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At the time of the third rise of the House of Saud, a great victory was achieved in the Qasim region. Neither the Rashid family nor the Qassim family, nor the Ottoman reinforcements, have fought the Saud family.
In this way, the entire Hejaz inner chamber area has become a mess, but it is said that Saudi Arabia cannot truly complete the great cause of statehood without the support of a wave of forces, which is the old colonizer Britain.
In 1910, in order to expand their influence in the Arabian Peninsula, the British had to choose an agent of interest, and this agent was chosen to look at the House of Saud.
As a result, the British courted the House of Saud and sent William Shakespeare as Ibn Saud's military adviser.
In 1911, an agreement was reached between the House of Saud and the British, under which the British recognized the Al Ahsa Oasis as a dependency of the House of Saud, while Ibn Saud accepted British protection. In return, the Ibn Saud family allowed the British to mine in the area they controlled.
In 1913, Ibn Saud led an army into the Al Ahsa Oasis and the Ghatif region, fighting with the local Ottoman garrisons, and soon the Shiite rulers of Hasa and Ghatif surrendered to the Saudi army and accepted the leadership of Ibn Saud.
And as the former titular ruler of this region - the Ottoman Empire. At this time, it was already a sunset.
In 1914, an agreement was reached between the House of Saud and Istanbul, and the Ottoman Empire recognized the House of Saud's rule over Najd. And Ibn Saud promised not to form alliances with other countries and not to allow foreign troops to interfere in Najd.
The Saud family was between Britain and the Ottoman Empire, and the two sides of the promise became the object of competition between the British and the Ottoman Empire for the Arabian Peninsula.
In 1914, World War I broke out in Europe, and the Ottoman Empire was also involved. Sultan Muhammad V called on all Muslims to wage jihad against the Anglo-French Entente, and Ibn Saud saw his opportunity.
Ibn Saud held a four-way meeting with the Sharif al-Hussein of Mecca, the head of the Rashid family, and the Sheikh of Kuwait, but it was not successful. The differences between the two sides were enormous, and the Rashid family had an old grudge against the Saud family, which in turn supported the Ottoman Sultan, while the Sharif of Mecca and the Sheikh of Kuwait supported the British.
The Saud family was the object of contention between Britain and Turkey at the time, but was still entangled with the Rashid family. At that time, the king of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, felt that in order to gain complete British support, he had to destroy the Rashid family.
On January 17, 1915, clashes broke out between the Najd Army of the House of Saud and the Rashid family on the shores of Lake Zalab, north of Mekimaia. In the middle of the war, William Shakespeare died, and the Rashid army was victorious. The battle was also seen as a proxy war between the Ottoman Empire and the British.
After the defeat of the Zarab, in December 1915, Ibn Saud completely turned to the British and signed the Treaty of Dahlin with British representatives on the island of Dahlin in the Persian Gulf. Britain officially recognized the rule of the House of Saud over Najd, Al Ahsa, and the Ghatif generation. Ibn Saud was also given 1,000 rifles and £20,000 and £5,000 a month in aid. To this end, Ibn Saud pledged not to harass a series of British protectorates such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, etc., which were under British protection.
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After talking to the British, Ibn Saud thought of another ally at his side, Sharif Hussein of the Banu Hashem of Mecca.
On the eve of World War I, in order to reverse the passive situation in the Middle East battlefield, the British war secretary, Count Herbert Kitschner, contacted Hussein, hoping that he could send troops to rebel against the Sultan of Ottoman Turkey. Hussein, on the other hand, wanted Britain to reciprocate with politics and recognition. At that time, the British high commissioner in Egypt called Henry McMahon corresponded with Hussein, and Hussein agreed to lead the army to resist.
On June 5, 1916, Hussein's two sons, Ali and Faisal, led 1,500 Arab knights to fire in the air in Medina, proclaiming Arab independence.
They established the great Arab states that stretched from Mount Taunus in the north, to the Gulf of Aden in the south, to the Zagros Mountains in the east, and to the Red Sea in the west.
Hussein then rallied the Arabs against the Ottoman Sultan in his capacity as Sharif and, with the support of the British, established himself as the king of the Hejaz Kingdom and the Arabs. The British hoped that Ibn Saud, who was living inland on the peninsula, would support Hussein's uprising.
However, at this time, Ibn Saud felt that the Hejaz and Najd would be ruled by our family sooner or later, so his attitude was more ambiguous, and he was not in a hurry to send troops. Rather, he began to discuss the demarcation of the borders of the kingdom of Najd and his own country.
As soon as the war ended in 1918, Ibn Saud demanded the demarcation of a border with the Kingdom of the Hejaz, but Hussein did not agree. As a result, the two sides began to exchange fire at the Kurma Oasis, triggering the first Najd-Han War.
Soon after the outbreak of the war, the local emir announced his surrender to Ibn Saud.
In July 1918, Hussein sent troops to capture the sheikh of the fleeing state of Kurmaro, and Ibn Saud sent a Bedouin mercenary group of Ikhwan to confront Hussein's forces. At this time, Britain was in a more detached position, and it did not intervene in the war, because the British believed that Ibn Saud might not be able to defeat Hussein and might soon lose the war.
If he loses, then the benefits that Ibn Saud promised us can double the benefits with Hussein.
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But unexpectedly, in May 1919, Hussein's son Abdullah led an army into the Tulaba Green State, 80 miles from the Kurma Green State, and plundered supplies there. At that time, the Saudi Bedouin mercenaries were already lying in ambush there, and a large-scale war broke out all at once. Eventually, Abdullah's army was almost wiped out, and Abd himself fled the battlefield.
This battle greatly boosted the morale of the Saudi army, and in July of that year, Ibn Saud arrived in Tulaba with another 10,000 men to prepare for the conquest of the Hejaz.
But on July 4, Britain issued an ultimatum to Riyadh, hoping to stop the fighting, and the two sides sat down for peace talks. Ibn Saud was not afraid of the Hussein family, but he was afraid of the British, so he was forced to negotiate peace, lead his army to withdraw to the Najd region under his control, and continue to wait for an opportunity.
Less than three years later, after the end of World War I, the Rashid family gradually declined amid internal and external troubles. Unable to control the many Bedouin tribes under their control, their sphere of influence gradually narrowed to the areas around the capital Hail.
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In August 1921, Najd, with the assistance of the British, began an attack on Hail.
Then, in December, Hail was breached. And Mehmed II of the Rashid family announced his surrender to the House of Saud, and the Emirate of Mount Shamal perished. At this time, Ibn Saud's opponent was the Hashemite family.
The Hashemite family had always wanted to establish a great Arab state, but its own limited strength was too limited to accomplish this goal, and it only established the kingdom of Iraq, the emir of Transjordan, and the kingdom of the Hejaz. Hussein felt aggrieved that he couldn't achieve his ambitions. He refused to accept the Treaty of Versailles and the Balfour Declaration, which worsened relations between the Hashemites and the British.
In 1924, Hussein of the Hashemite family established himself as caliph and the supreme leader of all Muslims, which caused the resentment of the entire Arab world, and the British stopped paying the corresponding financial support to the House of Saud, and the House of Saud stepped up its attack on the Hejaz.
In mid-to-late 1924, the Hashemite family forbade the Najd pilgrimage to the holy city in the Hejaz. This angered not only Ibn Saud, but also the Muslims at large.
On August 29, 1924, Ibn Saud led his troops into Tayev, and the Hejaz soldiers soon surrendered, and Ikhwan entered the city and began to massacre, which is known as the Tayev Massacre in history.
With the fall of Tayev, the army of Najd and Ikhwan advanced to Mecca, and Hussein fled to Jeddah and handed over the throne to his son Ali.
On October 13, the Najd army took Mecca, followed by a Muslim conference in Riyadh, where his rule over Mecca was decided, and the Hejaz army gradually disintegrated as the Saudi forces continued to advance.
In January 1925, the Najd Army began the siege of Jeddah, where Hussein personally commanded and built a series of military fortifications around the city, as well as laying mines. Even though other members of the Hashem family provided him with a lot of military supplies, Hussein still did not hold Jeddah.
Soon the battle ended with Hussein's defeat. Hussein and his sons, including King Ali, fled to Baghdad.
On December 12 of the same year, Saudi forces had occupied Medina, and the proud Ibn Saud announced that he would succeed King Hejaz, renamed King Hejaz, and the Sultan of Najd and his dependencies established the kingdom of Najd and Hejaz. Hussein and others fled to Cyprus and settled in Amman, Transjord, where he died in 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem. His son Ali died in 1935.
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In 1927, Ibn Saud and Britain signed the Treaty of Jeddah, which established Saudi sovereignty and Ibn Saud's dominance.
Although Saudi Arabia has already established a state, at the beginning of the establishment of the Third Saudi Kingdom, the Bedouins almost led to the second Saudi Kingdom's mistakes, and internal strife was once again staged.
The reason for this is that Ibn Saud and the Wahhabi sect deliberately used the Bedouins throughout the Najd Hejaz conquest. As a result, the Bedouin mercenaries left the desert, immigrated to the oasis, and began to settle down, constantly going out to fight.
Ibn Saud also hoped to consolidate his rule over the vast tribal areas of the interior of the Arabian Peninsula.
The Saudi kingdom was seen by the Bedouins as less authoritative than their own tribes, and they were more loyal to their tribes.
After the end of the Hejaz Wars, the Bedouins, who were relatively scattered and difficult to tame, were transformed into a sedentary agricultural population.
By 1923, Ikhwan had settled in 72 towns, with an average population of about 1,000 people, adding up to nearly 100,000 people.
The Bedouins themselves are a particularly strong nomadic people, and the influence of their foreign wandering and expansion has never changed. In 1928, Bedouin mercenary groups began to rob the small country of Kuwait despite Ibn Saud's ban, which drew the resentment of the British army.
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After the conquest of the Hejaz, the members of Ikhwan hoped to continue their attacks on Transjordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to unify the entire Arabian Peninsula. But this position is incompatible with that of the House of Ibn Saud.
Because Ibn Saud could not afford to provoke the British, there was also a difference in the choice of the state religion that governs the country.
The Bedouins hoped that Ibn Saud would rule the country with the Hanbali School, but the relationship between the Ibn Saud family and the Wahhabi family was close, and the rise of the Ibn Saud family was inseparable from the help of the Wahabi family.
Therefore, it is absolutely impossible to change the country's religious beliefs, that is, it cannot change the control of the Wahhabis over Saudi Arabia.
So in 1921, the Bedouin Ikhwan forces began to attack southern Iraq, plundering the local Shiites, killing thousands of people.
In 1922 the attack on Transjordan, which was unable to cope with Ikhwan's repeated attacks on its own. As a result, the RAF was deployed near Oman to assist Transjordan.
The first attack of the Bedouin legion took place in Oman with 1,500 Ikhwan's camel riders, but they quickly withdrew from the battlefield after spotting the British planes, attacking two more small villages on the way.
Later, it was cut off by the British army and forced to retreat, and the leader of Ikhwan, Sultan bin Abdul, led 7,500 cavalry to attack Transjordan, but was discovered by the British Air Force, and finally more than 500 Bedouin soldiers were killed.
In addition to the nomadic cavalry, an important part of Ikhwan also included tribal people, who listened to their chieftains, to be precise. The big tribe followed the small tribe, and the small tribe connected the big tribe, Ibn Saud began to use diplomatic skills, and many of the Bedouins were defeated one by one.
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In 1924, Ibn Saud issued a ban emphasizing the absolute guidance of Wahhabi imams on jihad, and that the holy war required the words of Saudi imams and Wahhabi people.
He mainly wanted to restrain the actions of Ikhwan's army from the spiritual level, but this ban did not help. Because the Bedouins themselves seem to believe in Islam, but the difference is still very large.
In 1925, Britain reached an agreement with Ibn Saud to demarcate the borders with the kingdoms of Transjordan, Kuwait and Iraq, prohibiting nomads from crossing the borders, further encroaching on the interests of nomads.
In 1928, Ibn Saud reaffirmed the ban, and the Bedouin tribal leaders Sultan and Faisal Darvesi rebelled.
In 1929, the last large-scale battle with camel soldiers broke out between the two sides, the Bedouin cavalry rode camel wheel knives, and the Saudi troops dispatched advanced weapons such as machine guns and tanks, so although the Bedouin cavalry was very brave, the outcome can be imagined that the battle must be lost.
Bedouin's Ikhwan cavalry lost more than 500 men, the Saudis lost only 100, and Faisal Darvesi was wounded in the battle, and Sultan fled.
In August 1929, Darvesi's son, Asseiz, led the Saudi army led by Ikhwan and Nasir to war in the area of Mount Shamer. 450 men were killed in Ikhwan and nearly 400 were killed by Saudi Najd's forces, while commanders from both sides were killed in the battle.
Then, after nearly a year, the British army and the Saudi army jointly quelled the Bedouin Ikhwan movement and completely eliminated the Ikhwan rebels, and the kingdom was considered stable
Since Abdul Aziz II, also known as Ibn Saud, established the Third Saudi Kingdom, the members of the House of Saud have become rulers of the Arabian Peninsula.
The family now has more than 4,000 princes, half of whom are direct descendants of Abdul Aziz and Ibn Saud.
These princes occupy more than half of the governors and cabinet positions in all provinces, and have a monopoly on oil and all important ministries, such as the armed forces, the police, the coast guard, and the central local administration, which are owned by the Saudi family.
The House of Saud monopolized everything in the emerging kingdom and also established a very large absolute monarchy, a tribal politics in the region of kinship Najd.
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Although they still existed, the composition of tribal groups became the basic framework for the administrative division of the new state. The Saud family also formed political alliances with many important tribes through the establishment of kinship relations to achieve control over the tribes, which in turn further expanded the size of the Saud family.
In 1932, Ibn Saud established the Ministry of Finance, when Saudi Arabia had not yet discovered oil, and the country's main income was based on heavenly guests, poll taxes for non-believers, customs duties, and various taxes such as customs duties and customs bans.
Wahhabi as a religion has become the religious basis for the political expansion of the Saudi family, and continues to play a very important role after the establishment of the Saudi state.
The official faith of the Hejaz and Najd is Wahhabiism, and Ibn Saud is both the king of the Kingdom and the supreme patriarch of Wahhabiism, and Ulima, the Wahhabi sect, is responsible for expounding the teachings of the Intensive Discipline and enforcing the teachings. The Wahhabi sect rejected tribal strife and blood vendetta also helped the Saud family to effectively control a series of evils of tribal politics.
In 1939, Saudi Arabia discovered oil, and a huge amount of oil was exported to foreign countries, and oil became a source of economic resources for Saudi Arabia. The development of the oil economy also prompted the vast Bedouins in the Najd region to turn from pastoralists to workers and then to settlement.
As a key participant in the previous Ikhwan movement, the Bedouins had further disintegrated a kind of tribal politics on their camel's back.
After the unification of Najd and Hejaz, the Kingdom did not stop there. The Asir region is located between the Hejaz and Yemen, and is more developed in agriculture and densely populated.
It has been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire since 1871. At the beginning of the 20th century, a de facto independence was achieved, with the main cities being Abha and Jizan having this Najlan.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Emir of Asher, Hassan bin Ali, after a series of power struggles, was defeated by Muhammad bin Ali Idrissi, who established the Emir State of Idrissi.
In 1922, Saudi Arabia seized the opportunity to occupy Asir and occupied the capital Abha.
In 1934, the Emirate adopted the Taif Treaty, which formally incorporated the Asir region into Saudi Arabia. The operation has provoked resentment in Yemen.
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Shiite kingdom of Mutavalikiya in Yemen established the Kingdom of Yemen in the former North Yemen area, which also claimed sovereignty over Asir. Since 1933, it has been involved in a dispute with Saudi Arabia.
In November 1933, Yemeni troops marched into Najlan, and Ibn Saud was initially ready to negotiate peace, but the delegation was imprisoned by the Yemenis when they went to talk.
Then the Saudi army began to counterattack, and the two sides later began to open peace talks, which led to the Taif treaty that we just mentioned.
Although the two sides have a truce, it has brought a very big rift in the relationship between the two countries in history.
Later, during the Yemeni civil war, the Houthis came out, and Saudi Arabia led the coalition forces to Yemen to deal with the Houthis, and it was also a blow to Yemen.
I didn't think that how big the Saudi pomp was, how big the humiliation was, they took all kinds of advanced equipment, so that the Houthi slipper guerrillas counterattacked, and also made little Salamane lose a lot of face.
However, he is also a ruthless person for the future Saudi monarch, whether he proposed the Saudi Arabia 2030 vision, or the arrest of a large number of royal clans for corruption internally, it can be seen that although he has a gentle face, he is ruthless in his heart, and will become another male lord of the Saudi family with a dominant position in the Arabian Peninsula in the future.
End of this article.