Yan Zhiren is a native of Panlong Town, a certified public accountant. Before July 1979, he worked in the commune's food factory and agricultural machinery repair factory as a cash cashier accountant. In July 1979, he worked in the commune's industrial office, industrial company and rural operation and management station, and served as a full-time auditor and station manager of the financial guidance accountant, rural operation and management station, and concurrently served as the director of the audit office and the director of the collective asset management office. This article is published with authorization, please contact the editor of this official account for authorization for reprinting.
Building a house is inseparable from bricks and tiles - remember Datong brick and tile factory
China is one of the first countries in the world to produce fired bricks and tiles, using red clay blocks in the Stone Age more than 7,000 years ago, making exquisite slabs and cylinder tiles more than 4,000 years ago, and being able to fire the world's largest hollow bricks 3,000 years ago. The fired bricks and tiles are used to build houses, which have the functions of shelter from wind and rain, thermal insulation, weathering, corrosion resistance, sound insulation, flame retardant, decoration and so on. Before the liberation of Chongming area, only the middle peasant and above can build brick and tile houses, and the middle peasant and below all live in reed and straw houses, and in the 60s, they have been successively rebuilt into brick walls, and the roof is still a house of reed, commonly known as: white walls of grass houses, carved empty rafters, twill scroll boards, and in the mid-70s, it set off a climax of residential construction, except for the five-shed houses, all of which are built with bricks and tiles.
Seventy-six years ago, there were small earthen kilns in the Xiangdong, Jianjian, Bangdong, and Bangbei brigades of Datong Commune, and the output of bricks and tiles made by hand was very small, and the bricks and tiles needed to build houses were basically purchased from the brick and tile factories of the surrounding communes, and even to Qidong, Haimen and other places. In 76, the commune party committee decided to build the Datong brick and tile factory to solve the problem of the shortage of bricks and tiles for the peasants to build houses. The site selection of the brick and tile factory must consider the convenience of the transportation of soil and products, and the site was initially selected within the scope of the sixth team of the Pannan Village Diversion River, which was when the Nanheng Diversion River was ready to be excavated, and there could be a large number of mud sources. However, the river design scheme has not yet been determined, and the eastern section of the river design scheme happens to pass through the middle of the brick and tile factory in Zhuhe Commune. Therefore, the commune party committee studied and decided that the brick and tile factory should be within the scope of the first team in Bangnan, and the east side is the Tuixi Port River, and the site of the Zanhua Primary School that had been closed and the pond pit that had been abandoned for many years was originally used for pickling pickled melons, and then the commune breeding farm could be relocated to the scope of the sixth team of the river channel.
The establishment of a brick and tile factory requires the occupation of more than 100 acres of land, and the commune adjusts the grain, oil and cotton plan indicators for the land involved in the production team, and replaces the labor force to work in the enterprise according to the per capita cultivated land area of the production team. The 28-door wheel kiln was built by Qidong Professional Construction Company, and the brick manufacturing and crushing cinder workshop, and the warehouse, canteen, dormitory and office building were built by Datong Construction Station. It is necessary to level more than 60 acres of brick drying site, open up criss-crossing roads and standard spacing drainage ditches, pave large square bricks on roads and ridge foundations, and excavate harbors where loading and unloading ships dock by the river. In the process of construction, the commune dispatched the elite troops of the relevant enterprises to fight the tough battles, and did everything possible to raise funds and building materials and materials, so as to complete the project as soon as possible and put it into normal operation as soon as possible. The party committee of the commune decided to set up a leading group with Chen Zhijun as the secretary of the party branch, Yang Dechang as the factory director, Sheng Xuecai and Li Hanxiang as the deputy factory directors, and the leading group of the brick and tile factory worked very hard in the preparations, and was responsible for each work responsibility to ensure the quality and progress of the project construction.
In June 77, the brick and tile factory infrastructure project was completed, and the county-level technical quality supervision department passed the acceptance, the high chimney stood in the air, the huge wheel kiln lay on the ground, and the brand-new plant was presented in front of it. Brick and tile production are heavy manual labor, need to drag the wet bricks to the drying site, dry bricks and to the wheel kiln, the scorching sun in summer, spring and autumn often encounter light rain, is a bitter and dirty work. At that time, it was not easy to recruit workers to work in social-run enterprises, and the number of more than 200 workers recruited had to be allocated to each brigade, and there was only one place for each production team, except for giving priority to veterans and the labor force that occupied the land of the production team. According to the production experience of the brick and tile factories of the surrounding communes for many years, combined with the actual situation of the enterprise, the production quota is formulated, the fixed post and personnel are implemented, and the three workshops of semi-finished products, finished products and cinder powder, as well as other auxiliary types of work. In consideration of the high labor intensity of the work in the brick and tile factory, the commune scored eight points for the first year of apprenticeship in light industry enterprises, and ten points for ordinary workers, and the minimum number of work points for workers in brick and tile factories was not less than 10 points, and generally more than 12 points.
Interview with the two first deputy factory directors introduced:
Coal dust and power plant chimney ash are infiltrated into the soil proportionally, which can not only increase the hardness of the bricks, but also play the role of internal combustion in firing, and form internal and external pinching after the fire in the wheel kiln. The output of brick production is 100,000 pieces per shift, and the blank puller is pulled to the drying site by a human trailer, and the farthest back and forth is more than 200 meters. The workers remove the wet bricks and fold them, bending their backs countless times, so that the water of the bricks can evaporate as soon as possible, which needs to be staggered and overlapped. If the weather forecast is rainy, it must be covered with wheat orange stalks and laminated linoleum hats, and then covered with plastic film; after the bricks are exposed to the rain, the drying time will be extended, and the heavy will directly lead to damage, especially in the middle of the night when there is a thunderstorm, immediately mobilize the neighboring workers to come to the factory to raid. The drying of bricks is directly affected by the weather, and the billet is generally made in March, waiting for the water of the bricks to evaporate and then dragged into the wheel kiln for firing. From July to October, the water evaporation rate of bricks is fast, and the bricks are fired by two-shift bricks and two-head fire in the wheel kiln. From billet making to drying, and then to the kiln firing to form an assembly line, the tension and orderly progress can not be interrupted, so that every post has someone to do, and everyone is immersed in it.
The bricks are packed in the kiln into overlapping stacks, which are then tightly sealed after they are filled. Two walls are built at the entrance of the kiln, and a certain distance of air is left between the two walls to improve its thermal insulation effect. You can also build a wall on the inside of the doorway, block it with a steel plate outside, and paint the gap between the steel plate door and the door frame of the wheel kiln with mud. If the paste is not tight and leaks, the cold air regurgitates into the pre-tropical zone, reduces the temperature of the pre-tropical belt, increases the burden of the chimney or exhaust fan, causes the roasting belt to return to the fire, and the output decreases and the coal consumption increases. In the roasting zone, the coal is put into the kiln from the top of the kiln for combustion, and the flue gate above the wheel kiln is controlled according to the degree of brick roasting; it is generated into hot air through the cooling belt and the insulation belt, and the heat of the flue gas generated in the combustion is transmitted to the pre-tropical bricks, and finally enters the main flue and is discharged from the chimney. The chimney pumping force is the thrust of the flue gas flow, the driving force that keeps the flame moving forward. The bricks go through the stages of preheating, roasting, holding and cooling. The wheel kiln is that the bricks are loaded at the front end, and the mature bricks are kilned at the back end.
Brick firing has a certain technical content, and the focus is on controlling the gate of the flue on the wheel kiln according to the dryness and wetness of the brick and the climatic temperature. In the early years, he hired a technical master from Chongming Brick and Tile Factory, and at the same time taught several apprentices to learn technology. The dry bricks are dragged from the drying site to the kiln room, and the four kiln loading tools are assembled into cross-overlapping brick stacks, each kiln chamber has 25,000 bricks, and each shift has four kiln chambers with a total of 100,000 pieces, but the installed kiln chamber is closed. From July to October, the water evaporation rate of brick billet is fast, and the output can be increased by using two-head fire to fire, and there are two dry brick loading kilns in one wheel kiln, and two cooked bricks coming out of the kiln. Loading out of the kiln is not only labor-intensive, but also the temperature in the kiln is very high, especially in the middle of summer, when you walk in and sweat profusely. After a few years, the locals could not hold on, so they went to northern Jiangsu to hire migrant workers to outsource. Many workers voluntarily left to work elsewhere, and the remaining workers and some management personnel arranged for the development of rubber crushing and reproduction production to solve the work of stopping production due to bricks and tiles for three months. At the same time, applying for welfare enterprises to recruit some disabled people can enjoy the national tax exemption policy.
In the late seventies, it entered normal production in full swing, with two varieties of 85 and 95 bricks, the annual output was converted into 18 million pieces of 95 bricks, and the output value was 700,000 yuan. At that time, the rural areas were setting off a peak of residential construction, which could meet the demand for bricks for farmers to build houses. Farmers like small tiles to cover their houses, so they build small earthen kilns to burn small tiles, and they can also obtain wheat and orange rods from buyers to make hats to cover bricks.
In the early 80s, the peak of peasant housing construction fell, the demand for bricks dropped significantly, and the county's 26 communes had 38 brick and tile factories, plus there were two brick and tile factories in Yonglongsha in the north of Chongming, which led to overproduction. The county government has formulated preferential policies and measures, and the bricks used by farmers in the commune to build houses are exempted from 10% of the state tax, which effectively solves the problem of unsalable bricks.
However, in the late 80s and early 90s, after the country's reform and opening up, peasants' incomes increased greatly. For example, 50,000 bricks are needed to approve the construction of a two-story building covering an area of 90 square meters, and more than 70,000 bricks are needed for a three-story building, resulting in an unprecedented shortage of bricks for building houses. The builders tried in every possible way to obtain bricks through various channels, but the leaders of the brick and tile factories could not resist it, so they could only be checked by the leaders of the townships and towns. Some peasant households falsely claimed to be pregnant with a second child, and the village committee gave them preferential treatment for family planning, saying that the fetus had aborted of its own accord after the bricks arrived. There are also lying on the bricks and playing scoundrels, repeatedly persuading people to meet their requirements. However, in the late nineties, the wave of building houses receded, the demand for bricks fell sharply, and the production of enterprises basically had no economic benefits. Then the enterprise was transformed, and the current leaders and managers were voluntarily contracted. Two thousand years later, in accordance with the relevant policies of the higher authorities, to protect farmland soil resources and eliminate coal pollution emissions, all brick and tile factories in the county have been shut down one after another.
Everything in the world has a process of origination, growth, maturity, and then decline and disappearance. Datong Brick and Tile Factory has risen and fallen for the second time, experienced less than 40 years of wind and rain, and withdrew from the once glorious historical stage.
I would like to thank the two first deputy factory directors for accepting my interview and giving me a valuable introduction to the factory.
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