Shao Chunbao: The proposal of the new quality productive forces and its important exposition are the innovation and development of the Marxist theory of productive forces
Reform and innovation
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Productive forces are the fundamental driving force for social development, and scientific and technological innovation is an important symbol of the development of productive forces.
In the face of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, we stress that seizing strategic opportunities means that we must change the productive forces formed by long-term accumulation to a qualitative change. General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the new quality of productive forces in a timely manner and made a profound exposition:
In terms of formation, it involves three aspects - technological revolutionary breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and in-depth industrial transformation and upgrading, which give rise to new quality productive forces.
In terms of connotation, it emphasizes the innovative allocation of the three factors and other factors - the change of laborers, labor materials, labor objects and their optimal combination, which greatly improves the total factor productivity.
In terms of development, two guidelines should be clearly defined -- the establishment of a new type of production relationship that is compatible with the new quality of productive forces, and the principle of adapting measures to local conditions should be followed.
The proposal of the new quality of productive forces and its important exposition are the innovation and development of the Marxist theory of productive forces, and provide a strong ideological guidance and practical impetus for high-quality development and the construction of a modern and powerful country.
First, technological revolution and breakthrough are the key to new quality productivity
Scientific and technological innovation is a certainty obtained from the exploration of the unknown world, so it has become a major opportunity for economic and social development. General scientific and technological development is common, and the scientific and technological revolution has not been encountered in a century. The mainland has missed the opportunity of the two industrial revolutions, and after catching up with the last train of the third scientific and technological revolution, it proposed that informatization drive industrialization and the integration of "industrialization and industrialization", which provides opportunities for enterprises and local development, and achieves "Made in China". Today, all countries are aware of the importance of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and want to occupy a favorable position to promote development. Analyzing the characteristics of this round of scientific and technological revolution, we will profoundly feel the driving, leading, and key role of technological revolutionary breakthroughs in the emergence and development of new quality productive forces.
(1) Multi-point breakthroughs and multi-field mass distribution
The significant difference between the new round of scientific and technological revolution and the previous scientific and technological revolution is that it does not break out at a certain point, but involves almost all scientific and technological fields, such as the macrocosm in space exploration, the microcosm seen in the quantum mechanics window, the colorful life world in biological science and gene research and development, the underground world in deep-sea and deep-earth exploration, the world of energy materials accompanied by ecological construction, the world of outstanding digital intelligence, and so on, and there are many directions for innovation and breakthroughs. To seize the opportunity of the scientific and technological revolution, it is necessary to accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, do a good job in tackling key core technologies, make original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation achievements emerge one after another, and cultivate new momentum for the development of new quality productive forces.
(2) The two scientific and technological revolutions are superimposed to form a powerful thrust
The current round of scientific and technological revolution and the third scientific and technological revolution involve information, digital, and intelligence to varying degrees, and have strong dissemination and benefit a wide range of people. The superposition of the two scientific and technological revolutions has formed a strong impact, and the industrial transformation it has triggered is advancing simultaneously among the world's major countries, and countries are competing to implement new industrial transformation strategies, and the transformation, application and promotion of many technologies do not have the restrictions on hard resources of the previous two industrial revolutions, and light assets such as data have become new and important factors of production.
(3) The rapid proliferation of science and technology
Science and technology in various fields are booming at a rate of speed, increase and progress. For example, digital technology covers the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, blockchain, virtual reality, augmented reality, metaverse, etc. For another example, in the past two years, generative artificial intelligence has emerged Open AI's ChatGPT, Sora, Google's Gemini, Baidu's Wenxin Yiyan, Huawei's Pangu, Ali's Qianwen, Kimi on the dark side of the moon, Tsinghua's Vidu and many other large models, and recently OpenAI released the AI model GPT-4o for real-time video and voice interaction, and a large number of AI video application tools have also been produced since October last year. The development of new science and technology is rising wave after wave, the number of invention patents and papers is surging, and the replacement of knowledge is accelerating. Behind the accelerated surge of science and technology is the role of a series of factors such as paradigm breakthroughs, accumulation, disaster stimulus, strategic competition, and investment pull.
(4) Integration of science and technology
Many contents of this round of scientific and technological revolution have been born together, and are presented in the form of integration, synthesis, interaction, penetration, integration, boundary breaking, and integration. For example, the integration of "1 + more" such as big data +, Internet +, artificial intelligence +, biotechnology +, and material technology + is a kind of integration of general technology and a variety of technologies and industries, which produces wonderful results; Another example is the three-dimensional integration of man-machine-thing, which enables all people and things to be interconnected, interconnected and interactive; Another example is the convergence of science and technology, such as the life sciences, material sciences, information sciences, cognitive sciences and complexity sciences, which can give birth to major scientific breakthroughs. In addition, there is the integrated development of science, technology and production.
(5) Iterative evolution of science and technology
Many scientific and technological projects continue to improve performance, improve functions, and realize the substitution, supplementation, connection, integration, and enhancement of original technologies, products, and projects. For example, the Internet has evolved from the one-way information transmission of Web 1.0, to the evolution and interaction of Web 2.0, and then to the integration and intelligence of Web 3.0; Another example is the iteration of virtual technology, first VR (virtual reality)/AR (augmented reality), then MR (mixed reality)/XR (extended reality), and digital twins. In recent years, the metaverse has been conceived on the basis of digital technology to support virtual products.
Scientific and technological innovation can give birth to new industries, new models and new kinetic energy, and is the core element of the development of new quality productive forces. The superposition, iteration and integration of science and technology have formed a strong momentum for industrial transformation; The technological revolution has exploded intensively and accelerated in many points and fields, so that technological innovation drives factor innovation, product innovation, and industrial innovation, and then provides technical support and innovation sources for the formation of new quality productivity.
Second, the innovative allocation of production factors is the core of the new quality productivity
Scientific and technological innovation drives the innovation of production factors and their mutual allocation, so that new technologies can be transformed into products, tools and services in the production process.
(1) The proportion of information determines the trend of innovation of production factors
The material, energy and information of any society coexist, and the changes in their respective proportions determine the nature of society. The proportion of material in agricultural society, the proportion of energy in industrial society, and the proportion of information in digital and intelligent society. Nowadays, the innovation of production factors is developing in the direction of light assets and soft factors such as information, data, intelligence, and software, the weight of land, energy, labor and other factors is decreasing, and traditional management is being digitalized and intelligently transformed and upgraded. Some experts believe that human society has experienced two major economic eras, namely, the era of agricultural economy that uses natural materials as means of labor, the era of industrial economy that uses mineral energy as means of labor, and the era of intelligent economy that mainly uses information as means of labor.
(2) New science and technology have brought about profound changes in the three elements of productivity
First, the scientific and technological literacy of workers has been improved. Under the wearable and portable intelligent equipment, the physical intelligence of workers has been extended; The standardization and precision of intelligent machines require workers to master corresponding high-tech skills, and increase the proportion of technicians, craftsmen and other talents among workers; Repetitive and boring jobs will be replaced by unmanned or less intelligent factories, workshops, and production lines, and workers will play the role of controlling intelligent machines and human-machine collaboration; As artificial intelligence replaces more people's jobs, people will be more engaged in innovation, creativity, creativity, and creation in the future, and technology will make people live longer and healthier, and prolong the time for people to work happily.
Second, the means of production based on intelligent tools are widely available. Intelligent machine is a qualitative leap in the history of tools, tools from mechanization, automation to intelligence, do not rely on human settings, through the sensor to perceive the state of the environment, and its data, variable, so that the tool is intelligent and automatic, with the characteristics of flexible and autonomous operation. Intelligent machines have a tendency to go beyond the traditional tool positioning, and in the case of unmanned control on the labor site, some intelligent machines complete tasks relatively independently, with the dual roles of tools and quasi-labor, and manufacturing robots are being widely used. The wide application of new technologies, new materials and new processes has given birth to production tools with higher technological attributes, and has developed towards the form of both software and hardware, and non-physical tools such as industrial Internet and industrial software have been widely used.
Third, the scope of labor objects has been expanded and some can be perceived. The labor space has expanded to almost all fields involved in science and technology, and the labor objects have expanded from more natural forms to synthetic materials and modern new materials, enriching the variety, scope and category of labor objects, showing a trend of artificiality and refinement. With the new discovery of many object properties, the rise of new material revolution and bioengineering, human beings can choose better performance and cheaper labor objects, and some labor objects have become perceptual due to the configuration of sensors, the Internet of Things, and cloud computing. Due to the surge of digital technology, cloud computing, edge computing, big data, quantum computing and other algorithms and computing power technologies that process data have emerged, network iterative optimization, and massive accumulation of data have made data from data and tool attributes to the positioning of elements and resources. As a new factor of production, data has a significant impact on the transformation of traditional production methods.
The scientific and technological content and intelligence of the three elements of productivity have made the relationship between them closer and more coordinated, and the overall level of productivity has been enhanced.
(3) Technology cohesion and digital intelligence platform have become the factor allocation mode
The smooth flow of high-quality elements to new quality productivity benefits from two innovative configuration methods.
The first is the combination of new technology cohesion elements. Technological innovation is changing the original allocation method of capital, labor, resources and other input scales. With the weakening of the low-cost advantages of labor and land, various products and services urgently need to improve their technological content, and new technologies have become the core driving force and convergence center of factor allocation. Technological innovation makes capital, resources, labor, management and other elements follow the new technology and revolve around the new product, and capital, labor, resources and other elements are attracted and flow to more efficient technology and industrial fields.
The second is the allocation method of the platform to amplify the factor market. The digital intelligence platform breaks through the limitations of time and space, enlarges the market scope, optimizes the allocation and utilization of material resources such as labor, resources, and equipment, and can also effectively combine non-material resources such as information, opportunities, data, and software, so as to reduce production costs, improve efficiency, and narrow the development gap between enterprises, regions, countries, and people.
The optimal allocation of factors improves the efficiency of economic activities. For example, the efficiency of the intelligent industry reflects the combination of computing power, algorithms, and data. The development of the platform highlights the optimization of the supply side, the demand side and the elements of the platform; The combination of people, robots and ecology in green development is all brought about higher efficiency and benefits through the innovative allocation of factors.
(4) Total factor productivity is the performance criterion for the development of new quality productivity
Technological innovation, factor innovation, and the optimal combination of various factors will be reflected in the total factor productivity. Total factor productivity mainly measures the indicators of technological progress, and pays attention to the comprehensive efficiency benefits of factor innovation and optimal combination. Therefore, the development of new quality productivity must be rooted in technological innovation, and open up the intermediate path of efficient combination and utilization of technology-driven factors, so as to greatly improve total factor productivity. In recent years, the digital economy has developed rapidly and effectively, largely thanks to the optimal allocation of network, technology and data elements of the digital economy. With the improvement of total factor productivity, the quality and efficiency of economic and social development will become more prominent.
3. The modern industrial system is the value carrier of new quality productivity
Only when science and technology are transformed into product industries can they be valuable, only when enterprises and industries pay attention to clusters and industrial chains can they be more competitive, and only when the modern industrial system becomes a value carrier can it be of strategic significance.
(1) Emerging industries are cultivated and expanded in the application and industrialization of new technologies
The emerging industries in mainland China mainly include the new generation of information technology industry, high-end equipment manufacturing industry, new materials industry, biological industry, new energy automobile industry, new energy industry, energy conservation and environmental protection industry, aerospace industry, marine equipment industry and other nine aspects.
Emerging industries should start from the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, not all technologies can be transformed into results, so it is necessary to evaluate the value of technology based on the needs of enterprises, carry out product prototype transformation, actively develop technology, production capacity and market, coordinate upstream and downstream supply chains, and emphasize technological improvement capabilities.
The technology transformed into products should expand the scale and develop towards industrialization, so that all kinds of science and technology can shape corresponding new products like the industrialization of digital technology, and along the chain of technological innovation, give birth to new industries, new models and new formats with new technological processes and new equipment. Emerging industries are strategic industries based on major technological breakthroughs and major development needs. At present, most of the emerging industries in the mainland are relatively mature, have a relatively large scale, and have a relatively clear practical path, which plays a major leading role in the overall economic and social situation and long-term development.
(2) The layout and construction of future industries in the breeding and budding science and technology
The layout of the future industry requires a world vision, pays attention to the forward-looking, grasps the initiative, and uses the technology of "tomorrow" to forge the "acquired" industry, standing today and competing for the future. Therefore, the future industry should be a forward-looking industry driven by cutting-edge science and technology, representing the development direction of science and technology and industry, with high technology content, strong industrial relevance, large market space, greater uncertainty and strong plasticity.
On the basis of research on future technology and industry, the mainland has clarified the planning and layout of future industries, including future manufacturing, future materials, future information, future space, future energy, and future health, as well as the metaverse, brain-computer interface, quantum information, humanoid robots, AIGC, and biomanufacturing.
In accordance with the requirements of high-quality development, while emphasizing the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy and the establishment of digital industrial clusters, we should accelerate the research and development of advanced chip technology, the construction of artificial intelligence and computing power networks, and promote the "artificial intelligence +" action.
(3) The transformation, transformation and upgrading of traditional industries in the empowerment of new science and technology
Technological innovation not only gives birth to new industries, but also empowers traditional industries. Many of the traditional industries are pillar industries, and the current industry and market account for a large proportion, which is related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and cannot be simply regarded as a "low-end industry", but should be transformed, transformed and upgraded in combination with new technology.
The transformation should be vigorous, and it is necessary to use various science and technology to transform traditional industries in the same way that traditional industries are promoting informatization, digitization, and intelligence step by step, and we must also follow the progressive process from external simplicity to internal complexity, from general functions to strong functions.
The transformation should be in-depth, driven from a strategic height rather than driven by technology alone, from the concept, system and other aspects of the profound transformation, at the operation and business level, technology, tools, software infiltration and clamping into the production process, for pain points and blocking points to solve problems, improve the strategic management level of the entire enterprise.
Upgrading should be high-tech, high-tech should be introduced, the integration of informatization and automation of traditional industries should be promoted, and high-end intelligent manufacturing + industrial Internet and other technologies should be used to promote the high-end, intelligent and green of traditional industries, so as to achieve high-quality effects of cost reduction, efficiency increase and low carbon.
(4) Improve the industrial system in the construction of industrial clusters and industrial chains
In terms of technology, the exploration generation, the R&D generation, the production generation, and the reserve generation. In terms of industry, we will transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and expand emerging industries, and lay out and build future industries. It is also necessary to build an industrial strategic pattern of industrial structure upgrading, inter-industry coordination and industrial optimization through industrial clusters and industrial chain supply chains, and form a modern industrial system to improve the competitive advantage of enterprises and industries.
To build industrial clusters, it is necessary to combine the national industrial strategic demand orientation and the willingness of innovation subjects, guide enterprises of different ranges to participate in clusters, including clusters from enterprises to the same industry, from the physical area of the same industry to the virtual scope of clusters, etc., to build industrial clusters in an all-round way, enhance the development resilience, innovation ability and competitive advantage of the industry, and avoid cultivating industrial clusters with mechanization and homogeneous stacking of production factors. It is necessary to expand the scale of enterprises and industries, reduce product costs, consolidate market positions, stimulate enterprise demand and innovation, and occupy a favorable position in the competition through industrial clusters.
Extending the upstream and downstream industrial chain, is an important way to highlight the strength of enterprises and industries, while maintaining the core competitiveness of enterprises, it is necessary to form a closer industrial chain, and apply scientific and technological innovation achievements to specific industries and industrial chains in a timely manner, including accelerating the application of originality and subversive scientific and technological innovation achievements to strengthen the chain and supplement the chain, and concentrate scientific and technological resources on key research in the field of advantageous industries.
Improving the modern industrial system, including the transformation of traditional industries, the cultivation of emerging industries, the layout of future industries, and the creation of industrial clusters and the extension of the industrial chain are all aimed at realizing the deep transformation and upgrading of the industrial structure, ensuring that the industrial system is independent and controllable, safe and reliable, making it an industrial carrier of new quality productivity, and forming an institutional advantage of concentrating on major events, a super-large-scale market advantage, and a complete industrial system advantage, so as to promote the realization of strategic goals such as manufacturing power, digital China, network power, agricultural power, and quality power.
Fourth, paradigm innovation is the methodology of the development concept to achieve new quality productivity
To turn the new productive forces in the process of formation into real productive forces with greater breakthroughs, greater leaps, and greater development, it is necessary to follow the concept of development in which the contradictions between the productive forces and the relations of production are moving, and to adhere to the methodology of seeking truth from facts and adapting measures to local conditions.
(1) The productive forces determine the adaptive development of production relations
To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to break through the blockages that restrict economic and social development, reform the system, system, and policy, and establish a new type of production relationship; To improve the scientific and technological literacy of workers, it is necessary to better adapt to the intelligent nature of more tools and equipment, as well as the expanded scope of labor objects, optimize the discipline setting and education mode of schools, cultivate all kinds of talents urgently needed for high-quality development, smooth the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talents, improve the talent flow mechanism, and establish a harmonious relationship including the collaboration between workers and managers, and between people and intelligent robots; To adapt to the situation of data, digital tools, and network platforms with more public attributes and social functions, it is necessary to face up to the sharing and integration trend of digital and intelligent means of production and data elements while improving the income distribution mechanism for factor participation; It is necessary to prevent and avoid as far as possible the occurrence of phenomena that run counter to society, human beings, and ecology in the development of new science and technology and new industries, give full play to the counter-role of production relations, and actively adjust the direction through ethical guidance, administrative supervision, and the rule of law, so as to promote the development of new productive forces.
(2) High-quality development driven by innovation to anchor goals
The development of new quality productivity is an intrinsic requirement and an important focus for promoting high-quality development. To this end, it is necessary to take innovation-driven as the key to development and high-quality development as the anchor goal. On the one hand, we should move towards the "new", get rid of the traditional economic growth mode and development path, and use disruptive technologies and cutting-edge technologies to give birth to new industries, new models and new kinetic energy; On the other hand, we should focus on the pursuit of high-tech, high-efficiency and high-quality products by simply pursuing changes in the fields of agriculture and industry, from service industry to service industry and digital intelligence industry, for example, using AI to select seeds and support planting, harvesting and processing with digital technology, reflecting the quality of advanced productivity and creating more material wealth with less resource consumption; Through the key variables formed by the new qualitative productivity, the maximum increment of high-quality economic development will be promoted.
(3) Science and technology to the economic and social traction development
Scientific and technological innovation plays a driving, dominant, core and key role in the formation and development of new quality productive forces. As the starting point of new quality productivity, scientific and technological innovation is not completed at one time, and the development of science and technology and production factors and industrial development is a cyclical process, which is inseparable from the continuous support of technological innovation and scientific progress. It is necessary to reform the scientific and technological innovation ecosystem from the source, optimize the layout, integrate resources, pay attention to basic research and high-tech research and development, accelerate the development of cutting-edge science and technology, and increase the research and breakthrough of original and disruptive technologies in four fields: high-end equipment technology, digital technology frontier field technology, integrated application technology, and new production tool technology. Strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights and achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance.
(4) The dialectical development from unbalanced to relatively equilibrium
We should respect the mainland's unbalanced development, follow the ideological method of seeking truth from facts, and find the right way to innovate development. First, it is necessary to adapt measures to local conditions and provide classified guidance. Proceeding from different localities and industries, we should emphasize "one key to open one lock", avoid "flood irrigation", "one-size-fits-all" and "one-pot cooking" in the development of new quality productive forces, and ensure that policies and funds are used in the right direction. Second, we must first establish and then break, and seek progress in stability. In developing new productive forces, we must not ignore or abandon traditional industries, but let emerging industries and traditional industries promote and complement each other. Third, we must make use of our strengths and avoid weaknesses, and do something and do nothing. It is necessary to combine the resource endowment, industrial base, scientific research conditions, etc., recognize their respective advantages and disadvantages, make use of their strengths and avoid weaknesses, solve them accurately, and avoid uniformity and "general roughness up and down". For example, "Eastern Data and Western Computing" is a typical case of adapting measures to local conditions and strategic layout in the development of the digital economy, fully considering the reality that the mainland's industrial structure is strong in the east and weak in the west, and the resource structure is rich in the west and poor in the east, so that the advantages of the east and the west complement each other.
(5) Liberal development from internal to external
The new quality productive forces should strengthen themselves by virtue of factor innovation and internal mechanisms, and should be based on the market and competition to develop openly. First, it is necessary to properly handle the relationship between open innovation and scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, absorb the world's advanced technology and management experience through international cooperation, improve the ability of independent innovation, and participate in the global industrial and supply chain on a larger scale by expanding high-level opening up, so as to create a good international environment for the development of new quality productive forces. Second, it is necessary to properly handle the relationship between industrial innovation and the protection of property rights and fair competition, encourage new technologies and new industries to catch up with and surpass each other, and create a good market environment for the development of new quality productive forces. Third, it is necessary to deal with the relationship between encouraging innovation and tolerating failure, technological innovation and industrialization have a high degree of uncertainty, because it is difficult for enterprises to predict the choice of technology and business in market competition, so it is necessary to correctly deal with the inevitable setbacks and failures in exploration, especially to have a tolerant attitude and environment.
In short, scientific and technological innovation, factors of production, industrial transformation, and development paradigm are logically connected and mutually promoted, constituting the path for the generation and development of new quality productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation is the source of power, innovation and optimal combination of production factors are the basic core, industrial transformation is the key to expanding value and improving efficiency, and paradigm innovation is the development concept and methodology to help promote.
[Shao Chunbao: Member of the Chang'an Street Reading Club, Vice Chairman of the China Association for the Promotion of International Economic and Technical Cooperation]
Note: Authorized to publish, this article has been selected and included in the "Chang'an Street Reading Club" theoretical learning platform (People's Daily, People's Political Consultative Conference Daily, Beijing Daily, Chongqing Daily, Xinhuanet, CCTV, National Party Media Information Public Platform, Vision, Beijing Time, Surging Government Affairs, Phoenix News Client "Chang'an Street Reading Club" column synchronization), reprinting must be uniformly marked "Chang'an Street Reading Club" theoretical learning platform source and author.
Editor-in-charge: Xu Xuejing; Preliminary review: Cheng Ziqian, Chen Jiani; Re-examiner: Li Yufan
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