The "stones" in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" and "Yu Gong" are by no means simple!
"Yu Gong", "Classic of Mountains and Seas" and "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" are known as the three basic classics of pre-Qin history and geography. Outside Kunlun, it is not "Jishi" and "Jishi (of) Mountain". Kunlun is important because it is the coordinate origin of the historical geography of the pre-Qin period. The stone is important, because it is related to the source of the Yellow River and the place where it enters the sea, and it is naturally also related to the diversion of the Yellow River, that is, whether and how to divert the route of the pre-Qin Dynasty, and even major historical issues such as Dayu's water control. In this paper, the contents of the three books on "Jishi" are taken as the research object, and the above questions are explored by integrating them for comparative analysis.
"Yu Gong" :(Yongzhou) floats in, as for Longmen and Xihe, it will be in Weiwei.
This sentence is obviously downstream from the upstream, Wei Wei is the place where the Wei water enters the river, in the downstream of Longmen, then Longmen is downstream of the stone, it can be known that this stone must be the upstream stone. Some readers may think that it is common knowledge that stones are in the upper reaches, and there is no need to deduce or even emphasize. In fact, the author believes that although there are stones in the upstream, they may not all be in the upstream, and there must be more than one downstream, or even more than one, so they should be deduced everywhere and cannot be taken for granted based on common sense alone.
"Yu Gong": guide the river, as for the dragon gate; The south is as far as Huayin, and the east is as far as the pillar; as far east as Mengjin, east as Luoxi, as for Daling; precipitation in the north, as far as the continent; It is also sown in the north as nine rivers, which are also reverse rivers and enter the sea.
In this way, the entire flow of the Yellow River from the source to the sea, Jishi is considered to be the source of the river. Since the "Yu Gong", this statement has been confirmed by the official history of the "Historical Records" and the "Book of Han", and has become the orthodox geographical concept of ancient China for more than 2,000 years.
"The Biography of Mu Tianzi": Use the ride of the eight horses to drink in the branches, the South River.
This stone is also the upstream stone mentioned in the "Yu Gong" above. It must be noted that the area around Jishi in "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" is not the main road of the Yellow River, and it is not even a tributary. It is a "branch of the Yellow River" that can drink horses, which is the state of turbulent wetlands, which is unbearable for the main road of the Yellow River. Where is the main road of the Yellow River? "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" "Heshou Xiangshan (Kunlun)" is the same as Sima Qian's "Taishi Gong said: "Yu Benji" said 'the river out of Kunlun'" at the end of "Historical Records • The Biography of Dawan Lie". That is to say, the two books of "Yu Benji" and "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" are consistent, that is, the author believes that the source of the Datong River comes from Shule Nanshan.
The content of "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" about "stones",
First, "West Times Three":
Three hundred miles to the west, it is said that there is a stone gate under it, and the river flows to the west [south]. It's a mountain, and everything is there.
This mountain of stones refers to the eastern tail of Korla Hora Mountain in present-day Xinjiang.
Shimen, referring to the Tiemen Pass in Korla, Xinjiang, "river water" may refer to the water of the Kaidu River and Bosten Lake, which may have been mistakenly believed to be the source of the river water (Yellow River) at that time.
"Everything exists", and there is a vertical ecological distribution of multiple climatic zones, vegetation zones, and biological zones in the Hora Mountains.
Mount Hora
Second, "Overseas North Longitude":
Bo's father country is in the east of the ear, he is a member of the National People's Congress, and he wields the green snake with his right hand and the yellow snake with his left hand.
Deng Lin is in its east, two trees. One is called Bo Father.
To the east of it, the river flows. ……
"Its" refers to the above-mentioned Bo Father Country, that is, the site of the King of Shouguang Borderline. There are several places in the "Overseas North Longitude" that do not distinguish between rivers and seas, such as the following "Searching for Wood for a Thousand Miles...... The sentence "Shenghe is in the northwest", Guo Pu noted it as "sea", and Yuan Ke judged it to be false, and changed it from "Taiping Yulan" volume 834 to "river". In fact, the sea also makes sense, there are mangrove forests on the seashore, which can be found high, eight feet long, more than two meters in total, and it is appropriate to call it "looking for trees", and the general trees on the land will not be so low. The northwest of the sea may refer to the coastal land or the shallow coastal sea, which can be established and does not necessarily have to be changed.
Another example is the "river water in" here, which is actually the near-shore tide, because at that time, it was believed that the yellow turbid waters of the river entering the sea were still rivers, and this yellow turbid coastal current was then used as a tidal backflow to the fjords in the Linqu area, that is, "the river enters the sea and the north is injected" in the following "Great Wilderness North Classic". This "Heji" is the ancient water, intersecting with the Yellow River, and its water may need the Yellow River to replenish Zhouji, so the name "Heji", in the Yellow River - the Guji water estuary area, the concept of the river and the sea is actually ambiguous. Only when you reach the deep blue sea can you really call it a sea. According to the map "Atlas of Physical Geography of China: The Growth of the North China Plain", the main route of the Yellow River really moved to the territory of present-day Shandong in 10 BC at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.
As Yuan Ke notes, there are two mountains of stones: one is called the stone, and the other is the stone accumulated by Yu.
The author thinks that the specific should refer to,
"Jishi" is the area of Jishi Gorge between Ganqing and Gansu in the upper reaches, and it is also the upper source of the Yellow River reflected in the ancient map, that is, "Yugong" "Yongzhou". …… Floating on the stones, as for the ...... of the Longmen West River" and "Daojiuchuan:...... As for the Longmen ......", it should be in the area of Jishi Gorge between Xunhua (Jishi Town) County in Qinghai and Jishi County in Gansu on both sides of the Yellow River.
"Yu Jishi" is a small stone mound artificially piled up on a hill near the downstream estuary, as a direction indication of water control and a navigation mark from the sea into the river, that is, the above "Yu Jishi (mountain)", according to the "Overseas North Classic" should be the Changle Lonely Mountain in the southeast direction of Bofu Country (Shouguang Border Line King Ruins), the stone is a common method used by Dayu when controlling the water, or to intercept the flood, or as a direction indication of construction or navigation, that is, the so-called target of later generations.
Third, "Hai Nei Xi Jing":
Kunlunzhi (ruins) [virtual], 800 miles square, 10,000 miles high. …… The river flows out of the northeast corner to run to its north, and then enters the Bohai Sea in the southwest, and then goes out of the sea, that is, the west enters the north. ……
This "Kunlun void" refers to Songshan, in the northwest Kunlun, Shandong Kunlun outside, here can be called "Central Plains Kunlun". As mentioned above, the content of each part of the book "Classic of Mountains and Seas" produces differences in times and basic concepts. The Kunlun mentioned here imitates the four waters of Kunlun (Shule South Mountain) in the northwest of the "Three Classics of the West", and the names of the four waters are the same, but the places they go through are different and cannot be confused. In addition to the four waters, there are two other waters, a total of six waters.
- River water, that is, the tributary that flows into the Yellow River at the northern foot of the Songshan Mountain Range, so it is also called "river water". Immediately, the Wuluo River, Housi River, Eryu River and other tributaries of the Yellow River flowing north.
This is the last "stone mountain that enters the Yu channel", which is not the main channel of the Yellow River north, but the ancient Ji water in the south, that is, the "Ji River", which is the southernmost branch of the "nine rivers" in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Or it can also be considered that there are many estuaries in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the stone mountain guided by Yu is not one, but there are many estuaries that may accumulate stones as the mark, and it is also passed. However, in the eastern part of the entire North China Plain, the Jieshi Mountain in Wudi County can be called a mountain, known as "the first mountain in southern Beijing". On the North China Plain south of the Haihe River and north of Jieshi Mountain, there is no obvious hilly landform.
Therefore, the location of the river mentioned here in the book is only the situation at that time, and may not be consistent with the actual geographical situation today. However, the mutual location of the mountains and the ancient kingdom (city) is a fixed and credible reference. The three ancient feathers, fire-weed, and Bifang birds in this section correspond to the archaeological discoveries of Dengfeng Wangchenggang ruins, Yuzhou Wadian ruins, and Xinmi Xinqi ruins.
Kunlun and the surrounding ancient countries (archaeological sites) in the Central Plains
Fourth, "The Great Wilderness North Classic":
In the great wilderness, there is a mountain named the mountain of the first tree, the river and the Ji enter, and the north of the sea is injected. There is a mountain in the west of it, and the name is called.
The above is the original text of Yuan Ke's "Notes on the Classic of Mountains and Seas", the author believes that "river and Ji" is not two waters, but a water named "Heji", and suspects that only the river can speak and the sea cannot speak "North Note", so the sentence is re-concluded as follows:
"The Great Wilderness North Classic":
In the great wilderness, there is a mountain named the mountain of the first tree, the river enters the sea, and the north is injected. There is a mountain in the west of it, and the name is called.
The mountain of the first threshold is now Weifang Fuyan Mountain, and the "Yu accumulated stone" is now Changle Lonely Mountain. That is to say, "Heji", that is, the southern branch of the ancient Yellow River, the water enters the sea, and it is not far from the northern foot of the mountain of the first threshold. "Yu Jishi" is in the west of the estuary.
Tan Qixiang, Historical Atlas of China, Western Zhoushui
"Overseas North Classic" and "Sea West Longitude" said that the "river water (south branch)" estuary in the Yu era is in the "Yu accumulated stone", that is, the Changle Lonely Mountain in the west. The "Great Wilderness North Classic" reflects that the later "Heji" estuary is in the east, the first threshold of Dafeng Mountain, that is, Weifang Fuyan Mountain.
Perhaps "The Great Wilderness North Classic" reflects the situation after many years of Dayu's flood control.
Because the estuarine delta has been moving continuously to the east, this is common sense. It is believed that the estuary of the Heji (south branch of the river) has always remained unchanged, so it is obvious that the boat is carved for the sword, and the rubber pillar is drummed.
According to the "Atlas of Physical Geography of China: The Growth of the North China Plain", the drawing unit is the Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the estuary of the ancient Yellow River detected and restored according to modern scientific means is,
The first was in 5500 B.C. in the area east of present-day Handan, Hebei.
The second is from 2300 to 602 BC in the area of present-day Wuqiang County, Hebei Province (about 200 kilometers northeast of Handan).
The third place is from 602 BC to 10 BC in the area of Qingxian (about 100 kilometers northeast of Wuqiang) in present-day Hebei Province.
There are no obvious peaks in the three places, in fact, the river flowing through the northern part of Shandong at that time was a branch of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, that is, Gujishui, that is, the "Heji" and "Heshui (South Branch)" called in the "Haijing".
The first threshold of the mountain, that is, Weifang Fuyan Mountain. The first threshold should be the "Zhu Zhu" of "Huainanzi Cultivation Training", and the ancestor of Rong Cheng's (or Chongrong's) in "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" is regarded as the ancestor of Chinese jade carving. Because there is a sapphire mine in Changle, Weifang, which belongs to corundum whose hardness is second only to diamond, it is used as a tool for pondering and processing jade. The stones of other mountains can be used to attack jade; If you want to do a good job, you must first sharpen your tools, and sapphire mine is the objective material condition for you to become the ancestor of jade carving. Archaeological discoveries near the Weifang Linqu West Zhufeng Longshan cultural site, jade with crown shape and human face pattern is the most distinctive, representing the highest level of jade craftsmanship in the Haidai area during the Longshan culture period, seems to be related to the first threshold (threshold Zhu) and the use of Changle sapphire as a tool for pondering.
The jade unearthed at the Zhufeng site in the west of Linqu should be related to the ancestor of jade carving
Dafeng is the "big head" of "Hainai North Longitude", and the "big wind" of "Huainanzi"
"Huainanzi Benjing Training": "When Yao is caught, ten days will come out, scorch the crops, kill the grass and trees, and the people have nothing to eat." Monkeys, chiseled teeth, nine babies, sealing pigs, and repairing snakes are all harms to the people. Yao Nai made Yi Zhu chisel his teeth in the wilderness of Chou Hua, kill nine babies on the fierce water, pay the wind in the Ze of Qingqiu, shoot up for ten days and kill the monkey, cut off the snake in the cave court, and seal the pig in the mulberry forest. All the people are happy, and Zhi Yao thinks that he is the Son of Heaven. ”
"Dafeng" is one of the Dawenkou cultural tribes that was destroyed by the Longshan culture led by Yi around 2500 BC. The leader of the Dafeng (Gale) tribe was chased to the south and captured alive in the adjacent Qingqiu Zhize. According to the historical evolution of Qi land contained in the "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong 20 Years", after Dafeng seems to be the grandson of Emperor Yan, Feng Boling, then after Dafeng was destroyed, this place was owned by the Pugu clan, and the era of Du pre-note is doubtful. Qingqiu is the site of Yaowangcheng in Rizhao, Shandong, and the Ze of Qingqiu should be near the site of Yaowangcheng in Haidai area.
To summarize the problem of the "stones",
1. The stones of "Yu Gong" and the "Biography of Mu Tianzi" both refer to the area of Jishi Gorge between Ganqing and Gansu in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The Classic of Mountains and Seas does not mention this stone. "West Times Three" "Mountain of Stones" refers to the area of Tiemen Pass at the eastern end of Korla Hora Mountain, Xinjiang.
2, "Overseas North Classic" "Yusuo Stone Mountain" is now Changle Lonely Mountain, which is the river estuary (one) at that time;
3, "Hainei West Longitude" "Yu led the stone mountain" or that is, the Changle lonely mountain, for the river estuary at that time (one);
4, "The Great Wilderness North Classic" "Yu Jishi" is now Changle Lonely Mountain, when the Heji estuary is slightly east of the threshold of the mountain of Dafeng, that is, Weifang Fuyan Mountain.
Yu accumulated stones: Changle Lonely Mountain, the first threshold of the mountain: Weifang Fuyan Mountain
It can be seen that in the book "Classic of Mountains and Seas",
The "mountain of stones" mentioned in the "Classic of Mountains" is in the inland area of present-day Xinjiang, not the stones in the upper reaches of the Yellow River as mentioned in "Yugong", because the "Classic of Mountains and Seas" and "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" reflect the historical fact that "the river flows out of Kunlun", that is, the source of the Datong River comes out of Shule Nanshan.
"The Book of the Sea" "Yu Ji Shi Mountain", "Yu Ji Shi Mountain", "Yu Ji Shi" three words are the same, all refer to the Changle Lonely Mountain. And the Weifang Fuyan Mountain in the east of it, that is, the "mountain of the first threshold", can be used as circumstantial evidence.
"Haijing" three words "Yu accumulated stones", said to be Yu when the water was piled up by manpower, of course, it may be on the top of the hill to build a high pile to be a target, and "Yu Gong" said that the natural formation of "stones" is obviously different. In fact, in addition to earth mountains, mountains in nature are stone mountains, and many mountains are stone mountains that can be called "stones". Because of the Yellow River, the Jishi Gorge between Ganqing and Qingdao has become a famous landmark "Jishi".
Jishi, literally means to pile up stones
According to Tan Qixiang's Historical Atlas of China, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period, the southernmost line of the Jishui Ancient Road was north of Jinan-Zouping-Linzi. The rivers that still exist in the south of this line and flow into the Bohai Sea from west to east have Xiaoqing River, but they still go to the north and cannot reach the area of Changle and Weifang.
There is Mi River in the area of Changle and Weifang, and the downstream of its main road flows eastward into the Bailang River and flows into the sea in the north, which is consistent with the "Sea Classic" that "the river enters the sea and the north is injected". If the location of the ancient kingdoms and the "mountain of stones accumulated by Yu" inferred by the author is correct, then the lower reaches of the Mi River today may be left by the "river water (south branch)" and "river ji" at that time.
Considering that Dayu's water control was the end of the Holocene Warm Period, when the precipitation was huge, the sea level was much higher than today, and most of the rivers entering the sea were submerged below sea level. In the thirteen years of Dayu's water control, coinciding with the end of the Holocene warm period, the precipitation decreased, the sea level dropped significantly, and more land exposed to the sea. In fact, we should know that if a large-scale natural disaster occurs, even today, it is difficult to change how much manpower is, let alone the Dayu era 4,000 years ago. At that time, science and technology were still in their infancy, the level of productivity was low, the tools used were extremely primitive, the population was sparse, and the transportation and other aspects were very backward, so it was impossible to defeat the flood by manpower alone. It's just that it coincides with the change of heaven, and the ancients don't know what to do, and the legend is that "Dayu controls the water".
Later generations imagined Dayu to control the water
Resources:
Changle Lonely Mountain, also known as Shouyang Mountain, is located in Shilibao, Zhuliu Town, Changle County. The main peak is 266.2 meters above sea level and covers an area of 2.9 square kilometers. The lonely mountain is not only towering and straight, the style is beautiful, there are natural and cultural landscapes such as "lonely peak sunset", "dragon cave cloud opening", "mountain temple", "Yiqi Temple" and so on. …… 55 ancient cultural sites have been discovered near Gushan.......
Changle Lonely Mountain: Yu accumulated stones
Floating Smoky Mountain
Fuyan Mountain is the tail of the Taiyi Mountains, trending southwest and northeast, 12 kilometers southwest of Weicheng District, 3 kilometers long from north to south, with an area of 114 square kilometers and an altitude of 161.5 meters. The north and south peaks of Fuyan Mountain, the horizontal plains, lush and green, the cliffs and streams are deep, the spring water is murmuring, and the scenery is beautiful. Although there is no lofty peak rock cliff, but the mountains are stacked on top of each other, still do not lose the beauty and elegance, vast and majestic.
The name of Fuyan Mountain originates from the rising clouds and mist, and the smoke is suspended on the mountain, in the mountain, and on the slope of the mountain. Therefore, it is called the Floating Smoky Mountain. A long time ago, the underground water veins of Fuyan Mountain were very abundant, and (how high the mountain was, how high the water was) formed fog rising and clouds swirling. Once a treasure trove of feng shui, its slopes are also very suitable for human habitation and other life.
Weifang Fuyan Mountain: The mountain of the first encounter
Jieshi Mountain, the peak of Wudi County, Shandong Province, a national AAA-level tourist attraction, is located in the north of Dashan Village, 30 kilometers north of Wudi County, with an altitude of 63.4 meters and an area of 0.39 square kilometers, which is the cone-shaped composite volcanic pile formed by the eruption of volcanic eruption 730,000 years ago, is the youngest volcano in China, and the only outcropping volcano in the North China Plain, known as "the first mountain in southern Beijing". In 1998, it was listed as a provincial geological relics nature reserve by the Shandong Provincial Government.
There is no stone mountain
Welcome to pay attention to the word cultivator and refresh the old concept of history and archaeology
(The author declares the originality, all rights reserved.) The maps drawn and photographs taken in this number also belong to the category of works. The pictures from the Internet are only for optimizing the visual experience of self-media readers, and do not belong to the scope of this work, and are hereby declared. ）