Abstract:In recent years, the e-government service capabilities of all regions in mainland China have been rapidly improved, and in terms of e-government cloud, the intensive construction pattern of e-government cloud platform has been initially formed. The cloud infrastructure of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in mainland China and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps has been basically completed, and more than 70% of prefecture-level cities have built government cloud platforms, and government information systems have been gradually migrated to the cloud. In 2022, the scale of the mainland government cloud market has reached 93.25 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 18.5%, and the market size is expected to reach 151.39 billion yuan by 2025. In terms of government networks, the migration and integration of e-government extranets have been accelerated. The national e-government extranet has achieved 100% coverage of administrative areas above the county level, and the coverage rate of townships and towns has reached 96.1%. The eastern, central, and western regions have vigorously promoted the migration and integration of private networks for non-classified businesses, with Beijing, Jiangsu, and other provinces basically completing the migration of private networks for non-classified services to e-government extranets, and provinces such as Sichuan and Hainan taking the lead in driving the migration and integration of private networks for vertical management systems in prefectures, cities, districts and counties.
1. Definitions and Classification
E-government refers to the use of modern computer and network technology by government agencies to transfer their management and service functions to the network to complete, and at the same time realize the reorganization and optimization of government organizational structure and work process, transcend the constraints of time, space and departmental separation, and provide efficient, high-quality, standardized and transparent and all-round management and services to the whole society. E-government can basically be divided into four modes according to the different objects it serves: government-to-government (G2G), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-public (G2C), and government-to-civil servants (G2E).
Second, industry policies
1. Competent authorities
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is responsible for organizing the formulation of strategies for the development of informatization and putting forward policy suggestions, organizing the drafting of draft laws and regulations on informatization, formulating rules, formulating technical specifications and standards for the industry and organizing their implementation, guiding the quality management of the industry, guiding the development of the industry, formulating and organizing the implementation of technical specifications and standards for software, system integration and services, and guiding and coordinating the development of information security technology. The Office of the Cyber Security and Information Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is the industry supervision and guidance organ, responsible for implementing the guidelines and policies for Internet information dissemination and promoting the establishment of a legal system for Internet information dissemination, guiding, coordinating, and urging relevant departments to strengthen the management of Internet information content, responsible for the examination and approval and routine supervision of online news business and other related businesses, and responsible for the planning and construction of key news websites, and organizing and coordinating online publicity work.
The main functions of industry self-discipline management are to actively study, publicize and implement the national policies to encourage the electronic policy industry, industry and market research, consulting and evaluation, public services to member enterprises, industry self-discipline management, intellectual property protection, do a good job in industrial statistical annual reports, and cultivate excellent brands.
2. Industry-related policies at the national level
In recent years, the CPC Central Committee, the State Council and relevant departments have profoundly grasped the development trend of e-government, actively implemented the top-level design of national e-government, and successively issued a number of policy documents to promote the continuous improvement of the policy environment and management mechanism for the development of e-government in the mainland, and strive to improve the development level of e-government in the mainland. In September 2023, the State Council issued the "Opinions on Relying on the National Integrated Government Service Platform to Establish a Normalized Working Mechanism for Improving the Efficiency of Government Services", proposing to strengthen the empowerment mechanism for the application of new technologies. Relying on the national integrated government service platform, explore the use of new technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, analyze and predict the service needs of enterprises and the masses, and build enterprise service space and personal service space through intelligent question and answer, intelligent pre-trial, intelligent guidance, etc., provide intelligent, personalized and accurate services, and promote policies and services that benefit enterprises and the people "enjoy without application, direct enjoyment, and fast enjoyment".
3. Industry-related policies at the regional level
Under the guidance of the central government, local governments have issued plans or opinions on strengthening the construction of digital government, which all mention the need to strengthen the construction of e-government. In January 2024, the Shanxi Provincial People's Government issued the "Shanxi Provincial Digital Government Construction Plan (2023-2025)", proposing to promote the upgrading and transformation of the e-government extranet. Accelerate the expansion and upgrading of the e-government backbone network, and realize that the bandwidth of the provincial and municipal e-government backbone lines reaches 10 gigabits, and the bandwidth of the municipal and county e-government backbone lines reaches 10 gigabits. In accordance with the architecture of "one network and two planes", the IPv6 transformation of the province's e-government extranet will be promoted to realize the unified bearing of data, video and other multi-service traffic.
Third, the development process
In the 21st century, with the iteration and application of information technology, the rapid development of e-government has had a significant impact on the reform of traditional public administration models and the reengineering of modern public management systems, and has become the only way to promote the modernization of national governance and an important starting point for improving national capabilities. Mainland e-government sprouted in the 80s of the 20th century, and after more than 40 years of history, mainland e-government has experienced the development path from scratch, from the popularization of infrastructure in a single field to the overall and comprehensive promotion, and has made great contributions to the construction of digital China in the mainland.
Fourth, industry barriers
1. Market access barriers
The business systems of the government, courts and procuratorates are highly professional, and they must have a comprehensive and profound understanding of relevant laws and regulations, administrative systems and business norms, as well as in-depth understanding of policy norms, work processes, and working methods and application habits of industry personnel. At the same time, the government and the courts have unified standards and regulations on the function, code and data exchange of network and application software, and products that do not meet these regulations will not be able to enter the relevant market segments. In addition, the government, courts and procuratorates have a clear evaluation system for IT application suppliers and their products.
2. Brand barriers
The development and construction of e-government solutions require a deep understanding of the business rules, processes and application environment of various functional departments of the government. Due to the regional and cultural differences in the construction of e-government systems, enterprises with rich experience in project construction can put forward reasonable project planning plans and suggestions to government agencies at all levels, regions and departments, and outstanding enterprises in the industry have accumulated rich experience in technology and services and formed barriers in long-term research and development practice.
3. Talent barriers
The technology in the field of e-government construction involves a wide range of technologies and high technical difficulties, which puts forward high comprehensive quality requirements for industry talents. The cultivation of comprehensive professionals must go through a large amount of knowledge system training and long-term industry experience accumulation, and enterprises must have a large number of high-quality talents in the face of competition. New competitors need to pay higher costs if they want to attract more industry talents, which forms a talent barrier in the industry.
Fifth, the industrial chain
1. Analysis of the industry chain
The upstream industry of the e-government industry chain is IT equipment and software development tools. The upstream hardware manufacturing industry is relatively mature in technology, fierce competition, and sufficient market supply. Midstream is an e-government service provider, serving the informatization construction of government departments. The downstream industry is mainly government departments. In recent years, local government departments have paid more and more attention to informatization and network security investment, providing a broad space for the development of the e-government industry.
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