The whole process of mechanized cultivation has doubled the planting and harvesting of silk seedling fragrant rice "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang".
Peng Wei et al
Xingning City is located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, with beautiful mountains and rivers, good air, no "three wastes" pollution, long sunshine time, abundant rainfall, rich groundwater resources, good irrigation conditions, fertile soil and rich in selenium, and agricultural production is mainly planted with rice. Xingning Provincial Modern Silk Miao Industrial Park has advanced experience in cultivating silk seedling fragrant rice. In recent years, a new variety of silk miao fragrant rice "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" has been introduced in this area, and mechanized high-yield cultivation technology has been adopted throughout the process, and remarkable results have been achieved. On July 15, 2021, the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China organized provincial and municipal agricultural experts and professors to conduct on-site cutting and acceptance, and the average yield of rice per hectare in the demonstration site reached 10 821 kg, which was in line with the super rice yield target of Guangdong Province. The application of the whole process mechanized production technology of "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" of Silk Miao Xiang Rice has greatly improved the efficiency of rice planting, reduced the production cost, and ensured the food security supply of Xingning City.
1 The planting performance of "Qingxiang You 19 Xiang" in Xingning
1.1 Growth period. "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" was planted in Xingning early planting on March 6 ~ 8, machine inserted on March 25 ~ 28, the maturity period was around July 15, and the whole growth period was about 132 days. The late planting was sown on July 5~8, machine-inserted on July 23~25, and the harvest period was on November 5, and the whole growth period was about 120 days. The growth period of "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" is very suitable for planting in the morning and evening in Xingning area.
1.2 Adaptability. The growth period of "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" is characterized by developed root system, strong tillering, vigorous growth, neat heading, high seed setting rate, wide adaptability, strong stress resistance, high yield and high efficiency, and is suitable for the whole process of mechanized production.
1.3 Production performance. On July 15, 2021, during the maturity period, after the actual cutting and acceptance of provincial and municipal agricultural experts and professors, Li Zhixin, a large grain grower in Xingning City, contracted to plant 110 mu of high-yield demonstration plots, with an average yield of 721.4 kg per mu, and the yield exceeded the world record, becoming a new variety of silk seedling fragrant rice mechanized in Guangdong Province. According to the statistics of the agricultural department, the average yield of large-scale planting reached 604.30 kg/667 m 2, which was more than 201.10 kg higher than that of conventional silk seedling rice (403.20 kg/667 m 2), and the yield increase effect was significant.
1.4 m. The high-quality silk seedling fragrant rice "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" is a newly introduced new variety of rice with good quality that has been tested and planted by local scientific research units, which has the advantages of excellent rice quality, slender rice grains, white and oily grain, fragrant rice flavor, clear grains, fragrant and delicious, good taste and good taste.
1.5 Breed evaluation. The variety "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" has been approved by the Guangdong Provincial Variety Appraisal Committee and is the main variety promoted by Guangdong Province in recent years.
2 Application status of the whole process mechanized operation of silk seedling fragrant rice
Xingning City has scientifically planned, carefully organized, and conscientiously implemented the "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" whole-process mechanized operation plan, and done a good job in the demonstration and promotion of the whole mechanization technology of "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" of super silk seedling fragrant rice. Xingning City, Xinpi, Yonghe, Huangpi, Longtian, Yetang, Xinwei, Daping and other towns of large grain growers and grain professional cooperatives, to carry out high-quality silk Miao super fragrant rice mechanization technology training, demonstration and promotion work, through the radiation driven, silk Miao fragrant rice "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" planting area gradually expanded, to achieve the purpose of high yield, high efficiency. According to the project plan, the relevant departments have conscientiously done a good job in the demonstration and promotion of the whole process of mechanization technology training and promotion of "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang", which has played an important role in increasing agricultural production and income in Xingning City. The whole process mechanization technology of silk seedling fragrant rice is mainly to select advanced agricultural machinery, select farmland with high organic matter content and fertile soil, select high-quality, high-yield and efficient super hybrid silk seedling fragrant rice "Qingxiangyou 19 fragrant" new varieties, carry out scientific fertilizer and water management, do a good job in green prevention and control of pests and diseases, and at the critical moment of pest control and control, according to the notice of the Ministry of Agriculture on pest control and disease prevention, use plant protection drones for "flight prevention".
3 Key points of mechanized cultivation technology in the whole process
3.1 Mechanization technology of paddy field cultivation and land preparation. Before land preparation, sufficient base fertilizer is applied, and the land preparation operation mode is hydroponic field preparation, and the slurry is flat and then heavy, and the rice transplanter is used for machine cutting.
3.1.1 Technical advantages. This technology has the advantages of improving soil structure, improving soil fertility and promoting the rapid growth of seedlings, and the mechanized operation of paddy field cultivation and land preparation is more than 20 times more efficient than that of manual operation.
3.1.2 Mechanical configuration and operation requirements. When choosing machinery, the basic condition of the paddy field should be comprehensively considered, including the shape of the field, soil performance, operation quality and total amount, purchasing capacity, etc., under normal circumstances, medium-sized tractors and supporting operating tools above 50 horsepower are suitable for more than 2 acres, mud depth less than 25 cm of continuous planting areas; The depth of paddy field is 14 ~ 18 cm, the uniformity of the depth is ≥95%, and the surface is flat after ploughing. Paddy field machinery should be irrigated and soaked for more than 24 hours before land preparation. The selection of the field section should be determined according to the field to be cultivated and the road conditions, when the ridge is high and the ditch is wide, it should be filled by hand or build a temporary wooden bridge to let the machine pass smoothly. Walking methods include paper harrow, set harrow, diagonal cross harrow, etc., and carry out machine tillage operation according to the actual field situation. After the operation is completed, the quality of cultivated land should reach the soil is finely fragmented, the pulp is good, the vegetation coverage rate of green manure, stubble and field weeds should be ≥65%, the field surface should be flat, and the surface flatness after tillage should be ≤5 cm. Seedling field and Honda should be loose on the top, smooth on the furrow, fine and heavy, and uniform.
3.2 Mechanization technology of rice intensive seedling raising. The mechanization technology of rice centralized seedling raising is a key technology that uses machinery, temperature regulation and automatic control in the process of sowing and raising seedlings, and puts the conditions of seed, soil, water, fertilizer, temperature and humidity under manual control.
3.2.1 Technical Advantages. The seedlings bred by this technology are uniform, neat, uniform in size, the roots of the seedlings are coiled, the white roots are more, it is convenient for machine insertion, the seedlings are early after machine insertion, the green is fast, and the tillering is early, which can promote the early growth and rapid development of grass seedlings, and has the effect of high panicle rate and increased yield and harvest. And the centralized seedling raising has the characteristics of provincial seeding, fertilizer and seedling field. It can reduce the loss of rotten seedlings, improve the seedling formation rate, and is conducive to the centralized management of seedlings.
3.2.2 Technical Points. Level the seedbed in advance, divide the furrow, the furrow width is 1.5 m, leave enough working walkway, the smoother the seedbed, the better, so that it is solid, flat, light and straight. Choose fertile, loosely aerated vegetable garden soil or fertile paddy soil for bed. The amount of seeds used for early and late planting is 1 ~1.5 kg/667 m 2 (25 seedling trays). The early sowing date is March 6 ~ 8, and the late sowing date is July 5 ~ 6. Early construction is conducive to avoiding "dragon boat water", and late construction avoids "cold dew wind".
3.3 Rice machine transplanting technology. The transplanting technology of rice machine is affected by the characteristics of rice varieties, production season, type of rice transplanter, and specifications of rice trays.
3.3.1 Technical Advantages. At present, the high-performance rice transplanter used in Xingning City has the characteristics of shallow planting, wide rows and narrow plants, and seedlings and holes. The use of this technology can reduce labor intensity, save labor and cost, and improve production efficiency. It saves about 100 yuan in labor costs per mu and about 90% in seedling fields. The yield of early rice machine transplanting per mu was 672 kg, which was higher than that of seedling throwing and manual transplanting.
3.3.2 Technical Points. The depth of transplanting is 1.5 ~ 2 cm, 2 ~ 3 plants per hole, the relative uniformity is ≥85%, the missing transplanting rate is ≤5%, the seedling injury rate is ≤4%, the row spacing is 20 ~ 30 cm, and the plant spacing is 14 ~ 20 cm. The density of machine transplanted mu is 16,000 trees, and each tree has 2 ~ 3 seedlings. The field should be leveled and settled, the depth of the mud foot is less than 30 cm, and the water depth is 1 ~ 3 cm. The seedlings are required to be stout, uniform and neat, free of diseases and insects, straight leaves, verdant leaf color, developed root system, seedling height of 8~10cm, and seedling leaf age of 3.5 ~ 4 pieces. The moisture content of the bed before transplanting is 35% ~ 45%, the seedling roots are coiled, and the white roots are many but not scattered. Tray seedlings are required to be neat on all sides, and the transportation is not crowded, and the seedlings are not crushed and transplanted with transportation. Before the operation, the rice transplanting machine should be installed and debugged, and the idle operation should be carried out for 5 ~ 10 min, which requires the normal operation of each running part of the rice transplanting machine, reliable operation, consistent seedling taking and soil depth, and stable operation, so that the machine can be transplanted smoothly.
3.4 Mechanization techniques for field management. The quality of rice field management determines whether rice can obtain high and stable yield, and the mechanization technology of "Qingxiangyou 19 Xiang" silk seedling rice field management includes fertilizer and water management and plant protection technology.
Fertilization management: Rice fertilization technology uses UAVs to implement "flying application", the amount of fertilizer should be reasonably formulated, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied according to the proportion of 50% basal fertilizer, 40% tillering fertilizer and 10% ear fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and organic fertilizer are all used as base fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer should be applied according to 20% basal fertilizer, 30% tillering fertilizer and 50% panicle fertilizer. Water management (water-saving irrigation), Guangdong Xingning area is called "good gas irrigation", the main technology is according to the "shallow, wet, dry" mode.
3.4.1 Technical Advantages. The new UAV management has the characteristics of high degree of automation, wide one-time operation area, high operation efficiency, precise fertilization, precise spraying, and reduced fertilizer consumption.
3.4.2 Technical Points. (1) The "flight prevention" of plant protection drones should be accurately applied according to the occurrence characteristics of rice diseases, insects and weeds and the dosage form of pesticides, and the prevention and control should be carried out when the resistance of pests and pathogens is weakest. (2) According to the specific situation and operation mode of the control object, select the appropriate plant protection unmanned machinery. Before the installation and use of new plant protection machinery, it should be operated in accordance with the instruction manual. (3) Before the official use of the plant protection drone, it should be tried to confirm that it can be used normally before operation. Pay attention to the wind speed and wind direction during the operation, and it is forbidden to apply pesticides when the wind speed or wind direction above level 3 is irregular, and it is best to apply pesticides in the cool morning or after 4:00 p.m. to the evening, avoiding the high temperature period at noon. When applying pesticides, the direction of spray (powder) should be consistent with the direction of the natural wind as much as possible, and spraying against the wind is not allowed. After use, the residual liquid medicine or powder in the medicine box should be removed, cleaned with clean water, the dust and dust on the surface of the machine should be removed, and it should be stored in a ventilated, cool and dry place, and should not be squeezed and exposed to the sun. (4) pesticide applicators should pay attention to safety protection, pay attention to rubber gloves when dispensing, it is strictly forbidden to stir by hand, wear gas masks during plant protection operations, do a good job of protective measures, spraying time per day shall not exceed 6 h, each person continuous operation time shall not exceed 2 h, wash hands, face and gargle with soap after work every day, and take a bath if possible, change work clothes and wash them in time.
3.5 Mechanized harvesting of rice. Rice mechanized harvesting technology refers to the production technology of harvesting and cutting, threshing, and straw crushing with combine harvesters when the maturity of rice reaches 95%.
3.5.1 Technical advantages. Using a combine harvester for harvesting can save 100 ~ 150 yuan per 667 m 2 and save 1 ~ 1.5 labor.
3.5.2 Technical requirements for combined harvesting. Choose a sunny day after 9:00 a.m. during the day, the seedlings will be harvested after the dew dries and the threshing should be clean.
3.6 Drying mechanization technology. Grain drying mechanization technology is a drying technology that uses grain dryers in grain producing areas to make grain moisture content meet national safety storage standards without damaging grain quality.
3.6.1 Technical Advantages. The purchase price of dried grain is higher than that of wet grain, which can reduce the labor cost of drying grain.
3.6.2 Technical Requirements. (1) Before drying, a coarse sieve is required, and if there are impurities in the grain to be dried, the drying effect will be affected. (2) The harvested grain is loaded into the dryer as soon as possible, and it is best to carry out ventilation circulation before filling the required drying capacity of a batch, and do not ignite the burner for the time being. (3) When drying grains with uneven moisture content, it is necessary to ventilate and circulate as much time as possible, and then ignite the burner. (4) When drying explosive waist varieties and the phenomenon of bursting waist has appeared, the drying speed should be reduced. (5) Before using the dryer, check whether the power supply voltage is within the allowable range, check the fuel equipment, whether the fuel tank has oil, whether the fuel used meets the requirements of the equipment, and do not refuel the fuel tank when the fuel tank is burning. (6) After starting the dryer, first check whether the sound of dry operation is normal, and check whether the combustion is normal and whether there is any peculiar smell when carrying out the drying work. (7) Do a good job in the maintenance of machinery and equipment, regularly clean the dryer part of the mesh plate, do not let the small holes of the screen plate be blocked, so as not to affect the effect of the dryer, and cut off the power supply when checking and cleaning to avoid personal safety accidents.
3.7 Processing and packaging technology. According to the market and customer needs of the rice for precise processing and packaging after sales, processing should try to improve the rate of milled rice, in accordance with industry standards for processing and production, to ensure that high-quality silk seedling rice supply to the market to meet the needs of the market and customers. Through intensive processing and vacuum packaging and sales, the shelf life of rice has been extended, and the original fragrance of silk miao rice has been maintained, which has been well received by consumers.