, and is known as "only Lu Jun can be compared with Song Jun" in the Jun porcelain industry.
In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), Lu Zhentai, Lu Zhenzhong, the potters of Shenyuan Town, and the three brothers Tianfu, Tianzeng and Tianen, the sons of Zhentai, began to experiment with the restoration of Jun porcelain. After years of repeated experiments, cobalt oxide was finally used as a colorant to burn out the modern Jun ware of malachite green and turquoise blue in the oxidation flame. Lu's products are mainly imitation Song Jun porcelain, the raw materials used are local raw materials, so the fetal bones are close to the fetal bones of the Jin and Yuan dynasties, and some fine products are close to the fetal bones of the Song Dynasty, and the glaze color is more messy.
In the early days, Lu Jun used cobalt oxide as a colorant, and fired imitation Jun ware with both malachite green and turquoise blue in the oxidation flame. Later, it created new processes such as burning and smearing red, flying red and coloring, but the red color is chrome and tin red material, so the color spots are dark and sluggish. Later, the composition of copper was added to the glaze, and the method of covering the fire (reducing flame firing) was used to fire small pieces of imitation Song Jun porcelain with a bellows furnace, and its glaze color was relatively close to Song Jun.
Lu Jun is a more successful Jun imitation work, which was made by them using a small kiln of bellows furnace and high-temperature reduction firing. Because of the use of furnace kiln, it is called furnace kiln, and because it comes from the hands of Lu's artists, it is called Lu Jun. Lu Jun's most famous works are Lu Guangdong's "Folding Plate", "Milk Nail Jar" and two green and red "Peaches". "Folding Plate" and "Milk Nail Jar" were mistaken by connoisseurs as Song Jun and were collected by the British Museum; The exquisite and jade "Peach" was purchased by Kaifeng "Qungu Zhai" for a lot of money.
【Furnace】
Yongqian is prosperous, and the furnace Jun belongs to the imitation Jun process (not the traditional Jun porcelain process), and the kiln system of Jingdezhen in the south;
High-temperature plain firing, low-temperature glaze firing, with obvious blue and white pastel craft style;
From the perspective of glaze color, the glaze flow amplitude of the furnace Jun is small, and the glaze color is uniform, which seems to have a regular follow;
From the perspective of fetal quality, most of them are kaolin or purple sand soil;
Judging from the burst piece, it is finely crushed and lightly exposed.
【Lu Jun】
The product of the Guangxu period belongs to the northern Jun kiln system;
Low-temperature plain firing and high-temperature glaze firing are standard traditional Jun porcelain processes;
Judging from the glaze, the color is fluctuating, there is no uniformity, but there is a special aesthetic style in the form of waves;
From the point of view of fetal quality, the yellow mud of the nearest Shenyuan is a fragrant gray tire;
Judging from the burst piece, the ice crack of Yuya is obvious.
【New China Jun Porcelain】
At the end of the 50s of the 20th century, the four major porcelain factories were established in accordance with the instructions of Premier Zhou and "must resume the production of Jun porcelain", and all of them stopped production at the end of the 80s of the 20th century, only existed for a short period of 30 years. However, in the past 30 years, the four major porcelain factories have made indelible contributions to the development, re-firing, innovation and development of Jun porcelain.
Among the Jun porcelain factories, the Junguan kiln of the Republic only has the state-owned Yuxian Porcelain Factory, Yuxian Jun Porcelain No. 1 Factory, Yuxian Jun Porcelain No. 2 Factory, and Dongfeng Porcelain Factory.
The state-owned porcelain factory took the lead in developing the national treasure glaze color "Lao 1# glaze" of the Junguan kiln of the Republic of China, and successfully realized the restoration of the copper red glaze under the reducing flame of the Jun kiln for more than 800 years.
The state-owned porcelain factory successfully developed unique kiln structures such as rectangular kiln, bagua bottom and centipede bottom on the basis of Song Junguan kiln inverted flame kiln and double fire chamber kiln, which is a historic progress in the development of Jun porcelain kiln.
The state-owned porcelain factory directly guided the restoration of official porcelain and Ru porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty, and single-handedly restored three of the five famous kilns.
In 1960, Jun Porcelain No. 1 Factory successfully fired the red Junguan kiln "big fire blue" glaze, completing the breakthrough in the firing of Jun kiln azure glaze that had been stagnant for about 200 years since Yongzheng.
In 1964, Jun porcelain factory successfully fired Jun kiln large flower pots, sent to the Great Hall of the People for furnishings, after more than 800 years, Jun kiln heavy equipment again into Beijing national furnishings.
It has cultivated a series of legendary Jun porcelain veterans such as the world-renowned "Emperor of Chinese Porcelain Molding", the magic embryo puller Yang Yuzhong, and the Jun porcelain masters Liu Fuan, Yang Zhi and Jin Peizhang.
Jun porcelain No. 2 factory to create a treasure kiln of "jade wins jade" enamel.
The second factory of Junguan Kiln deeply cracked the firing curve of the coal kiln, which is the most difficult raw material to be fired, and achieved a major success in coal firing technology, which laid the sublimation of Jun kiln enamel and was a revolutionary breakthrough in the firing process of Red Junguan Kiln.
The second factory of red Junguan kiln Jun porcelain has achieved the jade texture enamel that is difficult to achieve in the firewood burning of Song Junguan kiln, and has made great contributions to the enamel of Junguan kiln of the Republic beyond history.