▲ The Western Zhou Dynasty Jade Group Pei Quwo North Zhao Jin Marquis cemetery was unearthed
Collection of Shanxi Archaeological Museum
Quwo North Zhao Jin Marquis cemetery
The scale of the tombs of the 10 Jin marquis ladies and the burial goods,
vividly reveals the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period,
When the Jin Kingdom was divided from Tang Shuyu,
There are only "100 miles of Hefen's place",
to basically encompass the history of the southwestern part of Shanxi.
Among them, the wives of the Marquis of Jin Mu and the Marquis of Jin Jing,
There are more than 4,000 pieces of unearthed burial goods,
It's really "four thousand" pampered in one!
Launched in this issue,
Tian Jianwen, research librarian of Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology
Articles Written –
In the tomb of the Marquis of Jin,
"Four thousand" pampered ladies in one
Shanxi Quwo North Zhao Jin Marquis cemetery was found in 1992, located in Qucun (Quwo) - Tianma (Yicheng) site of the center of the site, the era is from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, there are 9 generations of 19 Jin Marquis and their wives, the tombs are all in the north-south direction, for the burial of the couple. In terms of scale, the Marquis of Jin is larger than his wife.
According to the opinions of Mr. Li Boqian, the presiding officer of the excavation, the Jin State Museum, which was established at the original site of the Jin Marquis cemetery, determined that tombs No. 114 and No. 113 are the father of the Marquis of Jin and his wife, tombs No. 9 and No. 13 are the Marquis Ning clan of Jin Wu and his wife, tombs No. 6 and No. 7 are the Marquis of Jin and his wife, tombs No. 33 and No. 32 are the Marquis Fu of Jin Li and his wife, tombs No. 91 and No. 92 are the Marquis Yijiu of Jin and his wife, tombs No. 1 and No. 2 are the Marquis of Jin and his wife, tombs No. 8 and No. 31 are Hou Su of Jin Xian and his wife, and No. 64, Tombs No. 62 and No. 63 are King Muhou Fei of Jin and his wife and second wife, and tombs No. 93 and No. 102 are Hou Qiu of Jin Wen and his wife. Combined with the archaeological excavations of each tomb, it can be found that:
The 19 Jin marquis and their wives are all buried with straight limbs on their backs, the early Western Zhou Dynasty Jin Marquis (Xie's father) group and the Jin Wuhou group are male west and female east, and after the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, each group became male east and female western, so the relationship between husband and wife in this period is the gender concept that became a watershed in the Zhou Dynasty ritual system.
▲Floor plan of the cemetery of the Marquis of Jin
With the number of bronze tripods in the tomb, the Jin marquis is more than his wife, especially in the late Western Zhou Dynasty; the water vessel is relatively more copper plates, and the lady has more copper plates, and the copper pot is more than the body of the Jin marquis and the lady is more round; the Jin marquis sees more bronze honors, jue, and the lady is rare; the Jin marquis sees more chariots and horses, and the lady is rare, and the chariot and horse pit is specially set up for the Jin marquis; musical instruments include chimes, stone chimes, and bronze weapons and tools are only seen in the tomb of the Jin marquis.
The pottery and primitive porcelain and lacquerware in the tomb are rare for the Marquis of Jin and more common for the ladies. The tomb of the Marquis of Jin is usually buried with only one pottery mustache, and the tomb of the lady in addition to the pottery mustache also has a gourd, beans, and pots, especially the big mouth and the three-legged urn are none other than the lady. As for the jade and stone tools carried by the tomb owner, except for the Marquis of Jin Xian, Su Duoyu, the other eight groups of ladies are obviously more than the Marquis of Jin in the same group. For example, the ornament can be divided into chest and shoulder, Jin Marquis and his wife have chest, and the shoulder is a special item for the lady. In fact, in the pre-Qin period of China, jade and stone belonged to the same category, and Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in his "Shuowen Jie Zi": "Jade, the beauty of stone." ”
The above three points are definitely not the inferiority of men and women, but gender differences. The dazzling array of exquisite jade and stone products in the tombs of these ladies is inseparable from the development of the national strength of the Jin State and their status in the vassal states during the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The father of the first generation of Jin Marquis Xie, together with Xiong Yi, the first king of Chu, Lu Ling, Lu Ling, King of Wei, Sun Mou, and Lu Guobo, were the shares of King Zhou Kang, which can be seen in "Zuo Chuan: The Twelfth Year of Zhao Gong". In 2007, the inscription in the Tongjue Gonggui appeared "The king ordered Tang Bohou Yu Jin", that is, King Zhou Kang ordered Tang Boxie's father to go to the "Jin" place to be the "Marquis of Jin", which confirmed that the Western Han Dynasty Sima Qian's "Historical Records of the Jin Family" "Tang Shuzixie, is the Marquis of Jin", and the Eastern Han Dynasty Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan said in the "Poetry of the Tang Dynasty" that "the ruins of the former ruins of King Cheng's mother's brother Yu Yuyao are called Tang Hou, and there is Jin Water in the south, and Zhizixie is changed to Jin Hou" is real.
▲ Western Zhou Dynasty Jin Hou Bird Zun
Unearthed in Linfen Quwo Jin Marquis cemetery M114
Collection of Shanxi Museum
The No. 113 tomb of the wife of the Marquis Xie of the Jin Dynasty is a rectangular pit tomb with a single tomb. The mouth of the tomb is 4.2 meters long, 3.2 meters wide, the existing tomb mouth is 12 meters away from the bottom of the tomb, the burial tool is a coffin and a coffin, there is a part of the burial goods displayed on the coffin, the coffin cover plate, most of them are placed between the coffins on the west side, the coffin is mainly the jade ornaments worn by the tomb owner, there are 144 pieces (groups) of copper, pottery, jade, mussels and mussels with the burial, there are mainly copper tripod 8, Gui 6, 卣 2 and ring, pig zun, Cong shaped device, amphora, three-legged urn each one, a total of 21 pieces; pottery 5, jar 7, Gui 3 and Xu, small bucket, bean, One three-legged urn each, and four original porcelain beans, a total of 23 pieces.
The most eye-catching ornament is the jade pendant worn by the tomb owner, which hangs down on the chest and abdomen around the neck, mainly four pieces of jade, which are connected with dozens of jade tubes, jade beads and red agate beads, and the top is tied to the back of the neck with a small jade bib.
▲ Jin Marquis Xie's father and wife were buried with the bronze pig
Source: Image PICS
February 21, 2008 was the Lantern Festival, and my mentor, Mr. Zhang Zhongpei, called me twice in the morning and in the evening, saying that the photos and poems on the front page of the "China Cultural Relics News" on February 20 showed that they were from the Western Zhou Dynasty and unearthed in Shanxi Province, and in his opinion, they were the cultural system of the Qi family. It turns out that this amphora is a contemporaneous thing of Mrs. Jin Hou and belongs to the Qi family cultural system. There are also similar models of Kexingzhuang culture and Zhu Kaigou culture, and no trace of this kind of thing has been found in the northwest region during the Xia and Shang periods, let alone the Central Plains.
In the past, it was thought that China's copper vessels may have started from the Qijia culture, but there has been no information on this for so many years, but I did not expect it to appear in the tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty. If this jar belongs to the Qijia culture, it is the earliest copper container in China. Today, more than ten years later, there is still no test report, so I can only ask this question first, whether it is directly from the Qijia culture from the Ganqing region, or from the Qijia cultural system (descendants), such as the Zhukaigou culture in Inner Mongolia, is unknown.
But no matter where this copper amphora is produced, it may be the earliest copper container found in China, although it was distributed to Tang Shuyu in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty when the Duke of Zhou destroyed the trophies of the ancient Tang Kingdom, but the age is earlier, and it is a hand-me-down bronze. The bronze artifacts of the Longshan and early Xia dynasties found so far are all small utensils, such as copper axes, copper chisels, copper awls, copper knives, copper bubbles, copper finger rings, small copper mirrors, etc., but there are no copper containers. The copper bell, copper ring, copper gear-shaped device, and copper toad of Tao Temple have a copper basin mouth edge that can be counted as a copper container, but the complete archaeological materials have not yet been seen, and it is impossible to determine its early or late.
▲ Marquis Xie's father and wife were buried with the copper amphora
Source: Image PICS
As time went on, the Jin kingdom grew stronger, and its neighbors looked the other way. The cemetery is in Hengshui North, Jiangxian County, and some scholars believe that it is the Kingdom of Kuan. Tomb No. 2 and Tomb No. 1 of King Mu of the Western Zhou Dynasty are the tombs of the husband and wife, and there are inscriptions on the bronze tripod and the bronze tripod buried by the wife of the uncle, to the effect that the uncle cast these copper tripods and copper tripods for Bi Ji. Bi Ji was a woman of the Bi Kingdom, married to a widow, and Bi Gong was ranked as the third duke in the early Western Zhou Dynasty along with Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong.
When the cemetery of the Marquis of Jin arrived at the fifth generation of the Marquis of Jinjing, two pieces of "Marquis of Jin's Father's Treasure Plate" were buried in the tomb. The Marquis of Jin is the name of the Marquis of Jin, and the research is the Marquis of Jin, but there is also a burial of a "Bo Xi Father Zhao Cha Zha Mother". There are two interpretations of "mother" and "wife", and the latter should be taken here. If so, the wife of the Marquis of Jin Jing is the "mother", that is, a woman from the country, and it is very likely that she is the daughter of the uncle.
As for the relationship between "Yijiu" and "Happy Father", it is just one word. Jin Jing Hou Yijiu and his mother and his wife also reflected in the tomb, both of them have their heads facing south, that is, the side of the tomb road, and the mother's maiden uncles and Bi Ji are both east-west tombs, and the head direction is also on the side of the tomb road, that is, the west side of the tomb road, and Hengshui and Beizhao are exactly the same. The rest of the Jin Marquis cemetery except for the two "middle" shaped tombs with tomb roads on the north and south sides, the remaining 15 tombs are on the north side opposite the tomb road. So I boldly speculate that Mrs. Jin Jinghou is from the Kingdom of Kuo. This was an unexpected discovery at the time of writing this article.
▲The tomb of the Marquis of Jin Jing's wife and mother is covered with buried jade
Source: Image PICS
It is precisely because of the special identity of the wife and mother of the Marquis of Jin Jing that the number of burial goods in the tomb is as many as more than 4,000 pieces of jade and stone tools in addition to bronze tools. The burial items are mainly placed between the coffins, the south side of the coffin room has two bronze ritual vessels, two pieces of the coffin, the pot and one piece of the plate, the cup each of the 8 pieces, the east side of the coffin room is placed in the south of the pottery mustache, the pot, the big mouth Zun, the three-legged urn a total of 4 pieces, the southeast corner of the coffin room is placed a small number of chariots and horses and copper fish, stone gui, stone fish, clam bubble and other ornaments, the northeast of the coffin also concentrates on the jade people, jade cows, jade deer, jade gui, stone plaques, agate beads, material beads and other small piles of jade, stone tools, it is estimated that they are also placed in a container.
▲ The tomb of the Marquis of Jin Jing's wife and mother was buried with the jade Jue group
Source: Image PICS
Most of the ornaments placed in the coffin are portable ornaments, and the tomb owner is almost covered with all kinds of jade and stone tools. The face is covered with two layers of jade covering, there are 14 sets of jade on both sides of the head to form a jade jue group, 4 pieces of jade fish side by side under the head, a small jade jue on both sides of the jade fish, 5 jade birds near the head, a group of jade charms under the left shoulder, and 3 groups of ornaments on the chest. The upper layer is composed of a stone plaque and a material bead tube, and the lower layer is a large charm of two groups of jade Huang beads; there are 2 pieces of jade dragon at the lumbar vertebrae, and there are shank-shaped instruments and jade and stone plaque charms below the abdomen; there are two pieces of jade plates on the feet, and there are 3 pairs of jade and stone jue on both sides, a total of 6 pieces.
▲ The tomb of the Marquis of Jin Jing's wife and mother was buried with the jade group
Source: Image PICS
When the seventh generation of Jin offered Hou Su, he made great achievements with the king of Zhou's eastward expedition, and the king of Zhou personally gave him a piece of fragrant wine, a bow, 100 arrows, and four horses. In order to repay and praise the virtues of the King of Zhou, the Marquis of Jin Su cast a set of 16 355-character inscriptions of the Marquis Su Chime, the grace of the King of Zhou was recorded on the bell, and the ancestors who showed their virtues were the descendants of their wings in the sky and the lower realm, and gave blessings to the Marquis of Jin, Su will live forever, and his descendants can also have this chime forever.
▲ Mrs. Jin Xianhou with the burial bird cover human foot copper kettle
Source: Image PICS
Wife by husband noble, Jin Xianhou Lady tomb tomb road remnant length 9.38 meters, tomb mouth length 6.66 meters, width 4.4 ~ 4.5 meters, depth 4.77 meters, tomb stone accumulation, a coffin three coffins, with more than 1,000 pieces of burial goods, there are Ding 3, Gui 2, pot 2 and plate, a cup, there are a number of copper fish, copper bell decoration items and a pottery mustache. There are many kinds of jade artifacts with the burial, in addition to the jade covering, the six Huang beads and the jade charm, there are 21 pieces of jade, 16 pieces of hollow ornaments, 7 pieces of people and dragons mixed pattern ornaments, as well as phoenix and bird pattern gui-shaped ornaments, bird-shaped ornaments, dragon-shaped ornaments and large and small jade, etc., this batch of jade has the style characteristics of different periods.
▲Mrs. Jin Xianhou was buried with the jade group
Source: Image PICS
▲ Mrs. Jin Xianhou burial jade charm
Source: Image PICS
The eighth group of the Jin Marquis cemetery is the Jin Muhou group, the three tombs of No. 64, No. 62 and No. 63 are arranged in an orderly manner, the tomb direction is the same, and the scale of the coffin is almost the same, which is the same group of tombs. The owner of tomb No. 64, King Jin Muhou Fei (Bang father, name or character), was buried with five bronzes, as well as chariots, horses and weapons.
In particular, a set of eight pieces of "Chu Gong Reverse" bells, cymbals and left drum inscription 68 characters, describing that Chu Gong Reverse in order to worship his ancestors, with the Quartet leader Guna red copper 90,000 Jun cast this set of bells, Jin and Chu are far away from thousands of mountains and rivers, Jin Muhou can have this set of bells, either through the Zhou King reward or through trade routes, which shows the vastness of the Jin Kingdom.
▲ Western Zhou Dynasty Chu Gong reverse bell
The tomb of the Marquis of Jin Muhou at No. M64 was unearthed
Collection of Shanxi Museum
Source: Shanxi Museum
The wife is heavy by her husband, Jin Muhou married two ladies, the wife of the No. 62 tomb was buried with 14 bronze vessels, including three tripods and four cups and pots, plates, cups, jue, zun, fang yi, tripod-shaped square boxes, as well as four pieces of luan bell and some small jade pieces on the lacquerware, the head of the tomb owner in the coffin has a group of jade coverings, three groups of charms, and a few jade products are placed in the abdomen and feet of human bones.
▲ Mrs. Jin Mu Hou Yan was buried with the bronze skull
Source: Image PICS
▲ Mrs. Jin Mu Hou Yan was buried with the bronze standing bird lid pot
Source: Image PICS
Tomb No. 63 with the burial of bronze three tripods and two gui, the tomb owner is the second lady, but it is precisely the second lady, it seems to be the lowest level, but it has an oversized tomb scale, as for the burial goods are as many as 4280 pieces, ranking the crown of the Jin Marquis cemetery, plus the Jin Jing Marquis Lady and the mother is also more than 4000 pieces, which is the origin of the title of this article.
The tomb is in the west of the three tombs, and is the "middle" zigzag tomb with the tomb road at the north and south ends, with a total length of 35 meters, the north tomb road is 11.1 meters long, and the south tomb road is 17.5 meters long. There are three sacrificial pits, two of which contain a martyred horse and one is an empty pit. The burial chamber is rectangular, with a mouth length of 6.4 meters, a width of 5 meters, and a depth of 7.37 meters from the surface. The burial utensils are one coffin and two coffins, and the human bones in the inner coffin are decayed into the end, with the head facing north, and the body is upright. Among the 19 tombs in the cemetery of the Marquis of Jin, there is another "middle" shaped tomb with a tomb road, which is the 93rd later than her, and the owner of the tomb is the Marquis of Jin.
▲ Western Zhou Dynasty human head beast pattern Yuge
In 1993, the No. 63 tomb of the Jinhou cemetery in Beizhao Village, Quwo County was unearthed
Collection of Shanxi Museum
The bronze ritual vessel is placed in the north two corners of the coffin room of No. 63 tomb, and there are 3 dings, 2 gui, 2 pots and 1 piece of jue, yi, fangyi, plate, xuan, tripod-shaped square box and cylindrical vessel. Among them, the tripod-shaped square box, flat rectangular body, there are two small lids that can be opened at the top, one side of the cover is cast with a crouching tiger button, and the outer wall of the box is cast with symmetrical dragon-shaped ears on all sides, which is ingeniously conceived.
In addition, there are two pieces of "Yang Yao pot", some scholars have verified that after the death of Mrs. Jin Mu Houci, Yang Guo sent the funeral "Money". "Treasure" includes bronze, cloth, chariots and horses, etc. In the tomb, jade, stone, agate ware or placed in the coffin, or placed outside the coffin, one of the copper square boxes that have been rusted into the end, can be described as a "treasure chest", the box contains jade, bear, cow, eagle, owl, turtle and other small utensils.
▲ The jade in the treasure chest of Mrs. Jin Mu Houci was buried
Source: Image PICS
There are 10 pieces of jade rings and jade bibs, more than 50 pieces of jade huang, 12 pieces of jade ge, 7 pieces of jade people, 5 pieces of jade dragon people, 3 pieces of jade cows, 2 pieces of jade bears, and 1 piece of eagle, owl, deer, horse, sheep, turtle, praying mantis, jade and jade, a total of nearly 800 pieces.
Among these jades, there are not only the jade carvings of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but also the relics of the late Shang Dynasty, the images of jade eagles, owls, cows, bears and other animals, which are exactly the same as the similar artifacts from the good tomb of the women in Yinxu in Anyang, Henan. The excavators speculated that there is a saying in the "Yi Zhou Shu Shi Prisoner Solution" that "all the kings of Wu captured merchants, (obtained) millions of old jade", and the jade artifacts buried in the tomb of the Marquis of Jin Mu probably included the seized items of King Wu when he was defeated. If so, the second wife of the Marquis of Jin can be compared to the woman who can fight well, she is a super "jade fan" and an antique lover, and she is the traditional hobby of the mother of the Marquis of Jin Jing and the Marquis of Jin, but there are slightly more of them.
▲ Mrs. Jin Mu Hou was buried with the jade group
Courtesy of Shanxi Museum
Jin Wen Hou Qiu group is the ninth group, he escorted King Zhou Ping to move east, is to recreate the Zhou life of the minister, "Shangshu" has "Wen Hou's life", Zhou Ping Wang said: "King Wen, King Wu era ministers hard work in the royal family, your ancestors are the same, so reward you with wine and bows, chariots and horses, you have to govern your own country, peace and near to care for the people, do not covet comfort and waste political affairs." Its tomb is also the north and south ends with the tomb road of the "middle" character tomb, the scale is slightly smaller than the tomb of the second lady of Jin Mu, the total length is 35 meters, with the burial goods are also decent. However, Madame's Tomb No. 102 is unseen in the entire Jin Marquis cemetery: there is no tomb road and the size of the tomb is less than 15 square meters, the jade ornaments buried with the burial are far less than those of other ladies' tombs, and most of the burial bronzes are relatively rudimentary, and the excavators speculate that the tomb owner may be a concubine, not a "Madame".
Jin Jiang, the wife of the Marquis of Jin Wen, was not buried in the cemetery of the Marquis of Jin, and the inscription of Jin Jiang Ding unearthed in Hancheng, Shaanxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, recorded that she assisted the Marquis of Jin Wen to carry salt to the land of Huaiyi in the south to exchange for bronze raw materials, indicating that she was very politically talented. Some scholars have verified that this bronze tripod was made in the sixth year of the Marquis of Zhao of Jin, that is, in 740 BC, but in the second year of the Jin Kingdom, there was a matter of the minister Pan Father killing the Marquis of Zhao of Jin and welcoming Uncle Huan of Qu Wo, Uncle Huan did not succeed and was defeated by "Qu Wo". This matter has to start from the death of Marquis Wen of Jin in 745 BC, after Marquis Zhao of Jin succeeded to the throne, he was named the 58-year-old Uncle Huan of Wen Hou of Jin in Quwo, and the people of the time called him Uncle Huan of Quwo. "Historical Records of the Jin Family" said that he was "virtuous, and all the people of the Jin Kingdom are attached." Since then, it has opened the pace of "Quwo Daiyi" or "Quwo Daijin" that has influenced the history of the Jin Kingdom. It was precisely because of Uncle Huan's old scheming that his sister-in-law Jin Jiang could not be buried with Jin Wenhou and his wife. In recent years, the archaeological discoveries of Shangguo City Ruins and Qiujiazhuang Tombs have repeatedly proved that the ancient city of Shangguo is "Guquwo", but that was after the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period.
In this sense, the scale of the tombs and burial goods of the 10 Jin marquis wives in the cemetery of Zhao and Jin Marquis in Quwobei vividly reveal a history from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, when the Jin Kingdom was divided into Tang Shuyu, which only had "a hundred miles of Hefen place" to basically encompass the southern part of Shanxi.
However, there is another woman who is embarrassing, and that is the martyr in the tomb of the first generation of Jin Marquis Xie's father. The tomb dug a shallow pit on the north side of the bottom of the tomb to bury a young woman between the ages of 22 and 24, with only a thin coffin and a river mussel with it.
▲ Western Zhou jade overlay
The cemetery of the Marquis of Jin M93 was unearthed
Source: Source Movement
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