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輗, 軏, 軛, Heng, 槅 Examination
Wang Weihui and Zhao Chuanying
(The first and second authors are professors and doctoral students of the Center for Chinese Language and History, the School of Liberal Arts, Zhejiang University, respectively)
Abstract: This article discusses the names of several important parts of ancient cars – rollers, wheels, yokes, scales, and mallets. Qing Confucianism combed through old notes and literature, and believed that "roll" and "rolling" were wooden or metal keys inserted after the hole was drilled through at the junction of the mustache and the wheel, the balance and the sedan chair. In the archaeological circles, some scholars named the bronze ornaments of the carriage sedan chair supporting the Hengmu part or the front end of the sedan chair as "軏", and some scholars called the rope-like curved key of the bronze carriage and horse chariot of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang and the intersection of the Heng wearing the sedan chair as "rolling". The names of the unearthed cultural relics do not match the documentary records. The single carriage has two yokes, the balance is perpendicular to the horizontal horizontal wood, and the yoke is a "human" herringbone instrument tied to the balance in pairs to choke the neck of the cow and horse; The mallet is a round wooden stick with an arch in the center and two ends connected to the twin wheels of the ox cart. The three things are not mixed. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the double-wheel carriage improved the balance into a curved arch, and the difference between "heng" and "maul" was reduced; After the cancellation of the car scale, the yoke is directly bound to the wheel, and becomes a luxury yoke similar to the bull maul, and the function and shape of the "yoke" and "maule" and "balance" overlap, which is the beginning of mixing; During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, oxen were used to drive horses, and the "mallet" and "yoke" were completely confused and inseparable. Since the Middle Ages, the literature has often confused "yoke", "maze" and "heng", and the explanations of "anthology" and "general theory" in "Ancient Chinese" edited by Wang Li on "roller", "軏", "yoke", "heng" and "槅" are also wrong and omission, and they must be distinguished.
Key words: 輗 軏 軛 heng 槅 觅 訓詁 Ancient car system
According to the excavated documents from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, the relationship between the words and the rationale of the formation of "gan" Chen Zhe (Ph.D. student, Department of Chinese, Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Chinese Ancient Literature, and "Ancient Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project") Collaborative Research and Innovation Platform) Abstract: The word "gan" was first seen in the Warring States Qin Jian, and the Qin and Western Han Jian were accustomed to "dry" to remember {dry} dry. The use case of {dry} drying was first seen in the Warring States period Chu Jian, recorded as "倝""
”“”。 Chu Jian also used "倝"""""Khan""
"" and other characters are recorded as {drought}, and "" can be regarded as the common essence of the cognate {干} dry and {drought}. The Qianqian hexagram Chu Jian is recorded as "倝", and the Western Han Dynasty Jian Silk is recorded as "key" and "Jian", and the example of being recorded as "Gan" was first seen in the Dunhuang Slips that belonged to the Xinmang period. Combined with the relationship between words and the clues of character formation, the word "dry" can be analyzed as the provincial form of "water" and "B" expresses the meaning of water dryness, which is the original word for {dry}dry. When identifying the relationship between words and words, the article has a new interpretation or supplementary discussion of the dry words in the Lyye Jane, Shangbo Jian, Tianxing Guan Jian, etc. Review the use case of the so-called {dry} drying in the bamboo book of Chu Tomb at No. 621 Jiudian, and interpret the five old interpretations"
Replace the word ""
(gas)", which is considered to be the earliest food nutrition theory currently seen.
Keywords: Qian, Qinjian, Chujian, word relationship, construction rationale
The light and darkness of "fixed planning": Qin Jian's view of the process of calculating and receiving materials from the grassroots government
Cao Tianjiang
(Lecturer, School of History and Culture, Minzu University of China)
Abstract: In-depth analysis of the materials such as 8-75+8-166 (Qianling Zhiyu County) and 9-12 (Yangling Death Documents) and other materials that have gathered and disputed in the academic circles can restore the calculation process of the payment and receipt of materials by the grass-roots government in the Qin Dynasty: at the end of each year, the government finalizes the statistical documents for each payment and acceptance of each matter, and the language of the document is called "fixed to (material name + quantity) to pay/receive (a certain county) and a certain official and a certain thing", so this process can be called "fixed calculation". Before "finalizing", the payer can first confirm the name and date of the matter to the recipient, that is, "ask the county official to pay, pay, and report the year of the account"; At the time of "finalization", the government of the paying party shall prepare the planning documents and solicit the confirmation reply of the recipient; If the recipient delays for more than one year, he or she must submit the school paperwork to help him. In the process of "finalizing" cross-county payment, the payer often bears greater responsibilities and risks, but the recipient is relatively relaxed, coupled with the distance and cumbersome procedures, so in order to shirk the responsibility, both parties tend to shirk the responsibility back and forth on the paperwork, and even form a tacit understanding of some kind of "collusion", so that the school planning affairs are delayed year after year. Under the extremely dense laws and punishments on the "bright" side, the "skillful methods" of operation on the "dark" side are also breeding. Focusing on the history of school management under the ancient Chinese bureaucracy, we cannot ignore the "synergy" of the "light" and "dark" sides.
Key words: pay to be determined, plan the school, ask He County officials, Yangling Death documents
Wu Jian's Observation of the Collection of Money for Money——Also on the Tax Management of Sun and Wu's Grassroots Guo Huiqiong (Ph.D. Candidate, School of History, Chinese University) Abstract: Wu Jian of the Three Kingdoms of Changsha Zoumarou has preserved the books of money in detail. Sorting out the slips can restore the operation process of Sun Wu's tax payment and the book of the meeting. According to the booklet prepared by the township officials, the township officials need to verify the actual household registration of the township, calculate the total amount of taxes payable according to the amount of money paid by the households, and count the outstanding tax payments. The treasurer will sort out the amount of money paid for the financial expenses according to the calculation items of the regular meeting. Liecao coordinated the work of the treasurer and the village officials, inspected the documents and books prepared by the two, and made the corresponding school books to be reviewed by the general meeting. The collection of taxes at the grassroots level in Sun and Wu is led by the county government, the township is the foothold of tax payment, and the county is the core of tax management. The county court relied on the county to complete the sorting of the tax books, and improved the efficiency and accuracy of collection through the checks of the books at the regular meeting.
Keywords: Changsha Zomalou Wu Jian Cai Qian Qian Hui Township officials
The identity of the "Shangqing Dao" in the Tang Dynasty awakened and the legal lineage was constructed
Bai Zhaojie
(Associate Researcher, Institute of Philosophy, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)
Abstract: Scholars have long believed that Shangqing Taoism was the mainstream Taoist school of Taoism in the Tang Dynasty, but this view is actually a misunderstanding of Taoism in the Tang Dynasty. The group identity and lineage of the "Shangqing Dao" in the Tang Dynasty were the result of artificial construction, which did not fully coincide with historical reality. This identity and pedigree first appeared in Sima Chengzhen's time, and is closely related to Sima Chengzhen's own tendency to teach. Later, it was carried forward by Li Hanguang and accepted by the Tang people, and was completely linked to Maoshan. In the middle and late Tang dynasties, the lineage of teachers in Hengshan and Tiantai Mountains can be traced back to the Taoist groups of Sima Chengzhen and Wang Yuanzhi, and the lineage of the Shangqing Grandmaster was re-proposed, which was different from the single transmission system of Maoshan and reflected their special demands. After a complete investigation of the "Shangqing Dao" in the Tang Dynasty from "concept" to "reality", it can be found that later materials such as the Maoshan Chronicles and many contemporary studies have mixed various accounts of the "Shangqing lineage" of the Tang Dynasty, without distinguishing the background reasons and differences between the different accounts, and the conclusions reached are misleading the overall framework of Daoist history.
Keywords: Shangqing, Maoshan, Tiantai Mountain, Taoist tradition, social identity
The limited Buddha in the late Song Gaozong Dynasty
Xu Qishan
(Associate Professor, Institute of Chinese Cultural History, Jinan University)
Abstract: From the Jingkang Revolution to the Shaoxing Peace Conference, in response to the continuous wars, the Song court issued a large number of degrees to obtain military funds, and Buddhist forces took advantage of the opportunity. After the Shaoxing Peace Conference, the Song court's attention shifted to the governance of domestic society, and Song Gaozong increased supervision of various religions, including Buddhism. In order to restrict the development of Buddhism, the Song court did not issue degrees for a long time, promptly confiscated the degrees of monks who had died, returned to the laity, and escaped from the world, restrained the missionary activities of monks, belittled officials who supported Buddhism, confiscated the assets of ownerless monasteries, and levied higher exemption fees from monks. In the past 20 years, the power of Buddhism has been dealt a heavy blow, and the number of monks and nuns has dropped significantly. Gaozong's restriction of Buddhism could reduce social instability, highlight Confucianism and Taoism, reduce the tax burden of the common people, and use monasteries to settle displaced people in the north, which helped restore the economy damaged by the war and consolidate the rule of the Song dynasty in the south.
Keywords: Song Gaozong, late period, restriction, Buddhism
A Hundred Years of Research and Interpretation of "Foreign Language Lead Cake": On Its Relationship with Silk Road Greek Coins
Yang Juping
(Professor, School of History, Nankai University)
Abstract: It has been more than 100 years since the discovery of the so-called "foreign language lead cake" in the academic circles, especially since the 70s of the 20th century, a large number of similar lead cakes have been unearthed. Domestic studies have focused on the relationship between the two items and the "Platinum Sanpin" issued by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, while foreign scholars have focused more on the suspected Greek source on the lead cake and tried to decipher it. This article aims to respond to some core questions that are still unresolved: what is the relationship between "foreign language lead cake" and "platinum three products"; why the publisher or copycat would add characters suspected of being in a foreign language to it, and what is the implication; If they are indeed foreign characters, how should they be characterized and interpreted; Is the "foreign language lead cake" related to the Greek-style coins of the countries along the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty? The final solution of the problem still needs to be achieved by new archaeological results, especially the discovery of Chinese and foreign numismatic materials.
Keywords: "foreign lead cake" Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "Platinum Sanpin" Greek inscription Silk Road
Greco-Arabic knowledge introduced to China in the Yuan Dynasty: A revisit to the Huihui books and instruments in the Yuan "Records of the Secretary and Supervisor".
Lin Lijuan
(Tenured Associate Professor, Department of History, Peking University)
Abstract: This article discusses the Huihui books and instruments mentioned in the Yuan Secretaries' Chronicles, and attempts to provide solutions to controversial entries that have not yet been deciphered and interpreted. In view of the Greek origin of most of the books and instruments, the process and development of their introduction to the Islamic world will be explained in conjunction with the latest achievements in Greco-Arabic studies. By comparing the medieval Islamic subject classification system, it can be seen that the Huihui books were collected according to the mainstream subject classification standards of the time, and selected the most representative authoritative works in several disciplines, which can be called a library representing the world's cutting-edge knowledge level at that time. The introduction of these books is of great significance in the history of cultural exchanges between China and the West.
Keywords: "Chronicles of the Secretary and Supervisor", Hui Hui Books, Greco-Arabic Studies, Sino-Western Cultural Exchange, Yuan Dynasty
Monsters and spies: Information control and political manipulation in the Chenghua Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty
Wang Hongtai
(Researcher, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica)
Abstract: This paper explores the close relationship between information dissemination and political manipulation, and examines the different dimensions and contents involved. It is generally believed that the spy politics of the Ming Dynasty was used by favored eunuchs to purge dissidents. However, it is much less clear how this intelligence system takes root, develops, and functions in the political arena, and how it adapts to reality. From the perspective of information control, we will examine the relationship between intelligence and politics. Since the orthodoxy of the Ming Dynasty, the political situation and the control of information have been closely related, especially after the Chenghua Dynasty, the flow and control of information are extremely sensitive, which directly affects the political situation. The emperor appointed his cronies to establish an intelligence and reconnaissance system, and deliberately strengthened the control over the flow of information; The Confucian community, on the other hand, tended to disseminate information and discuss openly in order to create public opinion. The dissemination and control of information has become an important offensive and defensive place for people in different positions of power to wrestle and struggle, and it can even be said that the important battlefield of political operation lies in the control of information. Since then, political operations have become more and more complex, and in addition to the superficial elaboration of political opinions and the distribution of powers, the control of information has become more essential. In the political arena, the collection, use, interpretation, and even fabrication of information have become important political skills.
Key words: Fallacies, factory guards, black eyes, and Wang Zhi
Party Struggle and Loyalty: Nanming Hongguang Dynasty "From the Reverse Case" to explore the subtleties
Zhu Yiling
(Assistant Researcher, Center for Chinese Social History, Nankai University)
Abstract: The "Cong Rebellion Case" is a case formed by the conviction of officials who had surrendered to Li Zicheng's Dashun regime by the Hongguang regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and it was an important case in the Hongguang Dynasty. The process of deciding this case was complicated, with ups and downs, and the tone of the verdict oscillated repeatedly between leniency and severity, and finally ended hastily. Different from the general understanding of predecessors, this case as a whole was not the purge of Donglin forces by Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng and his faction, but the result of the combined effect of the political changes from the late Ming Dynasty to the Southern Ming Dynasty, the concept of loyalty and integrity, and the prevalence of corruption and bribery in officialdom. The continuous transfer of the practical interests of the Ma and Ruan factions and the alternation of factions within Donglin are the direct causes of the many changes in the tone of the verdict. The following understandings can be further drawn from the examination of "from the reverse case": the concept of "party struggle" should not be overused in the political history of the late Ming Dynasty; "Donglin" is not a well-organized political group with clear political views; In the late Ming Dynasty, as a political discourse and moral resource, "Zhongjie" was flexibly used by all parties to make profits, showing the appearance of morality and politics being glued. The micro study of political events such as "Cong Reverse Case" may also help to present the historical continuity of the "Late Ming Dynasty" and the "Southern Ming Dynasty", and explore the feasible path for the study of political history from the late Ming Dynasty to the Southern Ming Dynasty to further refinement.
Keywords: Nanming, Donglin, Ma Shiying, political culture
Two forms of reporting in the Yin Dynasty's military intelligence transmissions
Xin Yue
(Lecturer, School of History, Northwestern University)
Abstract: The transmission and reporting of military intelligence in the Yin Dynasty, which lasted from the Wuding period to the Dixin period, has become a fixed "system" in foreign wars. The content of the report may be to monitor the enemy's situation, that is, to transmit information about the enemy's military operations, or to report the enemy's intrusion and the resulting losses; The form of reporting can be divided into direct reporting and proxy reporting, of which reporting on behalf of others can be subdivided into two types: ordering lower-ranking nobles to report and asking higher-ranking nobles to report to the Shang king. The different forms of military intelligence reporting reflect the difference in the status of the nobility at home and abroad to a certain extent, from which we can further observe the political operation mechanism of the Yin Dynasty.
Keywords: Yinxu oracle bones, military information transmission, reporting form, direct reporting, reporting on behalf of others
"Yang Waiting for the Statue" and Zhou Weizhou of Rubei County and Liangque Town of Northern Qi Dynasty (Distinguished Professor of Ethnology, Ningxia University)
Abstract: In the past, scholars researched Rubei County, which was still established in the Northern Qi Dynasty along the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and was located in Yangzhiwu or Wangwu City, which was later changed to Ruyin County, with jurisdiction over Shitai, Ruyuan, and Liang. However, according to the "Yang Statue Record" engraved in the second year of Tianbao of the Northern Qi Dynasty, it is known that at least during the Tianbao period of the Northern Qi Dynasty, a military town called Liangque Town was set up in the original Rubei County, which retained the establishment of Rubei County, and the town general "bringed" the title of Taishou, and ruled in Ruyuan County (now Ruzhou, Henan), and only led one county of Liang County or two counties of Ruyuan and Liang County. The names of the donors and the names of the officials listed in the "Records of Yang and Other Statues" of the "four governors of the towns and cities, the staff officers, the county commanders, □ Wei, etc.", can roughly see the establishment of Liangque Town in Rubei County of Northern Qi: the number of military officials is large and relatively complete, highlighting the characteristics of the military town of Rubei County of Northern Qi.
Keywords: Northern Qi Rubei County Liangque Town
Lu Deming's "Yi" is a matter of study
Akira Tani
(Professor, School of Humanities, Tongji University)
Abstract: Lu Deming's "Yi" studied from Zhou Hongzheng and Zhang Sneer. He has been learning from Zhang Yi for a relatively long time, so all the "Classic Interpretations of Zhou Yi" are called "Shi Yue" by Zhang Sneer. Lu Deming's "Yi" study was inherited from Zhou Hongzheng and Zhang Xu, which is the remnant of Yishu's "Yi" study in the Southern Dynasty, which belongs to the study of Confucianism. His "Zhou Yi Dayi" is "Zhou Yi Wen Wai Dayi", and there is also "Zhou Yi Wen Sentence Yiyi", which is a typical work of Southern Dynasty Yi Shu. Although the two books are not available, they can still be deduced from the "Classic Commentary: Preface" and its sporadic pronunciation, and the "Zhou Yi Justice" can be compared with the circumstantial evidence of the "Title" part of its meaning. Unlike Kong Yingda's "Zhou Yi Justice", which denounces Jiangnan Yishu, Lu Deming's "Zhou Yiwen Sentence Yishu" and others are actually the culmination of the Southern Dynasty's Yishu "Yi" learning, so Lu Deming can be called the palace army of the Six Dynasties.
Keywords: Lu Deming, Yi Shuxue, Six Dynasties, Yi Xue, Classic Commentary
Discover one of the systematic studies on the version of the South Three Pavilions: "Since the Establishment of the Yan Dynasty".
Chang Zhifeng, Hu Kun
(The first author is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History, Fudan University, and the second author is a professor at the Songliao Institute of Jin History and School of History, Northwest University)
Abstract: The extant versions of "Since the Establishment of Yan" are all derived from the "Yongle Canon", and without exception, they have been edited and deleted by the hands of the Siku librarians, but in the process of compiling the "Siku Quanshu", there are many versions that flow out due to the private banknotes of the librarians; After the completion of the renovation of the Seven Pavilions "Four Libraries Quanshu", the collection of books in the South Three Pavilions was allowed to go to the Pavilion to rust, and there were many South Three Pavilion banknotes that were circulated in the world. The differences between these editions, which have been circulated in different ways, are very difficult, and it is very difficult to determine the source of the editions and the version system. Nevertheless, it is still possible to rule out the possibility that Fu Tuben and Chongtu are the banknotes of the Nansan Pavilion according to the comparison of editions and supplemented by historical materials, and basically determine that the Zhongda version is the Wenlan Pavilion banknote version, and the Nantu version is the Wenzong or Wenhui Pavilion banknote version, and further determine that the Wenlan Pavilion supplement of the existing Zhejiang Library not only contains the content of the Wenlan Pavilion original and the Ding Bing brothers of the Qing Guangxu Dynasty, but also incorporates several volumes of Wenzong or Wenhui Pavilion's "To Rust". Through the discussion of some editions of the existing "Essentials" and the Nansan Pavilion, it not only clarifies some of the editions of the book, provides convenience for better use of the "Essentials", but also lays a foundation for further exploration of the broader historical significance behind the study of editions.
Key words: "Since the establishment of the Yan Dynasty, the year has to be opened", Nansange, "Jinren Geographical Names Research", the premise of the book, the version system
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