This report analyzes the state of the technology, value chain, and market conditions of the new thermal energy storage (TES) technology. While most technologies currently have a low level of technical readiness, they have great potential to store energy at low cost in the future. TES technologies are used to match heat and cold consumption and production, but they can also effectively integrate heat networks with the broader energy system. This will make the entire energy system more flexible and efficient. TES technologies currently on the market have a lower thermal energy density, while new technologies have a higher energy density, which means they can store heat for longer periods of time and require less space. These new TES technologies have the potential to contribute to the decarbonization of the energy system.
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Thermal energy storage (TES) technology balances the demand and supply of thermal energy. TES can store excess energy during periods of abundant supply and subsequently use it during periods of supply shortages. Similarly, it can also save costs because cheap energy can be stored and then used in more expensive periods. This property also makes it suitable for integrating a higher proportion of renewable energy. For example, the electricity generated by wind power is used by heat pumps to generate heat, and the heat is stored in TES. In addition, the European Commission, in its recommendation of 14 March 2023, recognized TES technology as a candidate technology for building a decarbonized and resilient energy system. Compiled by Chen Jiaoyun
Researchers and companies are exploring new TES technologies that can increase their energy density. Increasing density is key because it requires less space, reduces infrastructure costs, and thus increases its suitability. The traditional TES technology is the water tank, which is widely used. The leading edges of the new TES include the storage of heat and/or cold in air, liquid compression, and reversible reactions. Estimating the capacity currently installed in the EU is challenging. Most of the data obtained are based on data collected from existing individual facilities, or based on assumptions of an estimated order of magnitude. In addition, some technologies may be able to store heat, but are actually used to generate electricity, further blurring the line.
The EU plays a leading role in TES research, making significant contributions to both scientific and high-impact publications. Several EU projects are exploring the potential of the new TES and increasing its level of technical readiness. The supply chain for TES technology varies depending on the technology used, but it is often similar to other heating technologies.
The market for TES technology is promising, as the facilities that store heat can be used for later power generation or direct heat transfer. For example, solid-state thermal energy storage can be used for both purposes.
