Before 1895, Tsarist Russia successively annexed a total of 1.51 million square kilometers of land in the northeast and northwest of the Qing Dynasty. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Tsarist Russia was no longer satisfied with these territories, they wanted more.
Because Tsarist Russia saw from the First Sino-Japanese War that the Qing Dynasty at that time was a war scum. The Russian authorities believed that in order to maintain their rule, the Qing court would rather sell its land than dare to raise the strength of the whole country to fight against the foreign powers.
Without a fight, it is better to maintain the rule of the Qing court. But in the event of an all-out war with the foreign powers, it is very likely that the rule of the Qing court will be destroyed. After seizing this point, Tsarist Russia put forward the Yellow Russian Plan, intending to bring the entire north of the Great Wall into the sphere of influence of Tsarist Russia.
In 1900, Tsarist Russia really sent troops to the Northeast, occupying more than 800,000 square kilometers of land, including the Shenyang Forbidden City, a large number of precious cultural relics in the Northeast were looted by Tsarist Russia, and more than 10 million Northeast fathers and elders were ravaged by Tsarist Russia.
In fact, at that time, Tsarist Russia was eyeing Outer Mongolia, as long as it won the Northeast, it would be easy to take Outer Mongolia into the bag. As a result, in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Tsarist Russia was defeated, which interrupted the plan to invade Northeast China and Outer Mongolia.
Since then, Tsarist Russia has adopted the method of saving the country by curves, and has continued to secretly fund the nobles of Outer Mongolia, so that they can find opportunities to come out and work alone. From 1907 to 1916, Tsarist Russia signed secret treaties with Japan four times, secretly plotting to carve up the northern territories of the Qing Dynasty, of which Outer Mongolia happened to be included in the sphere of influence of Tsarist Russia.
The Qing Dynasty fell, and Outer Mongolia became independent for a time with the support of Tsarist Russia
1911 was an eventful year for the Qing Dynasty, a year close to the fall of the Qing Dynasty, after the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, Outer Mongolia, with the support of Tsarist Russia, chose to go it alone.
At that time, everyone didn't think much about it, after all, the provinces wanted to break away from the rule of the Qing court and establish a unified China. As a result, when everyone was discussing the establishment of the country together, news came from Outer Mongolia: We will not participate in this.
That's right, Outer Mongolia is going to fly solo!
What is this concept? At least more than 1.5 million square kilometers have been dug out of China's territory. Truth be told, no matter who was in power at that time, if they really accepted this fact, they would be nailed to the pillar of national shame forever.
In fact, in 1862, Tsarist Russia and the Qing court signed the "Sino-Russian Land Trade Charter", and after obtaining the privilege of duty-free trade in Mongolia, a large number of expeditions were sent to the Outer Mongolia region to survey and measure the terrain of Outer Mongolia, and at the same time planned to separate Outer Mongolia from the Qing Dynasty.
Around 1911, the top level of Outer Mongolia was basically controlled by Tsarist Russia, and Outer Mongolia's economy had long been dependent on Tsarist Russia, which had obviously become a protectorate of Tsarist Russia. Therefore, as soon as Tsarist Russia shouted, Outer Mongolia was directly separated and went it alone.
This matter certainly could not be recognized by the Chinese at that time, after all, how can a good territory be divided into parts? For this reason, Beiyang has repeatedly discussed this matter with Tsarist Russia, and finally discussed a result that wants to save face and not to be inside: Outer Mongolia nominally belongs to China, but in fact maintains autonomy, that is, accepts the management of Tsarist Russia.
Obviously, the Sino-Russian-Mongolian Entente signed in 1915 did not satisfy the Chinese. However, because the strength of Tsarist Russia was there, and Beiyang was afraid that its own strength would be damaged, so it did not put forward a plan to recover Outer Mongolia by force. Until 1917, when Tsarist Russia fell, the Chinese once again saw hope of recovering Outer Mongolia.
Tsarist Russia collapsed, and the Soviet Union took over the baton of supporting the independence of Outer Mongolia
Feng Shui took turns, and when the Qing Dynasty fell, Tsarist Russia took advantage of the fire to rob and get Outer Mongolia out. When Tsarist Russia collapsed in 1917, can we also seize the opportunity to bring Outer Mongolia back?
At that time, in order to gain the support of China, the newly established Soviet Russia issued a declaration more than once, claiming that it would abolish all unequal treaties signed with China.
As a result, in 1919, Soviet Russia stabilized the domestic situation a little, and began to secretly support Outer Mongolia to continue to go it alone. At that time, Xu Shuzheng had already led troops to force Outer Mongolia to revoke its autonomy and belong to China in a real sense again.
However, it was precisely because of Xu Shuzheng's iron-fisted methods that the Mongolian princes were once afraid of losing their powerful position, so they slowly separated from Beiyang.
In 1920, after the outbreak of the Anhui War, Xu Shuzheng had to go back to participate in the war, which gave the Russians the opportunity to exploit loopholes. In 1921, the first to invade Outer Mongolia was the White Russian Baron Nččen, supported by Japan. Secondly, with the support of Soviet Russia, a pro-Russian armed force was formed within Outer Mongolia, and they drove away the Beiyang army and once again formed a pro-Russian Outer Mongolian group.
This force, supported by Soviet Russia, first defeated the Chinese defenders of Maicheng and then defeated the Engern of Kulen and seized control of Outer Mongolia. In July 1921, with the support of Soviet Russia, Outer Mongolia declared its independence for the second time.
Since then, Outer Mongolia has undergone a series of reorganizations and renamings, and this period of time happened to be the time when we fell into the warlord melee and the War of Resistance, so Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union had control over Outer Mongolia for a long time during this time.
The independence of Outer Mongolia became one of the conditions for the Soviet Union to declare war on Japan
Even though the Soviet Union has always controlled Outer Mongolia, it has always been legally Chinese territory. Therefore, in order for the Soviet Union to truly possess Outer Mongolia, it had to obtain a legal unequal treaty from China, so that China would recognize the fact that Outer Mongolia was separated and acted on its own.
Not to mention how difficult this matter is, everyone knows that anyone who signs this agreement will definitely leave a stench for 10,000 years. Therefore, the Soviet Union could only find a point in time when China had to sign a contract.
When the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was fought in 1944, the situation was still not very clear, especially after the defeat of the Battle of Yuxianggui, Britain and the United States and other countries no longer put the hope of defeating the Japanese army on land and continued to put it on us.
At that time, both Roosevelt and Churchill believed that in order to completely solve Japan, it would have to rely on the strength of the Soviet Union. To this end, at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Britain and the United States invited the Soviet Union to declare war on Japan.
However, the Soviet Union and Japan had already signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty in 1941, agreeing not to attack each other. So the USSR thought, isn't it just a good opportunity to send it to the door?
Stalin bluntly put forward a series of conditions for declaring war on Japan, including the status quo of Outer Mongolia to remain as it was, that is, to go it alone and be controlled by the Soviet Union.
In order to end the war as soon as possible, the heads of state of Britain and the United States agreed to Stalin's demands without China's permission. In this way, Outer Mongolia is separated to work alone, but it has become a sure thing. After all, it was difficult for China at that time to compete with the three major powers of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union at the same time.
Before the "Yalta Agreement" was officially announced, Lao Chiang had already received the news in advance, and for this reason he sent many people to the United States and the Soviet Union to discuss this matter.
Your back doesn't hurt anymore, but my back hurts
It took at least 34 years from 1911 when Tsarist Russia instigated Outer Mongolia to go it alone, to 1921 when Russia supported Outer Mongolia to go it alone for the second time, and then to 1945, when the Soviet Union got the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Outer Mongolia and Mongolia.
With such great efforts, what did Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union really want to gain? Although Outer Mongolia is large, about half of its area is desert, and it is not suitable for habitation because of the perennial winds and sands. So why did Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union get this land?
The situation of Tsarist Russia is very simple, they want to use this as a springboard to further invade Inner Mongolia and even south of the Great Wall, which is something that Tsarist Russia has planned for a long time.
What about the Soviet Union? Stalin gave a blunt answer to this. Stalin said frankly that the land of Outer Mongolia itself was of little significance, but if a force went north from Outer Mongolia and cut off the Trans-Siberian Railway, then the Soviet Union would be finished.
This force could be the future of Japan, the future of China, or even the United States. However, the Soviet Union would not believe any third-party power other than Outer Mongolia, so Outer Mongolia must be firmly in the hands of the Russians.
Stalin's move was to cure the Soviet Union's back pain. As long as Outer Mongolia is not in his hands, the Soviet Union will always have back pain. But from another angle, if Outer Mongolia is pinched in the hands of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union's waist does not hurt, and if such a large piece of our waist is dug away for no reason, doesn't it hurt? If there is a force from the north that goes south from Outer Mongolia, we don't have to worry about the danger of being cut off by the waist?