One
The so-called diary is a kind of literary style, that is, according to the Japanese events, the daily events are recorded and the writer's feelings or understandings are triggered, which is different from essays and notes. The definition of diary is said to have existed in ancient times, such as the "knotted rope record" in ancient times, some people think that it is the earliest diary, of course, the more accurate concept and meaning of diary, etc., were gradually clarified in the Tang and Song dynasties in the Middle Ages, and almost became a daily thing that literati of all dynasties must do, and then extended to the Qing Dynasty, the so-called diary style of works and documents are endless.
Obviously, the intensification of the evolution of social life and the acceleration of the pace of life have made it difficult for the diary to become a daily homework for ordinary people, however, there are no shortage of exceptions, as people say: but all the journalists who have left a day in their lives, in addition to being a "leisure" class, must be careful and careful, which is not only due to character, but also has a cautious and solemn attitude towards life and life, as well as the memory of traditional culture and its way of writing (today's "blog" Broadly speaking, it is also a kind of "diary" - or "diary", although the difference is obvious). As for the publication of diaries, the main thing here is to talk about diaries as historical materials and documents, and their importance does not need to be said.
So far, the types of diaries published are generally divided into three categories: readers take their social and political content as materials, such as (Qing) Zhao Wenlie's "Diary of Neng Jingju", "Zeng Guofan's Diary", Li Ciming's "Yuemantang Diary", Weng Tongyi's "Weng Wengong Gonggong's Military Aircraft Diary", etc., such diaries are different from general literary documents, their seriousness is self-evident, and their materials are specific and detailed, which are the most basic materials for studying the history of that time; The other type is academic diaries, such as (Qing) Jinshou's "Diary of Hanshu", Wu Shouxuan's "Diary of Arithmetic", Zhu Xie's "Lu Xuezhai Diary", etc., strictly speaking, they are within the scope of "classics" and are only circulated among a small circle of readers; The last category is a purely private product, that is, a "real record" of daily life, and occasionally a landscape travelogue and so on. According to Mr. Zou Zhenhuan's classification of diaries, they are divided into 14 categories, including memos, work, academic research, religious life, travel and exploration, travel, lyricism, literature and art, war martyrdom, science, housewives, students, prisoners, and outsiders in China. Nowadays, the so-called "diary" has formed a certain scale, and there are quite a few scholars and enthusiasts who are keen on it, such as the late Mr. Chen Zuogao wrote "A Brief History of Chinese Diaries" and "Diary Talks of the Past Dynasties", etc., Mr. Zou Zhenhuan of the Department of History of Fudan University is the "backbone" of today, and even "diary" has a base - the Chinese Diary Archive of Quancheng College of Jinan University in Shandong.
Two
Speaking of the publication of the late recent diary, the ancient part of it is a grand view, including the "Diary of the Past Dynasties", which includes all kinds of diaries written by the Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and the Republic of China, with a total of more than 500 kinds. As for the diaries of the late Qing Dynasty, the so-called "Four Great Diaries of the Late Qing Dynasty", namely "Weng Wengong Gong Diary", "Yuemantang Diary", "Yuan Dulu Diary", and "Xiangqilou Diary" by Weng Tongyong, Li Ciming, Ye Changchi, and Wang Minyun, have all been published, and the "Nengjingju Diary" (written by Zhao Liewen, a staff member of Zeng Guofan), which is listed as a "National Ancient Books Collation and Publication Funding Project", has also been edited and published by Yuelu Publishing House. In addition, the "Diary Series of Modern Chinese Figures" published by Chung Hwa Book Company has published 16 titles. Since the end of the last century, the National Library Publishing House has also launched the "Modern Celebrity Diary Series", which has published "Six Kinds of Dong's Diaries in Hongdong in the Qing Dynasty", "Yuandulu Diary", "Shifutang Diary", "Shaoying Diary", "Yu Shaosong Diary", "Xu Zhimo's Unpublished Diary (Outer Four)", "Deng Zhicheng's Diary", "Kang Youwei's Oxbridge University Travel Manuscript", "Zhang Shunhui Zhuangyixuan Diary", "Worship Diary", etc., in addition to reading experience, friends and friends, In addition to the mountains and rivers and travels, it mostly involves current affairs, providing detailed information for understanding personal life and the changes of the times. In addition, all major libraries in China (including archives, etc.) have more or less collected some diary manuscripts, some of which have been sorted out and published, such as the "Peking University Library Collection Manuscript Series" is a collection of manuscripts by famous writers of the Ming and Qing dynasties collected by the Peking University Library, among which "Wang Rongbao's Diary" more comprehensively reflects the activities of the Qing constitutionalist faction; "Congrong Puppet Writing" is a diary of the army, which records the process of the Qing army's suppression of the White Lotus uprising in Sichuan and Chu provinces; and "Egengyuan Handwritten Diary" is more related to changes in the political situation. Lin Zhiwang's "Gengshen Diary" records the attack and occupation of Beijing by the Anglo-French forces during the Second Opium War, which has a very vivid and detailed record of the situation in Beijing at that time and the process of signing the contract; The "Russian Travel Diary" (written by Miao Husun), "Russian Journey Diary" (written by Yang Xuanzhi), and "Diary of the Protector of the Law" (written by Wu Zongci) in the series also have highlights worth reading.
To read history and people, you must first read diaries, which is the consensus of the reading community. Revolutionaries of the older generation, such as Yun Daiying, Xie Jueya, Chen Geng, Chen Bojun, Zhang Kexia, Lai Chuanzhu, Yang Shangkun, Tong Xiaopeng, Liu Ruilong, etc., all published diaries. The diaries of today's dignitaries are mostly made by retired people, and they are quite impressive. As for the diaries of political celebrities in the Republic of China, such as Chiang Kai-shek, Yan Xishan, Ju Zheng, Xie Zhi, Shao Yuanchong, Weng Wenhao, Yan Huiqing, Jiang Zuobin, Huang Yanpei, etc., they are even more breathtaking, such as the "Chiang Kai-shek Diary" kept in the Hoover Archives of Stanford University in the United States, which has not yet been fully compiled and published, but it has whetted people's appetite. Another "Zhang Xueliang's Diary" stored in the library of Columbia University in the United States, although there are now "Zhang Xueliang's Posthumous Manuscripts: Self-Statements, Diaries and Letters During the Period of Solubia", etc., I think it is just a peep in the tube. Another example is "Huang Yanpei's Diary", which is the author's diary in his early years, which is mostly the content of travel investigations, the description is quite detailed, and a considerable part of it has been published, in addition, there are a considerable number of unpublished diary manuscripts in the library of the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which has been compiled and published by the Chinese Publishing House in 2008, with a total of ten volumes and about four million words, which is an important historical material for the study of modern and contemporary history. For example, the "Institute of Modern History of the Academia Sinica" on the Taiwan side has already published the diaries of the two Chiangs, Wang Shijie, Fu Bingchang, Xu Yongchang, Lin Xiantang, Chen Kewen, Guo Liangyu, Wang Zizhuang, Ding Zhipan, etc., and the Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House has also taken advantage of the convenience of Nanjing's "Second National Archives" to publish the "Republic of China Celebrity Diaries Series" and launched Feng Yuxiang, Hu Jingyi, Bai Jianwu, The diary of Jiang Zuobin and others.
Although the publication of the diary has the above-mentioned pomp, it is not satisfactory in terms of people's (especially scholars') expectations for it. The reason for this is not only the problem of the market (it is difficult for the informational diary to become a bestseller), but also the problem of the source, the turbulent late history determines that the diary is a "word barrier", during which the diary has been artificially destroyed There are countless examples, such as the modern newspaper giant Wang Yunsheng Zeng Shu has a large number of diaries, but after he experienced many political movements, he was afraid of getting into trouble because of this, so he had to burn all the diaries, which is a pity.
Three
The most eye-catching thing about the publication of the diary in the late period is the publication of the tome diaries of several big-name scholars in the Republic of China.
The publication of the diaries of scholars in the late years can be described as a partnership: Wu Rulun, Zhang Yuanji, Dong Kang, Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi, Wu Yu, Wu Mi, Lu Xun, Pu Jiangqing, Ma Heng, Yu Shaosong, Chen Junbao, Jing Hengyi, Mei Yiqi, Gu Jiegang, Zhou Zuoren, Xu Shoushang, Song Yunbin, Xia Nai, Qian Xuantong, Huang Kan, Wang Boxiang, Yu Pingbo, Shi Yucun, Xu Zhucheng, Gu Yuxiu, Lu Shuxiang, Zhao Yuanren, Xia Ji'an, Tan Qixiang, Zhang Yunhe, Gu Zhun, Wang Yuanhua, Ji Xianlin, Zhang Guangnian, Sha Menghai, Cheng Yanqiu, Ding Shan, Sha Yexin, Li Ao, wait, too many to count. The publication of each of these diaries has a "story", such as the diary of Zhou Zuoren in the first half of his life, which was sold to the Lu Xun Museum in Beijing because of his difficult circumstances in his later years, during which some of the contents were disclosed, which attracted great attention, but because of the agreement with the provider, the number of people who revealed it was very limited, and later the Elephant Publishing House photocopied it into three volumes, which is still not all (it is said that the second half of it is still in the hands of his relatives), which makes people want to read his full leopard ears.
What makes people more or less happy about the publication of the recent diary is the collation and publication of the "Four Great Diaries of Scholars of the Republic of China" - the diaries of Hu Shi, Wu Mi, Gu Jiegang, and Zhu Kezhen, which are called the "Four Greats", not only for their titles, but also for the large number of diaries, and the complexity of being cited after publication. First of all, Hu Shi's diary, his hometown of Anhui Education Publishing House compiled and published the Huanghuang multi-volume "Hu Shi Diary Complete Compilation", which involves late ideological and academic, cultural education, internal and foreign affairs, and social changes, so it is not only a very precious source material for the study of Hu Shih's person, but also for the study of the whole modern China; Taiwan's Lianjing Publishing Company has also edited and published the "Complete Diary of Hu Shih" (ten volumes), which is said to be the most complete version of Hu Shih's diary so far, from 1906 to 1962, and the content covers culture, academics, ideology, education, internal affairs, diplomacy, and social changes.
Wu Mi's diary can be described as a "wonderful" in the history of late publishing, and his daughter Ms. Wu Xuezhao has compiled and edited the first ten volumes (Wu Mi's diary from 1910 to 1948, published by Life, Reading, and New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore in 1998) and the last ten volumes (the diary from 1949 to 1974, still published by Sanlian Bookstore in 2006), which is for "Wu Mi's Diary" and "Wu Mi's Diary Continuation". The record of his personal encounters and his activities and contacts in the academic world during his lifetime is also a precious record of the history of Chinese scholarship and education in the twentieth century. In the preface to the book, Mr. Qian Zhongshu said: "I read a lot of diaries of Chinese and Western writers, and I showed my talents and promoted myself boldly, and I did not give up my fame, although I was friendly, I also ridiculed and did not care; There is no such thing as a pure and honest person. Diary literature is enough to open up its own life, and it is not a special generation of literature. This is an excellent evaluation of Wu Mi's diary.
Gu Jiegang's diary, with the exception of fragments of his 1913 and 1919 records, has been uninterrupted for 60 years since 1921, with a total of about 6 million words. Before his death, Mr. Gu claimed that his diary was "the most valuable material in his life history", and he was doubly loved for it, and although it had endured disasters, it was fortunately not destroyed, and later as the twelve volumes of his complete works, first published by Taiwan Lianjing Publishing Company, and then published by Chung Hwa Book Company. Mr. Gu is a historian, and he pays special attention to the identification and collection of historical documents, and this very conscious professionalism has also formed his professional habit of collecting, accumulating and verifying historical materials throughout his life, and it is very naturally reflected in the diary writing, which is also a characteristic of "Gu Jiegang's Diary".
Zhu Kezhen is a scientist (a grandmaster of meteorology and geography in China). The Complete Works of Zhu Kezhen has been published in 24 volumes so far, covering a period from 1916 to 1974, with a diary section of about 10 million words and no traces of deletion or alteration. Zhu Kezhen began to keep a diary when he was a student at Harvard University in his early years, and the period from 1936 before the Anti-Japanese War to February 6, 1974 before his death. Different from Hu Shi's diary, Zhu's diary is completely private, so it has never been shown to anyone during his lifetime, and his diary covers a wide range of contents, in addition to the perennial attention and recording of meteorology and phenology, it is more about recording and commenting on important events at home and abroad, daily work and life feelings, as well as contacts with people from all walks of life, etc., which are mixed with many insights. Especially after Zhu Kezhen became the president of Zhejiang University, for thirteen years, his diary was nothing less than a source of "actual records" of the history of Zhejiang University. The 3 million-word excerpt of "Zhu Kezhen's Diary" was previously published by the Science Press, and the full version was published by the Shanghai Science and Technology Education Publishing House, and many of the participants contributed more than ten years to it, which is not easy.
In addition to the above four diaries of scholars, there are also many diaries of scholars, such as the diary of Mr. Wang Jin, the founder of the history of Chinese chemistry and a professor at Zhejiang University, and the book "Dream of Civilization - Remembering the First Batch of Geng Students Studying in the United States" (Tsinghua University Press, 2012 edition) is based on this. It is said that the diary of Wang Jin, which is preserved today, began in 1910 and ended in 1966, and the diary of a total of half a hundred years has been almost uninterrupted since 1924, and all of them are written in straight brush Xiaokai (more than 100 copies, about 4 million words), "Dream of Civilization" is the author's grandson who used it as a clue to look at the history of Chinese Geng students studying in the United States, including their overseas life and mental journey. Obviously, the collation and publication of the whole "Wang Jin's Diary" is worth looking forward to. In contrast, the diary of archaeologist Xia Nai's has been fully compiled and published. "Xia Nai's Diary" consists of 10 volumes and more than 4 million words, and is published by East China Normal University Press. Another historian, Jin Yuhuang, wrote the Diary of the Quiet Room, which consists of 169 volumes, divided into 17 letters and 170 volumes, with a total of more than 5 million words, and was also published by the Liaoshen Publishing House in 1993. "Wang Boxiang's Diary" is written by the editor Wang Boxiang across more than half a century, a total of more than 140 volumes, and now there is a complete photocopy version (the National Library Publishing House 2011 edition, one of the "Rare Diary Codex Literature Series"), among which the historical materials recorded during the Anti-Japanese War in Shanghai, the "isolated island", as well as the historical materials of publishing institutions such as "business" and "enlightened" in the history of publishing. Wang Boxiang is a simple person and rigorous in his studies, which is reflected in his photocopied diary, which makes people sigh at the exquisite writing, the proper style of writing, and the fluency of pen and ink. Recently, it is worth looking forward to the publication of the complete book of Mr. Xia Chengtao's "Tianfeng Pavilion Diary", which was also an excerpt from the book. According to Mr. Ge Zhaoguang's article, Mr. Yang Lianchen's diary is now stored in the Harvard-Yenching Library in the United States, and there are more than 40 volumes of it, which are yet to be sorted out and published.
Recently, I had the pleasure of reading two volumes of Yan Tan Yuanxu's diary, one is the diary of Mr. Deng Zhicheng (previously photocopied and published "Wushizhai Diary" by Beijing Library Publishing House, and now "Deng Zhicheng's Literary and Historical Notes" by Phoenix Publishing House in Nanjing), and the other is "Zhu Xizu's Diary" (Zhonghua Book Company, 2012 edition). The diaries of the two gentlemen are nothing more than the hobbies and homework of the scholars, such as daily reading, book shopping, and copying, as well as the care and concern of an intellectual, current affairs, travels, friends, studies, as well as historical and cultural relics, and even family affairs. In addition, "Zhu Xizu's Diary" can be called the diary of the Zhu family, which is the diary of the father and daughter, in addition to Zhu Xizu, there are also the diaries of his two sons-in-law, Zhu Qian and Zhu Qi. Zhu Xizu's eldest daughter Zhu Qian's diary is only a diary from October 25 to December 22, 1917, when she was only 16 years old, but she died of illness the next year.
The artist's diary, which is said to have a large number of manuscripts by Qi Baishi in the Beijing Academy of Fine Arts, including diaries, was written from 1903 to 1936, which was a period when the painter learned from the law, experienced life, learned traditions, and accumulated, explored and created in many aspects, so it is particularly precious. In addition, "Qi Gong's Diary" (Zhonghua Book Company, 2012 edition), the text is simple, sometimes with historical significance, such as mentioning the 1964 "Fu Shan Painting Collection" incident in Shanxi that occurred on the eve of the "Cultural Revolution", although Qi Gong has only a few strokes in the diary, but it outlines an old case of Shanxi launching the "Cultural Revolution", which is one of the fuses of Shanxi's "Cultural Revolution", and I am afraid that it has long been forgotten.
Such diaries with special historical and documentary value include Xiao Jun's Yan'an Diary 1940-1945, Li Rui's Diary, 1943: A Red Fire: Selected Diaries of Xie Tao, and so on. In addition, it should be a big book, is the Henan Elephant Publishing House's "Elephant Character Diary Series", remember that Liu Jie, Zheng Zhenduo, Nie Er, Chang Renxia, Ba Jin, Wu Zuguang, Chen Baichen, Jia Zhifang, Ru Zhijuan, Shen Xia, Xu Chengmiao, Zeng Qingyan and other diaries, these diaries of various types of intellectuals in different eras, collected into a series of books can become a living historical scroll, recording the changes of the times and your mental journey. The "Folk Chronicle (Diary)" column of Tianya magazine has been accomplished for many years, and the value of these words, which can be regarded as factual "non-fiction writing", cannot be underestimated.
Four
Modern Shanxi squire Liu Dapeng's "Diary of Retreat", which is composed of more than 200 diaries for 51 years, was published in 1990 (Shanxi People's Publishing House), and has since gradually become known to the world, which was originally only a first-hand material used by scholars to study the social changes in the Qing Dynasty, but this version is not the whole book, and many of the contents involving Liu Dapeng's personal and family life have been deleted, and the compiler is not impressed by some of the ideas reflected in his diary due to the limitations of his vision, such as the "preface" It is just called "some materials that can outline the ideological aspects of the feudal literati of that era". Recently, in 2013, Peking University Press published a book written by foreign scholar Ms. Shen Wendi based on the diary, "Dreaming of the Awakening Child: The Life of a Rural Resident in North China, 1857-1942", which suddenly brought "Retreat Diary" back into people's topic and was re-examined. Reading the diary, Ms. Shen almost instinctively realized that Liu Dapeng's own fate was at least as worthy of scrutiny as his diary, so she repeatedly reiterated this meaning in the preface: although Liu Dapeng was not a "typical person" (His family background is not ordinary people), but his life can become a case of microhistory, because people can conduct a detailed study of this individual life through his meticulous diary, so as to show the life experience and ideological world of the low-level elite and even ordinary villagers in modern rural society, in other words, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, what was the life situation of a squire in Shanxi as a Confucian, a filial son, a businessman, a politician, and a peasant, in different states? In addition, in the turmoil of China's transformation from traditional society to modern society, the dilemma faced by lower-class intellectuals, the anxiety of their identity, and the resulting spiritual torture and perseverance can reflect the pain of the transformation of Chinese society and Chinese intellectual groups in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. In this way, this old diary has the pleasure of reading it again, and now it is worth looking forward to the publication of the complete book of "Retreat Diary". In fact, some seemingly local readings have the significance of a global case. Another example is the "Diary of Guo Gen", recently published by Sanjin Publishing House, which is the author's diary in middle school and university, writing about the campus life of the High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University and National Qingdao University, etc., which can completely fill in the vivid historical materials of Chinese education history during this period. In addition, Ms. Yang Jingyuan's "Diary of Rang Lu" (Wuhan University Press, 2010 edition) preserves the mixed living conditions and psychological conditions of many senior intellectuals in Leshan "Wuhan University" during the Anti-Japanese War, as well as the eager and sensitive spiritual life of female college students. Yang Zhishui's Ten Years of Reading (1, 2, and 3 volumes, Chung Hwa Book Company, 2012 edition) is a diary-style essay, written between 1986 and 1996, and received enthusiastic attention from readers after its publication, with an initial edition of 14,000 copies.
Finally, it is said that Mr. Yu Kunlin has compiled and compiled the book "Diary Insights of the Twentieth Century", which can be said to have filled a gap in the study of "diary", because the book system has included more than 1,100 kinds of domestic diaries that he has collected since 1900, and has also included more than 30 kinds of diaries of foreigners involved in Chinese history since 1900 as appropriate. In fact, in addition to the diaries that have been published, there are still some manuscript diaries, and if we refer to archives and libraries across the country, including private collections, I believe that the number of diaries mentioned above is far more than that, and I hope that publishers with vision and responsibility can plan to publish a collection of journals such as "China's Late Modern Chronicles Series" accordingly, so as to benefit researchers and readers of various professions. (Loose wood)
Welcome to join the Rare Books Learning and Exchange Community