On October 15, 2003, China's first manned spacecraft was launched with a crew member.
In 2024, 21 years apart, the first manned space mission of this year will be launched, and the time will be determined on April 25, when Shenzhou 18 will take off.
Today, let's take stock of the total number of the Shenzhou series.
Shenzhou No. 1
At 6:30 a.m. on November 20, 1999, Shenzhou-1 was launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.
It lasted twenty-one hours, completed its first mission, and landed successfully.
Shenzhou-1 is more of a mission to test as the ultimate goal, and its successful launch and successful recovery represent a major breakthrough in China's first manned flight. (Note: Unmanned)
For the success of this flight, many people do not know the effort behind it.
In 1992, China's manned space project, codenamed Project 921, was approved, and the plan had to be discussed and promoted.
However, in the course of the discussion of the plan, two opinions emerged.
The first is to borrow from the United States, and the second is to borrow from the former Soviet Union.
The two-cabin scheme of the United States has room for development, and the three-cabin scheme of the former Soviet Union is stable.
Both of these opinions had their own merits, and the two sides argued, and finally five authoritative scientists voted to decide, and the three-cabin plan was approved.
After the plan was established, the pace of developing spacecraft began to advance, the space technology research and test center was established, and at the same time, the space city also began to select a site and start construction.
In the end, the space city fell in Tangjialing.
When the site is determined, we have to face how to build?
Many people simply understand that isn't it just building a house?
The scientific research base is not the same as the residential building, it must be functional, so different rooms, the length, width, height, and even the strength of the walls, sound insulation, etc. have different standards.
At that time, what kind of equipment was needed for the development of the spacecraft, and how these equipment were developed, there was no one, so the length, width and height of the equipment were not only unknown, but also the conditions required were also unclear.
So there is a situation where the construction site needs some standards, the development equipment has no clue, the development of the spacecraft is still in the process of being designed step by step, everything is completely new, and everything is unknown.
In the end, there was a scene that broke through the convention, while designing, making drawings, and then building on the new drawings.
It was in this environment that a 100,000-square-meter space city appeared, and it also became the largest vacuum tank and electromagnetic compatibility laboratory in Asia, and the world's largest shaking table laboratory.
From here, it was determined that China's first spacecraft would be built in 1998 at the earliest, and by 1999 at the latest.
So what will be used to launch the spacecraft? The Long March-2F carrier rocket will carry the heavy burden of this mission.
Many people don't know that in fact, the first experimental manned spacecraft was converted into an electric boat.
From 13 sub-systems to 8 sub-systems, and then the key engine, according to the international practice, 100,000 seconds of test before and after.
At that time, the main engine of the spacecraft had only been tested once for 930 seconds.
All sides are like clockwork, being urged to move forward.
So on November 20, 1999, Shenzhou-1 lifted off, circled the earth 14 times, and successfully landed.
In one fell swoop, it broke the situation of the unification of the United States and Russia in manned spaceflight.
Shenzhou 2
Shenzhou-2 is China's first full-scale spacecraft, launched on January 10, 2001, and returned to the ground after seven days in orbit.
The reason why it is said to be a normal spacecraft is because this spacecraft is developed in accordance with the operation mode of a manned spacecraft, except that it is not manned, so the life support system for astronauts is available.
Of course, although the spacecraft is still experimental, it cannot miss this rare opportunity to go to space.
Therefore, a variety of test equipment is placed in the three sections of Shenzhou-2, which are involved in materials science, life science, space astronomy, and environmental testing.
For example, when it comes to materials science, many people know that many of China's science and technology are subject to materials.
Mankind has been carrying out space materials science for more than 40 years, and the former Soviet Union conducted 500 material processing experiments in the 80s.
In 1989 alone, 297 kilograms of gallium arsenide were produced from the Mir space station, worth millions of dollars. (The price at that time is now several times higher)
There is also biological science, the purity of isolated cells is five times higher than that on the ground, and the separation speed is increased by 700 times.
In agriculture, wheat matures in 60 days, and the yield is still three times that of the ground.
These experimental tasks are jointly carried out by more than 50 scientific research institutes and universities in China.
So Shenzhou-2 can be said to be a space science and technology laboratory.
Shenzhou No. 3
It was launched on March 25, 2002, and carried a simulator on it that could simulate astronauts' breathing, heartbeat, diet, and even excretion.
The body is composed of 14 parts, even facial features, 170 cm tall, 75 kg in weight, and made of polymer plastic.
It is to collect all kinds of data on astronauts entering space.
It is important to know that if these indicators of astronauts are not collected in detail, there will be a great obstacle to the subsequent real manned space flight.
For example, astronauts can discharge one kilogram of water vapor a day, and these water vapors will condense into water droplets, so the harm of water droplets to the instrument is needless to say, especially concentrated in some small areas is more troublesome.
With this data, an ideal environment can be created for astronauts.
Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut to return from space, said: "The air in the capsule is better than on the ground. ”
Shenzhou No. 4
Shenzhou-4 was launched on December 30, 2002, and its mission was to test the life-saving mode.
It can be said that Shenzhou-4 is the most complete unmanned test spacecraft, and it is also the closest to a drill of manned space technology.
A total of eight life-saving modes are designed to ensure that astronauts can safely return to the ground in the event of an accident at different stages.
Many people don't know that the environment of this launch was that when the launch was about to be launched, a cold snap from Siberia entered the launch base, and the temperature dropped below minus 20 degrees.
In this kind of weather launch, the world is the first case.
At that time, in order to ensure the temperature of the rocket, two hundred quilts were used to wrap the key parts of the rocket and the spacecraft, which ensured the smooth launch of the mission.
Shenzhou No. 5.
October 15, 2003 was a day that went down in the history of China's aerospace industry, because it was China's first manned flight.
Once successful, it will become the third country after the United States and the Soviet Union to be able to carry out manned flights.
During this mission, there were some glitches.
For example, astronaut Yang Liwei has entered the capsule, but one of the power supplies of the rocket suddenly lost power, but this time the fault took 15 minutes to be eliminated.
When returning, Yang Liwei experienced the vibration of the arrow body after breaking away from the escape tower, which lasted for twenty-six seconds, and he felt like he was on the verge of death.
Shenzhou 6
On October 12, 2005, Shenzhou 6 was launched, sending two astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng into space.
It successfully returned on 17 October, marking the first multi-day flight of China's manned space flight, and also carried out a space science experiment with manned participation.
During this flight, a lot of zero breakthroughs were achieved.
For example, the first time I closed the return hatch in weightlessness, the first time I took off the pressure suit test, the first time I drank mineral water collected from 1,700 meters underground, the first time I slept in space, and so on.
Shenzhou No. 7.
It was launched on September 25, 2008.
This time, three astronauts were carried, namely Cui Zhigang, Liu Boming, and Jing Haipeng.
The significance of this time is that Cui Zhigang wore a Chinese-made spacesuit, opened the hatch and entered space, and moved outside the cabin for nearly 20 minutes.
This proved that the spacesuit designed and developed by China is safe and reliable, which is a two-meter-tall suit with a 1.3-meter-high bag behind it and a total weight of 120 kilograms.
It looks like a thickened oversized down jacket, but this dress can only be worn by people who are 1.6 to 1.8 meters.
In fact, after all, this is a miniature version of the ship.
Shenzhou No. 8
Launched on November 1, 2011, it made its first docking with Tiangong-1 after liftoff, and the two became one, and it flew for another 12 days, then broke away and docked again.
Therefore, the mission of Shenzhou 8 is to carry out space rendezvous and docking, and the mission has been successfully successful.
Shenzhou-8 was actually the largest manned spacecraft developed by China at that time, which could support a five-day independent flight for three people, with a transportation capacity of 300 kilograms up and 50 kilograms downward, and could dock and fly on the space station for six months.
The loaded equipment reached 628 units and more than 90 software.
Shenzhou Nine.
It was launched on June 16, 2021, carrying three astronauts, namely Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and China's first female astronaut Liu Yang.
The astronauts of the previous spacecraft were in charge of sitting, and this time they had to learn to drive the spaceship.
One of the most important points is that the astronauts manually approached Tiangong-1 from a distance of 140 meters and carried out a manual docking.
This docking is different from the previous one, before it was to chase Tiangong-1 for docking, but this time it was to face Tiangong-1 for docking.
In order to ensure the success of this docking, the astronauts should be tested in the process of fine mastery of ten aspects, such as position, speed, attitude, angular velocity, etc.
Shenzhou 10.
It was launched on June 11, 2013, carrying three astronauts, namely Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping.
The previous flight can be said to be a test run, and this flight is the official flight.
This flight will no longer verify the technology of the spacecraft, but will carry out the transportation mission of the space station, and will also teach space to young people from all over the country in the heavenly palace.
Shenzhou 11
On October 17, 2016, it was launched and carried astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong into space.
This time, the mission of Shenzhou 11 is to dock with Tiangong-2 and enter it, and then fly in orbit for 30 days, if you add independent flight time, the astronaut's in-orbit flight time is as long as 33 days.
It was China's first and longest-lasting manned mission.
Implementing a six-day, eight-hour workweek, aerospace food has become more than 100 kinds of food, and you can also exercise by bicycle.
Since then, the Shenzhou series of spacecraft have completely mastered the technology of manned spaceflight and are carrying out a variety of tasks.
Now in 2024, on April 25, Shenzhou 18 will be launched, and Shenzhou 19 is also on standby to escort Shenzhou 18. #精品长文创作季#