Guigang Science & Technology 2024-04-25 19:47 Guangxi
1. Understand occupational diseases
The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases clearly defines occupational diseases. Occupational diseases refer to diseases caused by exposure to dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful factors in the occupational activities of workers of enterprises, public institutions, individual economic organizations and other employers.
In the latest edition of the Classification and Catalogue of Occupational Diseases, occupational diseases are divided into 10 categories and 132 types. The classification and catalogue of occupational diseases shall be formulated, adjusted and published by the administrative department of health under the State Council in conjunction with the administrative department of labor and social security under the State Council.
2. Five common occupational diseases
(1) Pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis is the most serious occupational disease in mainland China, which refers to the disease of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis of human lung tissue caused by long-term inhalation of various productive mineral dusts in the process of work.
The welding fumes exposed to by welders, silica dust and coal dust exposed to miners, and ore dust exposed to stone processors can all cause pneumoconiosis.
Workers who are exposed to dust in the process of work will inhale insoluble or insoluble inorganic dust for a long time, which will lead to a large amount of dust in the lungs, which will cause mechanical stimulation and damage to the lungs, cause inflammation of lung tissue, and lesions in the lungs, and the range of lesions will affect the function of the lungs when the range of lesions increases to a certain extent, so that workers will have symptoms such as cough, sputum, chest pain, wheezing, hemoptysis and even dyspnea.
(2) Chemical poisoning
Among the 132 occupational diseases legally prescribed in mainland China, more than half of them are caused by chemical poisons. There are many types of chemical poisons, and the contact area of chemical poisons is wide and the contact personnel are huge. For example, long-term exposure of paint workers to benzene may cause leukemia and aplastic anemia; metal smelting and processing may lead to lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning among workers; workers in shoe leather and luggage operations may cause central nervous system disorder due to exposure to n-hexane; and if a large number of toxic and harmful gases leak out of various chemical plants, it may lead to the occurrence of acute mass accidents.
The vast majority of acute and fatal occupational diseases are almost concentrated in chemical poisoning incidents, so the prevention of chemical poisoning is particularly important. Doing a good job of "early prevention" is the key.
(3) Noise-induced deafness
Industrial noise is one of the most serious occupational hazards in mainland China. In a productive noisy working environment, temporary hearing loss can occur in a short period of time. Working in a noise environment of more than 85dB for a long time will gradually progress from temporary hearing loss to irreversible hearing loss and even noise-induced deafness.
Since hearing loss from noise-induced hearing loss is an irreversible, irreversible process, prevention is even more important. Some patients with ear diseases are more sensitive to noise, which is more likely to lead to further hearing loss, and these people may belong to the occupational contraindications of noisy work, so regular occupational health examinations for workers can effectively protect high-risk groups by timely detection and transfer of such personnel.
(4) Occupational infectious diseases
Occupational infectious diseases refer to infectious diseases that workers suffer from exposure to certain infectious disease pathogens, including infection with bacteria or viruses, during their occupational activities. Common ones are: anthrax, brucellosis, forest encephalitis, etc. Among them, the source of infection of anthrax and brucellosis is mainly sheep and cattle, and the source of infection of forest encephalitis is mainly wild rodents in the epidemic area.
Mode of transmission: anthrax and brucellosis are the most common by contact, and pathogens can invade the human body through broken skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract, and forest encephalitis mainly infects the central nervous system through tick bites and causes acute viral infectious diseases.
Acute treatment: anthrax and brucellosis are mainly treated with antimicrobial therapy, and there is no specific treatment for forest encephalitis, and symptomatic treatment is the main treatment.
(5) Occupational heat stroke
Heat stroke is a common occupational disease in summer when the temperature is high. In the summer high temperature season or high temperature working environment, workers produce heat due to physical activities and the ambient temperature is too high, and the human body obtains a lot of heat energy from the external environment. When the heat generated by the human body itself and the heat obtained from the outside world is greater than the heat dissipation of the human body itself, the excess heat continues to accumulate in the human body, which will cause the human body temperature to rise, the internal environment is disordered, and the worker may have symptoms such as thirst, palpitations, nausea, coma, convulsions, high fever, and even death in severe cases.
When workers experience heavy sweating, thirst, dizziness, palpitations, chest tightness, and general fatigue during hot work, they need to be alert to possible prodromal symptoms of heat stroke. At this time, you should immediately evacuate the hot environment, rest in a cool place and replenish cool salty drinks to avoid heat stroke.
3. Precautionary measures
Pneumoconiosis: The implementation of the eight-character policy of "leather, water, air, wind, protection, management, education, and investigation" is an effective preventive measure: enterprises reduce dust concentration through process innovation, wet operation, sealing dust sources, ventilation and dust removal; workers understand relevant knowledge through health education, strengthen their awareness of self-protection, and consciously wear protective equipment; standardize the health monitoring of laborers, and keep abreast of the occurrence and development of workers' health damage; and the government's health supervision department strengthens supervision. The implementation of these comprehensive measures can effectively control the occurrence of pneumoconiosis.
Chemical poisoning: Enterprises should give priority to non-toxic or low-toxic substances to replace toxic or highly toxic substances; technological innovation, replace laborers with robots; enclose toxic and harmful operations, strengthen ventilation and detoxification functions, and minimize the concentration of poisons; strengthen the personal protection of laborers, urge laborers to wear gas masks and protective glasses; strengthen the training of employees on occupational health knowledge; strengthen the management of the working environment and laborers, strictly implement safety operating procedures, and avoid the occurrence of running, running, dripping and leaking.
Occupational deafness: Enterprises can fundamentally reduce the impact of noisy operations on the health of workers by reducing the noise of the working environment from the source through measures such as sound insulation, sound elimination, closed operation and mechanized operation. In the process of work, workers should wear noise-canceling earplugs, earmuffs and other protective equipment, which can effectively reduce the intensity of contact noise and reduce the damage to the workers' hearing system. Regular occupational health examinations for workers can effectively protect high-risk groups.
Occupational infectious diseases: control the source of infection, such as regular quarantine of livestock, timely and proper disposal of sick animals, etc. Cutting off transmission routes, such as tick control and tick suppression. Do a good job of personal occupational protection. Susceptible people should be vaccinated.
Occupational heat stroke: enterprises should actively reform the production process to reduce the contact between workers and heat sources; before the arrival of high temperature in summer, organize workers to carry out occupational health examinations, timely find occupational contraindications for high temperature work and transfer out of high temperature posts, which can play a role in protecting high-risk groups; during the high temperature in summer, enterprises should educate employees about heat stroke; reasonably arrange the working time of workers in high temperature positions; do a good job in heat stroke prevention and cooling measures: equip air conditioning fans in high temperature positions, send cold air to the workshop, The distribution of heatstroke prevention and cooling food, medicines, etc., and various measures can effectively prevent the occurrence of heat stroke.
Source: Hefei CDC
Review: Huang Zhijun
Editor: Wu Yuting