Mr. Ho, 52, has to eat regularly due to work reasons, and usually prefers meat.
One month ago, Mr. He always felt that he could not lift his spirits, he was easily tired and sleepy, he became very lazy, and his appetite was also poor, but he did not take this seriously.
A few days ago, Mr. Ho developed symptoms of dizziness, occasionally accompanied by palpitations and chest tightness, so he decided to go to the hospital for a full body examination.
血常规检查提示，甘油三酯12.67mmol/L，总胆固醇7.64mmol/L，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇4.1mmol/L，被诊断为高血脂症。
The attending doctor informed him that his blood lipids were significantly elevated, and if not controlled immediately, it might cause dysfunction of multiple systems such as digestive system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, endocrine system and other diseases, and recommended that he be admitted to the hospital for evaluation and treatment, and Mr. He agreed.
After 7 days of hospitalization, Mr. He's fatigue has been effectively improved, his dizziness symptoms have also been relieved, and his whole state looks much more energetic, and his face has gradually recovered.
Doctors remind that hyperlipidemia generally has no obvious symptoms and is often ignored by patients, but if not detected and treated in time, excessive blood lipids may cause acute pancreatitis, and long-term accumulation of lipids in the blood vessel wall may also induce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
In particular, the concentration of low-density lipoprotein in the blood is high, which is more likely to be deposited in the arterial walls of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular vessels, causing serious diseases with high mortality and disability such as coronary heart disease and stroke.
Therefore, once an increase in LDL is detected, patients should reduce LDL by controlling their calorie intake, increasing the amount of exercise, and taking medications.
01
What is LDL?
Low-density lipoprotein is a kind of lipoprotein particles that carry cholesterol into peripheral tissue cells, which can provide necessary energy and nutrients for cells, and can also be oxidized to oxidized low-density lipoprotein, which is one of the important items for the detection of blood lipids in daily physical examination or laboratory tests.
When there is an excess of oxidatively modified LDL, the cholesterol it carries is easy to be deposited on the blood vessel wall, which can easily cause atherosclerosis over time and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, so LDL is also known as "bad cholesterol".
If you compare LDL with triglycerides, LDL should be a "principal offender" and triglycerides an "accessory".
Normally, LDL exists in a non-oxidizing state, and the oxidation of LDL will accelerate the occurrence of atherosclerosis, so reducing the oxidation of LDL and moderately reducing LDL are of great significance for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
02
How much is LDL normal?
The normal value of LDL cholesterol needs to be stratified according to the different conditions of the patient, there is no absolute normal value, in general:
正常人：低密度胆蛋白固醇的正常值＜3.1mmol/L。
Patients with coronary artery disease: In patients with acute, more severe atherosclerosis, the normal value of LDL cholesterol should be kept low.
如果患者有明确的心绞痛病史或者既往有陈旧心肌梗死病史，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇应＜1.8mmol/L，甚至＜1.4mmol/L。
Patients with hypertension: If the patient is hypertensive and has no other comorbid diseases, the normal range of LDL cholesterol should be < 2.6 mmol/L.
Diabetic patients: If there is no atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol should be < 2.6mmol/L, and if there is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, it is recommended to control it at <1.8mmol/L.
Other: If LDL cholesterol ≤ 1.4 mmol/L, the patient has atherosclerotic events, such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities, intermittent claudication, and LDL cholesterol needs to be lowered to a lower level.
03
What should I do if LDL is high?
Once the physical examination shows that LDL is high, it is necessary to reduce LDL through a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle:
1. In terms of a balanced diet, it is mainly to limit the intake of saturated fatty acids, such as cattle, sheep, poultry, pigs and dairy products.
2. Increase your daily intake of soluble fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
3. Choose foods that contain healthy fats, such as fish, avocados, and nuts.
4. Follow the doctor's instructions to use statin hypolipidemic drugs, such as atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, etc., and PCSK9 inhibitors to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
5. Cultivate a healthy lifestyle, lose excess weight, diet combined with exercise is the most effective way to lower cholesterol, it is recommended to exercise for 30~60 minutes a day, a total of 150 minutes of exercise per week.
6. You should also pay attention to quitting smoking and drinking alcohol in moderation.
04
LDL is on the high side, and it is recommended to stay away from 5 foods
01 Processed foods
Foods such as sausages, hot dogs, ham, bacon, potato chips, canned food, etc., can easily lead to the loss of nutrients in the food during processing, and at the same time increase unhealthy ingredients such as salt, sugar and saturated fat.
Long-term intake of these foods may not only lead to weight gain, but may also lead to elevated levels of LDL, which in turn can adversely affect cardiovascular health.
02 Fried food
For example, fried chicken, French fries, fried dough sticks, hemp balls, oil cakes and other foods will produce trans fatty acids after repeated high-temperature frying, and the longer the heating time, the more trans fatty acids will be produced.
Saturated fats and trans fatty acids are one of the main reasons for high LDL in the body.
The World Health Organization recommends reducing the intake of saturated fats and trans fats, and the daily calorie intake should not exceed 10% from saturated fats and no more than 1% from trans fats, so as to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
03 High-cholesterol foods
For example, the cholesterol content of animal offal, crab roe, fish roe, egg yolk, pine eggs and other foods is relatively high.
If consumed in excess, it will lead to high LDL and increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
The daily cholesterol intake should be controlled below 300 mg, and the daily dietary cholesterol should be controlled below 200 mg for those with moderate or higher blood cholesterol elevation.
It is advisable to eat soy products, shiitake mushrooms, garlic, hawthorn, onions, eggplants, cucumbers, carrots and other foods containing lactic acid bacteria.
04 High-sugar foods
For example, the sugar content in candies, preserves, beverages, cakes, creams and other foods is generally relatively high, and if you consume too much, it will lead to excess energy, causing problems such as obesity and dyslipidemia.
Sweets and high-sugar drinks are the culprits that lead to elevated blood lipids, especially glucose and fructose, which are converted into fat in the liver, making blood lipids elevated.
Studies have shown that excessive sugar intake can lead to an increase in LDL and triglycerides, while a decrease in HDL, a change that increases the risk of coronary heart disease.
In addition, if LDL is high in diabetes, eating foods high in sugar can cause blood sugar fluctuations, which can worsen the condition.
Therefore, people with high LDL should pay attention to their daily sugar intake, try to drink less sugary drinks, drink more water or drink some sugar-free tea.
05 Alcohol products
For example, beer, red wine, white wine, whiskey, vodka and other drinks, after drinking, alcohol will enter the blood vessels, causing a certain irritation to the blood vessels, which can easily lead to an increase in the level of low-density lipoprotein.
LDL is mainly synthesized in the liver, and alcohol abuse can lead to impaired liver function, and cause an increase in LDL and a decrease in HDL, thereby inducing hyperlipidemia and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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