Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction should be known and should be able to popularize science knowledge
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Related common sense questions
1. What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is a natural phenomenon of shaking the earth's surface caused by the movement of the Earth's interior. The squeezing and collision between plates on the earth causes dislocation and rupture at the edge of the plate and within the plate, which is the main cause of ground motion (i.e., earthquake).
2. What are mainshocks and aftershocks?
Earthquakes occur in clusters, the largest of which is called mainshock; An earthquake that occurs after a mainshock is called an aftershock.
3. How much energy is released by an earthquake?
The energy released by an earthquake determines the magnitude of an earthquake, and the greater the energy released, the greater the magnitude. The difference in earthquakes is one magnitude, and the difference in energy is about 30 times. The 1995 Osaka-Kobe earthquake of magnitude 7.2 released energy equivalent to the energy of 1,000 atomic bombs dropped by the United States on Hiroshimazaki during World War II.
4. The difference between magnitude and intensity:
Magnitude is a measure of the magnitude of an earthquake, and it is a logarithmic table of the level of energy released by an earthquake. Intensity refers to the degree to which the surface and ground buildings are affected and damaged by the earthquake, that is, the degree of damage to macroscopic objects on the surface during the earthquake, which is expressed by "degree".
5. What are the precursors of an earthquake?
Before an earthquake occurs, there are various signs in nature that are related to the conception and occurrence of earthquakes. The precursor phenomena of earthquakes that can be detected by humans are collectively referred to as macroscopic precursors, such as: groundwater anomalies, animal anomalies, meteorological anomalies, geoacoustic and geoluminous phenomena, etc. However, not all anomalies are macroscopic precursors of earthquakes, so when observing macroscopic earthquake precursors, it is important to pay attention to identifying the authenticity and report it to the earthquake department in time.
6. What are the types of earthquakes?
According to the causes of earthquakes, they are divided into: tectonic earthquakes, volcanic earthquakes, subsidence earthquakes, and artificial earthquakes.
According to the depth of the epicenter, it is divided into: shallow earthquake, medium source earthquake, and deep source earthquake.
According to the distance of the epicenter, it is divided into: local earthquakes, near earthquakes, and distant earthquakes.
According to the magnitude of the earthquake, it is divided into: micro-earthquake, small-earthquake, moderately strong earthquake, strong earthquake, large earthquake, and giant earthquake.
7. What is earthquake forecasting?
It refers to the use of scientific ideas and methods to predict the time, place and intensity (magnitude) of future earthquakes (mainly strong earthquakes). It is divided into "long, medium, short, and prominent" scientific ideas and working procedures for phased progressive earthquake prediction.
8. What is the level of earthquake prediction in the mainland?
Earthquake prediction is a very complex scientific problem in the world, and the mainland has only been engaged in the exploration of earthquake prediction for more than 40 years, and at present, it has an understanding of the principles and laws of earthquake breeding, and has been able to make a certain degree of prediction for certain types of earthquakes, but it is not yet possible to make accurate predictions for all earthquakes.
9. Is there an aura of an earthquake?
Yes, the rock mass gradually accumulates and strengthens under the action of in-situ stress
In the process, a series of abnormal changes in physics, chemistry, biology and meteorology will occur in the hypocenter and its nearby materials, and these abnormal changes related to the gestation and occurrence of earthquakes are called earthquake precursors.
10. What are the macroscopic phenomena before the earthquake?
There are ground sounds, ground light, oil spray, air jets, sand blasting, odors, aerosols, groundwater abnormalities, animal behavior abnormalities, plant abnormalities, etc.
11. Can an animal's abnormal reaction be used as an earthquake prediction?
Animal anomalies are not all caused by earthquakes, there are other interfering factors that need to be eliminated, namely: season, climate, physiological activities, diseases, changes in the living environment of animals, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to make a comprehensive analysis and confirm that it is a pre-earthquake reaction that can be used as a basis for predicting an earthquake.
12. How to identify earthquake rumors?
Anyone who claims to be an expert or a foreigner's forecasting opinion; Any information with feudal superstition or bizarre legends; The magnitude of the earthquake "forecast" is very accurate, and the time and place of the earthquake are very specific are earthquake rumors. It is necessary not to believe or spread rumors, and to report rumors of earthquakes in a timely manner.
13. What was the main cause of damage caused by earthquakes?
Seismic waves emitted from the hypocenter are mainly divided into longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal waves cause the ground to jolt up and down, and transverse waves make the ground shake horizontally, which is the main cause of damage.
14. What is the policy of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in mainland China?
Adhere to the principle of giving priority to prevention and combining prevention with rescue.
15. How do you absorb shocks indoors?
Turn off the power quickly, extinguish the fire, and choose a relatively safe place to take shelter, such as under the table, under the bed, or next to furniture; You can also choose a small room with supports to take refuge, and use soft cushions or schoolbags to protect your head when dodging; Do not run or jump off the building, try to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and electric fans, and stay away from windows.
16. How do you absorb shocks outdoors?
Choose to squat or lie down in the open, do not run around, avoid tall buildings, dangerous objects, etc.; Leave rivers, dams and bridges away from the dangerous environment of the mountains. If you encounter landslides, landslides or mudslides, do not run in the direction of rolling rocks, but also take shelter under strong obstacles, or squat under ditches and ridges.
17. How to avoid earthquakes in a bungalow?
In the event of an earthquake, try to protect your head and rush out of your house to an open area. If it's too late, take shelter under sturdy furniture and wait for an opportunity to move outside. Do not hide under the beams or by the windows during an earthquake, and do not break the windows to escape.
18. How to avoid earthquakes in high-rise buildings?
Choose a sturdy table or bedside during an earthquake, next to low, sturdy furniture; Small, supported rooms are used for shock absorption. It is necessary to quickly turn off the power and fire source; Don't stay in bed; Don't jump off a building; Don't go out on the balcony; Do not go to the exterior wall or window; Do not take the elevator by electricity.
19. What are the two aspects of earthquake disaster prevention?
It includes two major aspects: engineering prevention to prevent buildings (structures) from being damaged during earthquakes, and non-engineering prevention and disaster reduction planning carried out in accordance with the law, publicity of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction knowledge, and emergency material reserves.
20. What are the main contents of earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation activities?
Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction is the abbreviation of earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation activities, which is a systematic project involving the whole society, which can be divided into four links: earthquake monitoring and forecasting, earthquake disaster prevention, earthquake emergency rescue, and post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction according to its work content and time series characteristics.
21. What are the main ways to mitigate earthquake damage?
The first is to strengthen earthquake monitoring, carry out earthquake prediction and forecasting research of different time spans, and strive to make early warnings before earthquakes; the second is to strengthen the seismic fortification of construction projects and improve the seismic resistance of various construction projects; the third is to formulate an earthquake emergency plan to improve the ability to rescue and seek disasters after disasters; Fourth, we should strengthen publicity and education on earthquake science and raise the public's awareness of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.
22. What is seismic fortification?
Seismic fortification is the prevention of earthquake disasters during the construction of projects and buildings. It is achieved through three links: first, to determine the seismic fortification requirements; the second is to carry out seismic design, so that the building has a reasonable ability to resist earthquake disasters; The third is to strictly resist earthquakes to ensure the quality of the project.
23. Why should the seismic resistance of the project be improved?
Earthquake disasters are mainly caused by the destruction of engineering structures. Therefore, strengthening the seismic fortification of engineering structures and improving the seismic resistance of existing engineering structures is one of the important measures to reduce earthquake disasters.
24. What are the major projects that need to be seismic fortified?
Railways, highways, bridges, airports, power stations, communication hubs, radio and television equipment, hospitals, schools, water supply, gas supply, heating facilities, reservoirs and dams, facilities prone to secondary disasters and other projects that have great value or significant impact on society.
25. What kind of projects may cause serious secondary disasters after the damage?
Reservoirs and dams, vigilance, oil and gas storage equipment, oil refineries, oil and gas transmission equipment, equipment for storing flammable, explosive, highly toxic, radioactive and highly corrosive substances, nuclear energy utilization facilities, etc.
26. How to choose the foundation for rural construction?
The foundation should be hard, flat, avoid ancient river channels, backfills, cliffs, etc. The artificial foundation should be compacted, and the house should not be built in dangerous areas (such as the site around geological disasters such as landslides, collapses, subsidence, subsidence, ground fissures, and debris flows that may occur during earthquakes).
27. What measures can be taken to strengthen the seismic resistance of private houses?
The first is roof reinforcement: replace the rotten rafters, replace the bad tiles, and replace part of the cover tiles with tube tiles. The second is wall reinforcement: the outer wall is held with steel bars and angle steel, and the steel bars are used to form a grid-like cloth surface, and are connected with the columns. The third is the reinforcement of the wooden frame: the column foot is driven into the soil layer with a steel bar hoop and fixed with concrete, the horizontal connection is carried out between the columns with steel bars and flat iron, the columns are connected with wooden diagonal braces, and the beam-column nodes are connected with iron nails and flat iron.
28. In order to make the building effectively reduce or avoid earthquake damage, five tasks should be done: first, the site foundation should be selected; Second, it is necessary to scientifically and reasonably determine the requirements for seismic fortification; Third, we must do a good job in seismic design; Fourth, we must do a good job in the quality of construction; Fifth, it is necessary to reinforce old buildings.
29. To build a sturdy, earthquake-resistant house, we must do a good job of five passes:
First, the foundation selection is off; the second is the review of seismic fortification requirements; the third is the architectural design review; Fourth, construction supervision; Fifth, the completion acceptance review.
30. The seismic resistance of civil housing depends on three main links:
(1) Whether the seismic fortification requirements are met. (2) Whether the seismic design has been carried out in accordance with national standards. (3) Whether the construction quality is strictly guaranteed according to the requirements of the specification.
31. What preparations should be made before building a house in rural areas?
The first is to understand the knowledge of earthquakes and be familiar with the common sense of earthquake resistance technology of houses; the second is to invest more money in improving the seismic performance of houses; the third is to try to choose a regular construction team for construction; Fourth, it is best to choose a structure type with strong seismic resistance, and use wood structure houses and reinforced concrete structure houses.
32. Why should we strengthen publicity and education on earthquake prevention and disaster reduction?
Publicity and education on earthquake prevention and disaster reduction is a process of disseminating and instilling earthquake knowledge to the public through various forms in order to improve the awareness of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction among leaders at all levels and the broad masses of the people. Finally, the goal of proactive, proactive, and scientific disaster prevention will be realized.
33. What is an earthquake emergency?
Earthquake emergency response is an emergency response action such as pre-earthquake emergency preparation, earthquake emergency preparedness and post-earthquake emergency rescue in order to deal with sudden earthquake events.
34. What are the aspects of earthquake emergency?
It includes having a feasible earthquake emergency plan and necessary emergency supplies and equipment reserves before an earthquake occurs, organizing orderly evacuation and emergency evacuation of the masses in the event of an urgent earthquake or an earthquake forecast issued by the government, and organizing an earthquake emergency rescue team and volunteer team to carry out emergency rescue in the disaster area after a major earthquake.
35. Is the home earthquake prepared?
Reasonable placement of furniture items; Fix the hanging objects on the wall to prevent them from falling and injuring people; Clean up the debris at the door and in the corridor and keep it unblocked; Fix tall furniture to prevent tipping and smashing and injuring people; Flammable, explosive and toxic materials are stored in a safe place; The balcony guardrail should be cleaned regularly, and it is not appropriate to place flower pots and other sundries; Prepare a shockproof emergency kit containing water, food, first-aid bandages, whistles, flashlights, and other emergency items in a place that is easy to reach quickly.
36. Why do we need to conduct earthquake emergency drills?
Through the exercise, on the one hand, the public can understand and master the knowledge and skills of disaster prevention, earthquake avoidance, self-rescue and mutual rescue, and improve the awareness of earthquake prevention in the whole society. On the other hand, we will test and improve the organizational and command functions of government departments at all levels in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, and further implement the departmental linkage mechanism and rescue behavior, so as to ensure that practical results are achieved in real earthquakes.
37. How can I save myself in an earthquake?
If it is buried during the earthquake, it is necessary to protect the head, keep the breathing smooth, and strengthen and expand the living space; Try to maintain physical strength, if you are injured, you can do a simple bandage, send out a distress signal from time to time, you can use the method of tapping, and try to find food and drinking water.
38. Principle of saving lives:
First more and then less, first pick up and rescue places where people are concentrated, focusing on searching and rescuing children and students; First easy and then difficult, first save the easy to save, then save the difficult to save; First near and then far, first save the near, then save the far; Rescue the lightly injured first, then the seriously injured; Save the survivors first, then dig up the victims.
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2. Related seismic terms
Hypocenter – A place where rock formations deep in the earth's crust break up, displace, and excite seismic waves.
Magnitude – A gradation of the magnitude of an earthquake, which is related to the amount of energy released by the earthquake. An earthquake has only one magnitude.
Epicenter—Refers to the vertical projection point of the hypocenter on the ground, i.e., the place on the ground directly opposite the hypocenter.
Source depth—refers to the vertical distance from the epicenter to the hypocenter.
Epicenter distance—The distance from your location to the epicenter.
Seismic fortification - seismic design and construction of construction projects in accordance with seismic fortification requirements and seismic design specifications, including seismic fortification requirements, seismic disaster prevention planning, seismic design and construction, and seismic reinforcement.
Seismic safety assessment refers to the analysis of the seismic activity and seismic geological environment around the construction project site, and the risk level of the engineering fortification, the seismic intensity and ground motion parameters corresponding to the seismic fortification requirements of the project, as well as the seismic geological hazard prediction results of the site.
Major construction projects - refers to projects that have great value or have a significant impact on society.
General construction projects - refers to construction projects other than major construction projects and construction projects that may cause serious secondary disasters.
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Relevant laws and regulations
Law of the People's Republic of China on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Reduction (amended and adopted on December 27, 2008 and implemented on May 1, 2009)
Regulations on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Reduction in Yunnan Province (Announcement No. 46 of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh People's Congress of Yunnan Province)
Regulations on the Administration of Seismic Fortification of Construction Projects in Yunnan Province (Announcement No. 58 of the Standing Committee of the 10th People's Congress of Yunnan Province)
Regulations on the Administration of Earthquake Safety Assessment (Decree No. 323 of the State Council dated November 15, 2001)
Regulations on the Management of Requirements for Seismic Fortification of Construction Projects (Decree No. 7 of China Earthquake Administration on January 28, 2002)
"Yunnan Provincial Construction Project Site Seismic Safety Evaluation Management Regulations" No. 58
"Yunnan Province Seismic Isolation and Shock Absorption Construction Engineering Promotion Regulations" No. 202
Source: Thanksgiving and Happiness Five Realms