Accelerate the formation of a new type of production relationship that adapts to the new quality of productive forces

　　At the 11th collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that the relations of production must be compatible with the requirements of the development of productive forces. To develop the new quality of productive forces, it is necessary to comprehensively deepen reform and form a new type of production relationship that is compatible with it. The new quality of productive forces is both a development proposition and a reform proposition, we should use reform to promote innovation, smooth circulation, and strengthen guarantees, through deepening the reform of the economic system and the scientific and technological system, to break down the institutional barriers that hinder the development of the new quality of productive forces, and to break through the blockages that restrict the development of the new quality of productive forces.

　　The new quality of productive forces is the proposition of reform

　　The sum of certain relations of production (forms of exchange) is produced on the basis of the productive forces in a certain period of time, which is suitable for the nature of the productive forces and constitutes the conditions for the development of the productive forces. The solution to this contradiction is that "the old forms of intercourse, which have become shackles, are replaced by new forms of intercourse adapted to the more developed productive forces, and therefore to the progressive mode of individual self-directed activity". The basic principle of the law that the relations of production must be adapted to the productive forces discovered by Marx and Engels is classically expressed in Marx's Preface to the Critique of Political Economy.

　　Relying on reform and opening up to enhance the endogenous driving force for development is a scientific conclusion that conforms to the basic tenets of Marxism. The law of contradictory movement between the productive forces and the relations of production is the basic logic of China's reform. The tremendous achievements of reform and opening up depend on the continuous reform of production relations that do not conform to the development of the productive forces and the superstructure that does not conform to the development of the economic base, thus promoting the rapid development of the mainland's productive forces.

　　With the continuous integration of science and technology into the production system, the mode of production of large-scale machine industry has further developed into a modern mode of production based on science and technology, which in turn has made the deep-seated contradictions hidden in the socialist market economic system more complex and prominent, and the development of new quality productive forces calls for the formation of new production relations. In the face of such a reality, we should follow the historical materialist logic of China's reform, focus on the new requirements put forward by the development of new productive forces on production relations, and turn these new requirements into concrete reform measures. The relations of production must be suitable for the development of the productive forces, and this is an objective law that does not depend on the will of man, but this by no means means means means means that after the premise of the new quality of productive forces, a new type of production relations will naturally take shape. Therefore, in the process of developing new quality productive forces, it is always necessary to promote the emergence of new types of production relations through active reform. Therefore, the new quality of productive forces is not only a development proposition, but also a reform proposition.

　　The new type of production relations takes on new characteristics

　　"Each stage of the division of labour also determines the interrelations of individuals with respect to the materials of labour, the tools of labour, and the products of labour. This sentence is often regarded as Marx and Engels' understanding of the structure of production relations. In the classic works of Marxism, the relations of production are divided into narrow and broad senses. The relations of production in the narrow sense refer to the relations in the direct production process, and the relations of production in the broad sense are also known as economic relations, including the relations of ownership of the means of production (ownership), the mutual relations of people in the direct production process, and the exchange and distribution relations of products. This enlightens us that the new type of production relations that are compatible with the new quality productive forces can be embodied in the above four relationships.

　　The historical process of the development of the mode of production is the historical process of the development of human labor, which reflects the differences and changes in the types, structures, organizational forms, and modes of production of labor, and the differences and changes in what is produced, what is produced, and how to achieve production. From the development of Marx's era to the present, major changes have taken place in the way in which the constituent elements of the productive forces are combined, from the productive forces with material production as the main body to the productive forces with scientific and technological labor as the main body, and the production relations corresponding to them will inevitably change. In the modern economy and society, all links of production, exchange, consumption, and distribution have become specific application sites of science and technology, especially in the field of production, there has been more and more in-depth penetration of science and technology, showing the characteristics of economic science and technology. The science and technology of the economy and the economy of science and technology have led to the rapid development of the science and technology production mode. The new quality of productive forces and the new type of production relationship are the latest embodiment of the scientific and technological mode of production on the mainland. Therefore, deepening the reform of the economic system and the scientific and technological system, giving full play to the decisive role of the market in the allocation of resources, giving better play to the role of the government, perfecting the way of integrating science and technology into the economic system, giving full play to the productive forces function of science and technology, and providing solid institutional support for the development of new quality productive forces are the basic requirements for forming a new type of production relationship that is compatible with the new quality productive forces.

　　The new production tools under the conditions of the new quality of productive forces have put forward new requirements for the adjustment of the mainland's production relations. Traditional factors of production, such as land and capital, are exclusive, while digital and intelligent production tools and data elements are more public goods and less or not exclusive. The resource sharing and collaborative innovation driven by the new quality productivity show a social integration effect, which requires further realization of the sharing and integration of digital and intelligent means of production and data elements in the form of ownership. On the one hand, data productivity is an important manifestation of new quality productivity, and the development of data production factors requires clear data property rights and distribution according to data. On the other hand, in the process of developing new qualitative productivity, digital platforms have become a new type of production tool. For example, in the process of enterprise digital transformation, the industrial Internet platform can continue to refine, precipitate, iterate, expand and enrich the experience, data and models of the industrial production process. Another example is the increasing proportion of employment and entrepreneurship driven by digital platforms, with more than 70 new occupations created by new business formats. The digital platform accelerates the commodification of people's online activities, the digitization of labor skills, the platformization of labor methods, and the unpaid labor of users' collective wisdom. It can be seen that the reshaping of the labor process by digital platforms also requires better promotion of harmonious labor relations in the new era.

　　The new type of production relations that are compatible with the development of new quality productive forces embodies the new characteristics of the socialist society with Chinese characteristics in the system of production relations, which is manifested in the supremacy of the people, social integration, collective cooperation, and distribution pluralism. This new type of production relations must persist in taking the fundamental interests of the people as the starting point and the end result of developing the new quality productive forces, and promote the accelerated development of the new quality productive forces by stimulating the enthusiasm of laborers, promoting scientific and technological innovation and the improvement of management level, and promoting the division of labor and cooperation and the modernization of production organizations.

　　Promote new types of production relations through reform

　　The proposal of new quality productivity has not only injected new impetus into domestic economic development, but also provided new opportunities for global development and cooperation. In order to meet the requirements of the development of new productive forces, in terms of ownership, the mainland should clarify data property rights on the basis of adhering to the "two unswerving" principles, and further realize the sharing and integration of digital and intelligent means of production and data elements. With regard to the mutual relations between people in the direct production process, it is necessary to further improve socialist harmonious labor relations, standardize and guide the healthy development of capital, and ensure the status of laborers as masters. In terms of exchange relations, it is necessary to establish a high-standard market system and promote high-level opening up. In terms of distribution relations, it is necessary to implement distribution according to data elements and improve the social security system.

　　Compared with traditional productivity, new quality productivity emphasizes the flexibility and adaptability of the organization, and the innovative allocation of elements puts forward new requirements for organizational structure innovation. To develop new quality productive forces, we need an extremely dynamic market economic system, and at the same time, we must also use innovative thinking to coordinate economic development. First, it is necessary to establish a high-standard market system, innovate the allocation of production factors, and let all kinds of advanced and high-quality production factors flow smoothly to the development of new quality productive forces. Building a high-standard market system is a key measure to build a high-level socialist market economic system, and it is also an important part of deepening the reform of the economic system. Second, it is necessary to speed up the construction of a modern industrial system. To develop new quality productive forces, we must continue to do a good job in innovation, cultivate and expand emerging industries, advance the layout and construction of future industries, and improve the modern industrial system. However, the development of new quality productive forces does not mean ignoring and abandoning traditional industries, but it is necessary to persist in the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and prevent them from rushing to the top and becoming bubbles. Third, it is necessary to expand high-level opening up to the outside world and create a good international environment for the development of new productive forces. The coordinated development of industrial and supply chains is crucial to broaden China's development space in the international market and accelerate the construction of a new development pattern. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the cooperation of the industrial chain and supply chain, strengthen the collaborative innovation between upstream and downstream enterprises, formulate differentiated international marketing strategies, and improve the visibility and influence of local products.

　　Deepening the reform of the scientific and technological system is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform, and is the fundamental requirement for implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and building an innovative country. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the mainland has made comprehensive arrangements for the reform of the scientific and technological system and innovation-driven development, and introduced a series of major reform measures. In order to solve the problems that arise in the process of developing new quality productive forces, open up the channel of scientific and technological innovation and economic and social development, and maximize the huge potential of science and technology as the primary productive force and innovation as the primary driving force, we must adhere to the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics, focus on the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy, and comprehensively deepen the reform of the scientific and technological system with the goal of building a national innovation system with Chinese characteristics. In order to cultivate and develop new momentum for the development of new quality productive forces, the main task of deepening the reform of the scientific and technological system is to focus on the supply of common basic technologies and the transformation and application of technologies. First, it is necessary to further improve the market-oriented mechanism for technological innovation and promote the close integration of science and technology with the economy. Enterprises are the main body of scientific and technological innovation, and the key to solving the problem of insufficient integration of science and technology with economy is to enhance the joint force of enterprise innovation ability and collaborative innovation. Second, it is necessary to reform the training, evaluation and incentive mechanism of scientific and technological innovation talents, and build a more efficient scientific research system. Transforming scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces is the essential requirement for developing new quality productive forces. Third, it is necessary to improve the management system for the use, disposal and income of scientific and technological achievements, increase the incentive for the transformation of scientific research achievements, build a service support system, open up the channel for the transformation of achievements, reflect the value of innovation through the application of achievements, and create wealth through the transformation of achievements.

　　It should be pointed out that the reaction of the relations of production to the development of the productive forces does not mean that the relations of production determine the productive forces, and the relations of production are not the decisive force in the development of the productive forces. The productive forces are the most revolutionary and active factor, the fundamental driving force for the development of the productive forces lies within the productive forces, and the internal contradictions and solutions of the various elements of the productive forces are an important source of the development of the productive forces. The reform of the formation of a new type of production relations is driven by the endogenous requirements determined by the technical characteristics of the new quality productive forces, and by the inherent contradictions between the laborers, the means of labor and the objects of labor in the process of the development of the new quality of the productive forces. It can be said that the proposal of the new quality productive forces is a new expansion and deepening of the Marxist connotation of the factors of productive forces in accordance with the practice of the mainland's economic and social development in the new era, and is a theoretical product of using Marxist historical materialism to analyze the fundamental motives and practical conditions for the development of the mainland's productive forces, as well as to analyze the theoretical mechanism and practical path of the development of the mainland's productive forces in the new era.

　　(This article is the interim result of the major project of the National Social Science Fund of China, "Research on the History and Experience of the Communist Party of China Leading Chinese-style Modernization" (23&ZD031))

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism at Sun Yat-sen University and a special researcher at the Guangdong Xi Jinping Research Center for Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

Source: "China Social Science Daily" April 17, 2024 Issue 2874 Author: Hu Ying