Abstract:The electronic vacuum device industry is a strategic basic industry that supports the national defense construction and national economic development of the mainland, and has a strong ability to promote the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain. With the continuous development of the electronic components industry, new electronic vacuum devices have played an irreplaceable role in key fields such as aerospace and military industry, semiconductors, and new energy, and the market demand has been increasing. In 2023, the highest proportion of downstream applications of electronic vacuum devices in mainland China is new energy vehicles and charging facilities, accounting for 40%, followed by aerospace and military industry, accounting for 24%, followed by semiconductor equipment manufacturing, accounting for 16%, and finally photovoltaic wind energy and energy storage, traditional energy, security, irradiation and other fields, accounting for 20%.
1. Definitions and Classification
An electronic vacuum device refers to a device that uses electrons to interact with an electromagnetic field in a vacuum or gas to convert one form of electromagnetic energy into another. There are many types of electronic vacuum devices and they are widely used. Electronic vacuum devices are an important part of electronic products and electronic information industry, and their quality and technical level directly determine the quality and performance of electronic information products. According to the function and application, electronic vacuum devices can be divided into electrostatic control tubes, microwave tubes, electron beam tubes, photocells, X-ray tubes, inflatable tubes, vacuum quantum electronic devices, etc.
Second, the business model
1. Procurement mode
The company's procurement revolves around sales orders and production plans, and purchases from suppliers in the form of continuous batches, mainly divided into the procurement of raw materials, auxiliary materials and production equipment. The main raw materials purchased by the company include metal parts, metal materials, porcelain, contacts, coils, etc. The planning and logistics department formulates annual and monthly procurement plans according to the company's sales plan, sales orders, market forecasts and inventory conditions, which are implemented by the purchasing department. The purchasing department is responsible for supplier development, review, inquiry, negotiation and other procedures, according to the technical requirements of the purchased products and material categories in the "list of qualified suppliers" to select suppliers, according to the procurement plan by batch purchase orders. The process department and each product division are responsible for providing technical requirements for purchased materials in the process of procurement execution, communicating with suppliers or solving technical quality problems. The quality department is responsible for verifying the quality and parameters of the purchased materials, and is responsible for the quality management and control of suppliers.
2. Production mode
The production mode of electronic vacuum device manufacturers mainly implements the production mode of "sales and production", the combination of market forecast and safety stock, and establishes a multi-variety, customized and large-scale production mode based on the electronic vacuum manufacturing platform and the collaborative information production execution system. According to the characteristics of the diversity of product application fields in the electronic vacuum device industry, large enterprises have a full-process production line from parts processing to finished product assembly and delivery, and can customize flexible production according to customer orders for different specifications, parameters, appearance and other needs of products. On the basis of production according to order, enterprises will also arrange reasonable safety stock production for some products with a certain degree of standardization according to market expectations to cope with changes in market demand. The production plan of the enterprise is formulated by the planning and logistics department, and the planning and logistics department prepares the finished product production plan according to the company's sales plan, month-end inventory, annual indicators, new product (sample) production plan, etc., and issues it to the production center to organize production after approval. In addition, the military products of electronic vacuum device manufacturers adopt the method of "model customization", and continue to produce after finalization, and the single order quantity of military products is small and the production cycle is long. According to the relevant regulations, the production of military-related products by enterprises must be strictly in accordance with national military standards, and military representatives shall exercise whole-process quality supervision.
3. Sales model
The product sales of electronic vacuum device manufacturers are mainly direct sales, and the downstream customers are mainly domestic and foreign manufacturers of equipment, machinery and other manufacturers in the field of electronic vacuum device applications, as well as a small number of electronic vacuum device traders. The company has established long-term and stable cooperative relations with major customers in the corresponding market segments of various series of electronic vacuum device products, and can timely grasp the market dynamics and customer needs and make rapid responses, improve and expand product lines, and continuously expand new application fields while meeting the market demand in existing mature fields. The marketing department of the electronic vacuum device company is responsible for the development, sales, after-sales service, daily maintenance and market information collection and feedback of customers. In the pre-sales stage, after the marketing department and related product departments and customers reach an intention on product development needs, quotations and other related matters, the company usually signs a sales framework agreement with the customer, agreeing on the product model specifications, pricing methods, delivery cycles, payment methods, etc., and the customers place orders regularly or irregularly according to specific needs, and clarify the specific matters such as product model, quantity, price, delivery period, etc.; Enterprises give customers a certain credit cycle according to factors such as the scale of the customer, the time of cooperation, the number of orders and the credit situation.
3. Industry policy
1. Competent departments and regulatory systems
The competent authorities of the electronic vacuum device manufacturing industry are the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and other departments. The National Development and Reform Commission is mainly responsible for formulating industrial policies and standards and development plans for the electronic vacuum device industry, and putting forward policy suggestions for optimizing the industrial layout and structure; the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is mainly responsible for formulating and organizing the implementation of industry plans, industrial policies and technical specifications and standards, testing the daily operation of the industrial industry, and promoting the development of major technical equipment and independent innovation; the Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense is mainly responsible for national defense science, technology and industry plans, policies, It is necessary to supervise the formulation and implementation of standards and regulations, organize and coordinate major matters concerning the scientific research and production of weapons and equipment, and examine and approve the qualifications for scientific research and production of weapons and equipment.
According to the different specific products of each enterprise in the electronic vacuum device manufacturing industry, self-discipline management can be carried out by China Vacuum Electronics Industry Association, China Electronic Components Industry Association, China Electrical Equipment Industry Association and other associations. China Vacuum Electronics Industry Association is mainly responsible for formulating plans, regulations and economic and technological policies for the vacuum electronic device industry, issuing industry standards, and macro-regulating the development of electronic devices and other industries. China Electronic Components Industry Association mainly assists the government in carrying out industry management, actively advocates industry self-discipline, standardizes the behavior of members, cultivates and maintains a good market environment for the electronic components industry, conducts industry investigation and research, and provides industry development planning, industrial policy, technical policy, laws and regulations to government departments, and carries out international exchanges and cooperation to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the electronic components industry. China Electrical Equipment Industry Association mainly promotes industry self-discipline, coordination, supervision and maintenance of legitimate rights and interests, organizes investigation and research, and serves enterprises to go to the market and open up the market; is authorized and entrusted by the government to carry out industry management work such as standardized management, industry statistics, scientific and technological achievements evaluation, and enterprise credit rating evaluation; helps enterprises to grasp the development trends of the industry in a timely manner and guides the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.
2. Relevant policies
In recent years, the mainland government has introduced many relevant policies to promote the development of the mainland's electronic vacuum device industry, such as the "Action Plan for the Development of Basic Electronic Components Industry (2021-2023)", and the development of high-end equipment manufacturing will increase the demand for highly reliable electronic components, including electronic vacuum devices. With the technological progress and industrial upgrading in these fields, the performance, quality and reliability requirements for electronic vacuum devices will continue to increase, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the electronic vacuum device industry and the growth of market demand. The "Catalogue of Encouraged Foreign Investment Industries (2022 Edition)" will include high-voltage vacuum components and switchgear in the national catalogue of encouraged industries for foreign investment, encourage foreign investment in the electronic vacuum device industry, and the participation of foreign capital will help promote the transformation of the electronic vacuum device industry to higher-end products and services, accelerate the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and promote the development of the electronic vacuum device industry.
Fourth, industry barriers
1. Technical barriers
There are significant technical barriers in the electronic vacuum device industry. As the electronic vacuum device industry involves highly specialized knowledge and technology as well as complex design, manufacturing and testing processes, such as vacuum technology, materials science, semiconductor processes, etc., new entrants need to invest a lot of resources in technology research and development and talent training. In addition, continuous technological innovation and product upgrading in the industry also require enterprises to maintain continuous technological investment and innovation capabilities, which constitutes a high technical threshold for new entrants.
2. Financial barriers
The investment scale of the electronic vacuum device industry is large, involving equipment purchase, production line construction, R&D expenditure and other aspects. New entrants need to have strong financial strength to cope with high initial investment and subsequent operating costs. In addition, the competitive situation and market risks in the electronic vacuum device industry also require enterprises to continue to invest in R&D and equipment upgrades to cope with possible market fluctuations and competitive pressures as well as the need for technology upgrading.
3. Talent barriers
The electronic vacuum device industry has a very strong demand for talents, especially technical talents and management talents with high professional knowledge and practical experience. New entrants need to assemble a team of professionals with relevant skills and experience to ensure the smooth progress of product development, production and management. However, the scarcity of talented people and the high labor cost in the electronic vacuum device industry constitute a talent barrier for new entrants.
4. Certification barriers
Electronic vacuum devices usually need to meet international and regional safety, performance standards and certification requirements, involving a number of international and domestic certification standards, such as ISO series certification, CE certification, UL certification, etc. New entrants need to go through a series of cumbersome certification processes to meet industry standards and market demands. These certifications not only require enterprises to have the corresponding technical and management capabilities, but also need to invest a lot of time and energy to apply and review. Therefore, certification barriers are also one of the important challenges that new entrants need to face.
Fifth, the industrial chain
1. Analysis of the industry chain
The upstream of the electronic vacuum device industry chain is mainly the raw material industry, mainly including metal materials, ceramics, glass and crystal materials. Metal materials are one of the main raw materials for electronic vacuum devices, which are used to manufacture parts such as tube shells, anodes, collecting electrodes, slow-wave structures, and hot wires of devices. Commonly used non-ferrous metal materials include tungsten, molybdenum, copper, nickel, aluminum and other pure metals. The middle reaches of the industrial chain are mainly for the production and manufacturing of electronic vacuum devices. The downstream is mainly used in the fields of national defense and military, aerospace, semiconductors and new energy. The industrial chain of China's electronic vacuum device industry is shown in the figure below:
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