Abstract:With the development and improvement of electric heating element technology, it has been expanding in the field of substitution of traditional electric heating pipe heating. As an important thermal control equipment, electric heating elements are widely used in home appliances, automobiles, industrial manufacturing and other fields. Among them, the demand for electric heating elements in the field of new energy vehicles has increased significantly. As electric vehicles lose their traditional engine heat source, the interior heating mainly relies on heaters, which promotes the continuous growth of China's demand for electric heating elements, with an estimated global electric heating element industry revenue of US$10 billion in 2023, a year-on-year increase of 4.69%, and China's electric heating element industry revenue of US$4.1 billion, a year-on-year increase of 5.10%.
1. Definitions and Classification
An electric heating element is a device that can convert electrical energy into thermal energy, usually composed of electric heating materials, electrodes, insulators, heat dissipation components, etc., and is usually used for heating, heat preservation and other applications. Electric heating elements can be divided into heating wires, thermistors, conductive coatings, electric heating films, etc. according to the product type.
Second, industry policies
1. Competent authorities and regulatory system
The competent authorities of the electric heating element industry mainly include the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the State Administration for Market Regulation. The National Development and Reform Commission is mainly responsible for researching and formulating industry policies and industry development plans, promoting the reform of the industry system, and promoting the development of industry technology and other macro management. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is mainly responsible for formulating industry policies, drafting relevant laws and regulations, formulating rules, and macro-regulating the development direction of the industry. The State Administration for Market Regulation is mainly responsible for the comprehensive supervision and management of the market, the organization and implementation of the strategy of strengthening the country with quality, responsible for the quality and safety of industrial products, food safety, and special equipment safety supervision, and the unified management of measurement standards, inspection and testing, certification and accreditation.
2. Industry-related policies
In recent years, the relevant policies of electric heating elements in mainland China have been continuously promulgated. In July 2023, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Ministry of Commerce issued the Work Plan for the Steady Growth of Light Industry (2023-2024), proposing to organize the National High-end Intelligent Household Appliances Innovation Center to accelerate breakthroughs in key common technologies such as intelligent technology, key components, and new material applications. Implement the action plan for the high-quality development of the home furnishing industry, carry out the development of smart home interconnection, strengthen the guidance of standards and platform construction, and promote the integrated development of household appliances, furniture, hardware products, lighting appliances and other industries. Actively develop and promote green smart household appliances. This will promote technological innovation and product upgrading, and improve the technical level and quality of electric heating elements. At the same time, this will help improve the environmental performance of products, meet consumer demand for green products, and promote the transformation of the industry in the direction of sustainable development.
Third, the development process
The development of global electric heating elements has gone through three stages. 1840-1909 embryonic period. In 1840, the British physicist Joule proposed Joule's law, which laid the working principle of electric heating elements. In 1859, the world's first electric heating tube was born. In 1905, Albert Marsh revolutionized the electric heating element industry with the discovery of nickel-chromium alloy, which was 300 times stronger than other heating elements of the time and could make durable, high-resistance wires that could be used as safety heating elements. The earliest appearance of electric heating elements was the electric heating appliances used in life, and the prototype of electric irons appeared and was used for the first time in the United States in 1893.
Start-up period 1910-2000. During this period, the materials used in the manufacture of electric heating elements were improved, such as the use of good quality A-grade nickel-chromium wire, and the use of magnesium oxide or magnesium oxide powder as insulators. In 1910, the United States was the first to successfully develop an electric iron made of nickel-chromium alloy heating wire and quickly popularized it. In 1917, the United States invented the world's first electric heating tube with a metal shell. In 1925, Japan produced pots and pans with electric heating elements, which became the prototype of modern rice cookers. During this period, electric heating products such as electric heating stoves and electric heating equipment began to appear in the industry. In the household and industry, the emergence and popularization of various varieties of electromagnetic heating appliances have been rapidly developed.
Since 2001, it has been a period of rapid development. Stimulated by factors such as the continuous progress of global science and technology, the significant reduction of electricity costs, the continuous development of the global economy, and the continuous growth of per capita GDP, electric heating appliances have begun to enter the daily life of the public, and the popularity of household appliances such as air conditioners, washing machines, dryers, water heaters, microwave ovens, and rice cookers has been continuously improved in the world, promoting the electric heating element industry to enter a period of rapid development. Electric heating elements have become an indispensable and important heating device in people's daily life and industrial production. With the evolution of consumer demand and the upgrading of industrial technology, household appliances continue to develop in the direction of multi-functional, miniaturized, portable and intelligent, and the internal structure is becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated. At the same time, mature technology has led to the introduction of electric heating elements in innovative application fields, such as new energy vehicles, medical machinery, etc., and the requirements for the performance and structural design of electric heating elements have been continuously improved.
Fourth, industry barriers
1. Technical barriers
The manufacturing of electric heating elements involves many fields such as materials engineering, thermal, mechanical processing and electronic technology, so it has a high technical threshold. First of all, the design and manufacture of electric heating elements require mastery of advanced material science and process technology to ensure that the product has stable performance and reliable quality. Secondly, for some high-end electric heating elements, it is also necessary to have high-precision technologies such as micro-nano processing technology and microelectronic packaging technology. These technical thresholds limit the entry of new entrants, making the competition within the industry relatively fierce, and also providing certain advantages for the leading enterprises in the industry.
2. Barriers to scale effect
The market demand for electric heating elements is large because it is a typical large-scale manufacturing industry. In the actual production and operation process, enterprises need to have large-scale manufacturing capacity to ensure the stability of supply. Large manufacturers are more likely to be favored by international mainstream customers due to their production capacity and output advantages. In addition, large manufacturers can effectively control the unit production cost of products, so as to have a significant cost advantage, and at the same time, the construction of new production capacity is a long-term process. It covers the early plant design and engineering construction, as well as the later equipment procurement, installation and commissioning, and finally can be officially put into production. This exposes potential entrants to a greater risk of market changes. Because market conditions may change during the construction process, the new capacity cannot be adapted to market demand in a timely manner.
3. Financial barriers
The large-scale production of electric heating elements requires a large amount of investment in resources such as land, equipment, production lines and manpower. The construction and allocation of these resources takes a long time, and the production capacity needs to be gradually increased after the plant and equipment are in place. Therefore, enterprises need to occupy a lot of capital in the construction process. In addition, the demand of the electric heating element market is diverse and evolving, so manufacturers need to continue to invest in technology research and development and process development to meet the market demand. The company's ability to develop new products and technologies has become a key factor to stand out from the competition. This continuous technology R&D activity requires strong financial strength to support, creating a clear financial barrier to potential entrants.
Fifth, the industrial chain
1. Analysis of the industry chain
The upstream of China's electric heating element industry chain is mainly the supplier of raw materials for electric heating elements, including hardware, stainless steel strips, electrical components, etc., the midstream is the manufacturer of electric heating elements, and the downstream industries mainly include civil appliances, commercial appliances, industrial equipment, new energy vehicle thermal management systems and other fields.
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