Elegant speech, chic manners, elegant temperament, refined appearance, with fairy wind and Taoist rhyme, looking up to the Ming Hong and waving the five strings, the demeanor of the Wei and Jin scholars, for thousands of years widely praised and admired by Chinese scholars, the so-called "Wei and Jin demeanor", has become an eternal highlight of Chinese culture. Liu Yiqing's "Shishuo Xinyu" and Liu Xiaobiao's annotations, which focus on showing the demeanor of the Wei and Jin scholars in the late Han Dynasty, have also become the immortal works of "Zhiren".
At the end of the Han Dynasty, how could the demeanor of the Wei and Jin scholars be so beautiful? It was so beautiful that it was admired by the ages? The two sentences of the famous scholar Ruan Ji of Cao Wei seemed to reveal the mystery. Ruan Ji said: "Between heaven and earth, the body is naturally formed", and the model among people is "the one who is an adult is the same body as the creation, and the heaven and the earth are born together". The demeanor of the wind god consciously "the form of nature", and the spiritual realm, the pursuit of "being the same body with the creation, the coexistence of heaven and earth". Taking nature as beauty, as great beauty, as perfection as possible, people can be as beautiful as nature, and they are beautiful to the extreme, for people with capital letters, and for perfect people. It is under the guidance of this concept that most of the Wei and Jin scholars consciously admired nature, and among them, the famous scholars, especially the famous scholars, had a deep understanding, so they were regarded as models of scholars. Indeed, heaven, earth, and man have their own beauty, but it is difficult for artificial workers to win the heavenly workmanship, and it is difficult for people to win the heavenly sound, and the heavenly work is always a model for the human and labor to obtain the law. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin scholars enthusiastically understood this and practiced it persistently, so they turned secular life into aesthetic life, and Wei and Jin demeanor became beautiful demeanor.
Nietzsche re-evaluated the meaning of life in his famous work "The Birth of Tragedy", believing that the ancient Greeks sublimated life with the help of the spirit of Dionysus and the Sun God, and had aesthetic significance, so the life of the ancient Greeks was a real philosophical state. The same is true of the Wei Jinshi people, their life is an almost highly conscious philosophical-aesthetic state, the so-called Wei Jin demeanor, is a philosophical-aesthetic state that the Wei Jinshi people perceive and display with their lives.
The shape of the foresight is naturally the most beautiful
At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin dynasties were selected by inspection, and the evaluation of scholars in the society was an important reference for the selection of officials from the imperial court to the counties and townships. The official employment focuses on evaluating the character's family background, morality, and talent, while the social appraisal focuses on discussing the character's demeanor, appearance, character, and talent. The former gradually became ossified, so that the monograph was on the family, "the upper grade has no cold door, and the lower grade has no family", and was spurned by later generations. The latter is becoming more and more beautiful, becoming a kind of philosophical and interesting, elegant and timeless, satirical and recitable, which can not only be used by the world to "look at the shape of the style", see the wisdom and wisdom, but also can be passed on for a long time. Among them, there are many good products that use nature as metaphors, and their aesthetic taste is also the highest.
If you open "The New Language of the World", you will find that Wei Jinshi people often love to use the beauty of nature to metaphorize people, so as to visualize and intuitively visualize the realm feelings, appearance and charm of the metaphor, and be full of poetry and beauty.
Chen Chen, a famous scholar in the late Han Dynasty, had a very high reputation, and some guests were not convinced, so they openly asked Chen Chen, the son of Chen Yu, what merits did your father have that made him famous all over the world? Chen Chen replied: "I am a gentleman of the family, for example, the laurel tree is born of Mount Tai, the top is ten thousand feet high, and the bottom is unfathomably deep; the top is stained with nectar, and the bottom is moistened by the deep spring. At that time, the laurel tree knew the height of Mount Tai and the depth of the deep spring, and did not know whether there was merit or not. Originally, according to the etiquette at that time, children and grandchildren could not publicly comment on their fathers and ancestors, and the guest's question was to kill two birds with one stone, not only to vent his dissatisfaction with Chen Yu, but also to Chen Chen's embarrassment. The intelligent and talented Chen Chen understood the intentions of the guests, but out of politeness, he did not refuse the guests' questions, but wittily used a series of metaphors such as Mount Tai, the unfathomable valley, the nectar, and the deep spring, and praised his father's character, knowledge, and kindness to the extreme. And in response to the guest's contempt for himself, he compared himself to the Taishan laurel tree, suggesting to the guest: the father is great, and he is also a good tree, which should not be insulted. Although Chen Chen's reply is sharp everywhere, because the metaphor is beautiful and the rhetoric is exquisite, it does not sound harsh, and it is more like holding a string of beads to read, which is bright and pleasing to the eye.
Guo Tai, a famous scholar in the late Han Dynasty, was the best at appreciating characters. Once I traveled to Runan, visited the famous man Yuan Lang, took a look and left, and when I arrived at another famous man Huang Xian, I stayed for several days. Someone asked Mrs. Guo the reason, Mrs. Guo took the lake as a metaphor and sighed: Huang Xian "is like a thousand acres, clear and unclear, disturbed not turbid, its instrument is deep and wide, and it is difficult to measure." Huang Xian is known as the contemporary Yan Yuan, and is widely praised by the people of the time, and among the many tastings, Mrs. Guo's praise is the most recommended. Indeed, a person's bearing pattern can be as vast and deep as a big lake, surging thousands of waves, and unfathomable depth, and his personality charm is particularly attractive and worthy of nostalgia.
It is also the temperament pattern of Yu Meiren, and the two tastings of Pei Kai of the Western Jin Dynasty and Xie An of the Eastern Jin Dynasty are also broad, far-reaching and intriguing.
Pei Kai said: "Seeing Fu Lanshuo, Wang Yangmi doesn't have anything. Seeing the huge source of the mountain, such as mountaineering, it is secluded and far-reaching. "As soon as I saw Fu Yi (Fu Yi character Lan Shuo), I felt like looking at the lake and the sea, the ocean was unbridled, boundless, all-encompassing, and all-encompassing. Seeing Shantao (Shantao word Juyuan), it is like climbing a high mountain to look down, secluded and vast, difficult to fathom deep and wide. The vivid, vivid, and majestic metaphor sets off the feelings of Fu Yi and Shan Tao into a powerful aura, and when I read it after a thousand years, I feel that I am shrouded in it. It is a great thing to be able to give people such a feeling.
Xie An said: "Although Chu Jiye does not speak, he is also prepared for the four seasons. Although Chu Li (Chu Li character Ji Ye) is calm and rarely spoken, he is not easy to praise and disparage things and people, but his heart is like a mirror and has his own fixed opinions. Just like the four seasons of the year, the news has its own rules, and it does not change slightly for any disturbance. This is very reminiscent of the famous words of Confucius: "What is the saying of heaven? "What kind of weather is this! Those who have this kind of weather can take on great things. Chu Li is indeed like Xie An's comment, he once presided over the state affairs during the Eastern Jin Dynasty Jianyuan and Yonghe, and on the day of his death, "mourning from far and near, and the officials mourned".
Wei Jinshi people evaluate the characters, often put the object in a natural background, and then make a very simple evaluation, only one or two sentences, the character's taste, the wind god will jump out, the background and the character, nature and humanity, reflect each other, so, a review is a character freehand divine product.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty celebrity Liu Xun praised another scholar Xu Xun and sighed: "The breeze is clear and the moon is clear, and the Xuandu (Xu Xun character Xuandu)." "Beautiful moments miss beautiful people, every time the breeze is clear, I can't help but think of my friend Xu Xun, because this friend is as beautiful as the breeze and the moon. According to Liu Xiao's annotation and quotation of "Jin Zhongxing Shiren Book" and "Jin Book", Xu Xun "has noble ambitions" and is good at Qing Yan, and people at the time "admired and admired him". After Liu Xun's simple and timeless eight-character evaluation, people in later generations will read "The World Speaks New Words" so far, and they will also have respect for Xu Xun, the breeze and the moon are always beautiful, noble embrace, handsome and talented, and always admirable.
Wang Gong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and his cousin Wang Chen were originally very friendly, and they were valued by the times, but later because they were separated, they didn't have much contact, but Wang Gong still often touched the scene and missed Wang Chen. A walk, when the "dew in the morning, the beginning of the new tong". In the morning light, the dew is shining brightly, rolling and dripping on the blades of grass and leaves, making a gentle click, and the sycamore is rising a new green, which is eye-catching, what a beautiful clear and clear beauty. When Wang Gong saw this, his heart moved, and he immediately remembered Wang Chen, and blurted out praise: "Wang Da (that is, Wang Chen) is self-wet." "Uncle Wang Chen was originally like this, clean and elegant. From the "clear dew morning flow, the first introduction of the new tong", the derivation of "Wang Dagu self-wetting", the beauty of nature, the beauty of the character's virtue and demeanor, can be seen and felt, and the imagery and artistic conception are all in it, which is really wonderful.
Wei Jinshi people consciously "the shape of nature", all the beautiful things in nature, are used as a metaphor for the beauty of the heart of the character. Xiahou Xuan's style is high, his macro arguments are broad, and his expectations are very high, so he praised him as "bright as the sun and the moon in his arms". Sima Yu's demeanor is the crown of the moment, and he is regarded as the best person in the royal family, so he praises it as "Xuan Xuan is like the morning glow". Leguang's level of Qing talk is better than that of He Yan, a Qing Dynasty talker, and he praises it and says: "Every time I see this person, I see the blue sky like clouds." Liu Yi's heart is light and honorable, and his sex is not vulgar, so he is known as "Biaoyun Ke but not sparse", which is a big tree that towers straight to the sky and does not stretch obliquely. Wang Gong's appearance and demeanor are very handsome, people envy him, so the beauty is "as wet as the spring moon willow", beautiful like a spring willow, graceful, charming and colorful.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Lang evil celebrity Bing Yuan avoided the chaos to Liaodong, and the Taishou Gongsun Du treated him very well, after the Lang evil war subsided, Bing Yuan ignored the hardships of Gongsun Du to stay, and fled by boat. His subordinates suggested that Gongsun Du send troops to recover Bing Yuan, but Gongsun Du disagreed, saying: "The so-called white crane in the clouds is not something that can be collected by the net of the bird." Gongsun Du not only did not blame Bingyuan's behavior for being "unkind", but sincerely appreciated and admired, thinking that Bingyuan was like a white crane flying high in the sky, with lofty ambitions and intentions, and Liaodong was just a place to detain the little swallows and sparrows, where could the cranes in the clouds be kept?
Among the many natural objects that are used to symbolize the beauty and sage, the Wei Jinshi people are particularly fond of pines and cypresses. In the last years of Cao Wei, the famous scholar Ji Kang was tall, handsome, maverick, natural and natural, although he was in the crowd, he was also extraordinary, which made people know at a glance that it was an "extraordinary instrument". His friend Shan Tao praised him affectionately: "Uncle Ji is also a man at night, and Yanyan is independent if he is a lone pine", and he is upright, just like the lone pine on the great shore, with a high standard. Zhang Changzhi of the Western Jin Dynasty is upright, after all kinds of temptations and tests, do not change the original intention, the villager Cai Xiu in front of the history of the thorn to praise Zhang Chang's steadfastness, is the "pine and cypress of the cold year", fighting frost and snow, and keeping green for a long time. The Western Jin Dynasty celebrity and Qiao, when he was a teenager, he was not in the group, showing outstanding political talent, and the celebrity Yu Yu was particularly appreciative of Heqiao, saying that he "is like a thousand pines, although Lei has a program, Shi Zhi Building, has the use of pillars." After He Qiao entered the office, he successively served in the book order and served in the middle of the court, all of which belonged to important positions in the imperial court, and he was upright, and he was even hopeful, and on the day of his death, people mourned and said: "E'e is like a thousand zhang of loose collapse." "Beauty can give birth to beauty, pines and cypresses are beautiful, and the wind born of pines and cypresses is naturally beautiful. Li Ying, a famous man in the late Han Dynasty, was praised by the people of the time as "the wind of the pine". Ji Kang has also been praised as "solemn as the wind under the pine, high and slow", cool and majestic, clean and elegant, slowly blowing, refreshing body and mind.
Observe life in nature and learn from life
While using nature as a metaphor for beauty and sage, Wei Jinshi people also often use nature as a metaphor for themselves, from which they observe their own lives and learn from life.
In the third year of Taihe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (368), Huan Wen led the army to the north to expedition before Yan, passing through the place where he was too guarded when he first entered the official career, and saw that the willow trees planted in those years had grown tall and thick, "all have been ten around", and couldn't help but sigh: "The wood is like this, how can people be worthy!", so "climb the branches and hold the strips, and shed tears". Huan Wen is a rare talent in the Eastern Jin Dynasty political arena, during his reign, the decadent and cowardly, reluctant and peaceful Eastern Jin Dynasty, once showed a rare vitality. However, under the shroud of orthodoxy, speculation of "usurpation" was incessant, and Huan Wen's political reform to eradicate maladministration and his military action to seek reunification were constantly and everywhere criticized and constrained, and the desired results were not achieved. At the age of twenty-three, he is now fifty-seven years old, and he is already a very old man in this turbulent era when his life expectancy is generally low. Ambition has not been paid, the hero is old, even the willow planted back then, has no longer graceful posture, the years are not lived, people and trees are not, today's willow is no longer yesterday's willow, at this time I am not yesterday's me! In the face of this row of giant willows, Huan Wen is like an old man who has been absent for many years, and has found the object that can be poured out, and he can't help but step forward, climbing the branches with one hand and holding the wicker with the other, looking carefully and imagining, it seems that from the growth and change of the willow tree, the wind and rain and tribulation, he saw his life for 34 years, life is like a willow, and the willow is like a life! Huan Wen was full of emotion for a while, tears were like springs, sighing willows and crying willows, it was for himself to sigh, to cry for himself. Time is fleeting, life is easy to grow old, and people with lofty ideals should rise up and bravely build immortal achievements. Sighing and crying, Huan Wen rode his horse and whipped up, led the army to the north, entered Luoyang, passed Huaisi, boarded the building boat to look at the long-fallen Central Plains homeland, and said angrily: "So that Shenzhou land sank, a hundred years of mounds and ruins, Wang Yifu and others had to let it take responsibility!" Huan Wen reprimanded Wang Yan (Wang Yanzi Yifu) and a group of Qing talkers for talking about misleading the country, resulting in the long-term fall of Shenzhou, and it became a ruin, and he was determined to rejuvenate his family and country with hard work. Although it backfired, Huan Wen's Northern Expedition ended in failure, but Huan Wen's sigh to Liu Zhi has become a classic sigh of life, moving and inspiring generations of scribes and scholars with lofty ideals. Xin Qiji, the great national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty, once cited this allusion in his noun "Water Dragon Yin, Deng Jiankang Appreciation Pavilion", and wrote emotionally: "It's a pity that the years pass, sorrow and wind and rain, the tree is still like this!"
Sun Sui, a famous man in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has a upright temperament and dares to speak out. He specially planted a small pine tree in front of his study, cherished it, and often took care of it himself. His neighbors laughed at him and said, "The little pine tree is not pitiful, but it will never have a pillar to use its ears." "The little pine tree is very lovable, but it grows too slowly, and I am afraid that I will not see it grow into a pillar. Sun Sui retorted: "Although the maple willow hugs, what can you do?" The maple willow tree grows fast, but even if it grows to the thickness of the two of them, the wood is too poor, what use can it be? What Sun Sui values is not that the pine tree can quickly become a large timber to build a vast building, vigorous, and beautiful, but the upright body and solid texture of the pine tree, he worked hard for the small pine tree, carefully cared for, is to cultivate this valuable quality to the extreme, carry forward to the extreme, in front of the door of this small pine tree, entrusting Sun Sui's persistent life yearning and noble life appeal.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, when he was a teenager, he cultivated virtue and elegance, and he was indeed not a group, and he was quite hopeful, and people admired his character and went to visit. The young Cao Cao also admired it, but Zong Cheng despised Cao Cao's treacherous character and did not make friends. Later, Cao Cao became the official of the Han Dynasty, and he was in power for a while, and asked Zong Cheng with authority: You ignored me at the beginning, and today you should be able to make friends with you, right? Zong Cheng replied: "The ambition of the pine and cypress still exists. Although Cao Cao was unhappy, he was also impressed by Zong Cheng's "Ambition of Pine and Cypress", and respected Zong Cheng as a guest, and often visited Zong Cheng's home in person to consult the government.
Mao Xuan, a scribe of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was quite conceited of his talent and refused to bend his waist to the powerful, as he often said: "It is better to destroy the jade for Lan than to be Xiao Fu Ai Rong." "I would rather be destroyed by wind and frost like a noble orchid, and violently broken like a noble jade, than flourish like a lowly artemisia leaves." For the dignity of personality and the freedom of life, Mao Xuan was poor and silent all his life, "Book of Jin" does not contain his deeds, and "Shishuo Xinyu" is only this simple description, but this is enough, Mao Xuan's noble personality and noble life can be immortal.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty, the first to recommend Wang and Xie, the two families have produced many talents, but the real great contribution to history is none other than Xie An and his nephew Xie Xuan, the victory of the battle of Weishui is mainly won under the command of this uncle and nephew. Xie An, who has enjoyed a good reputation for a long time, pays great attention to the cultivation and education of his children and nephews. Once, Xie An asked his sons and nephews, "What is the best way to behave as a person?" I only heard Xie Xuanlang reply: "For example, the Zhilan Jade Tree, I want to make it born in the ears of the Terrace." "To be a man is to be like the vanilla Zhilan and the Linfeng jade tree, noble and fragrant, and the romance is contained, and the Xie family Zhilan should especially grow in the courtyard in front of the steps, and is often cultivated and influenced by the Xie family's fathers and ancestors. Xie Xuan's answer not only showed his lofty aspirations, but also expressed his admiration for the famous family style, especially his desire for Xie An's teachings, and borrowed appropriate metaphors, elegant expressions, and exquisite words, which made Xie An full of joy when he heard it, and since then he has cared for and induced Xie Xuan. Xie Xuan did not disappoint Xie An, and soon grew into a practical talent who was excellent in both civil and military affairs and "had the strategy of economics and country". On the eve of the Battle of Weishui, Xie Xuan was strongly recommended by Xie An, and was appointed as the forward governor of the Jin army, with tens of thousands of troops, he defeated the 900,000 troops of the former Qin, creating a famous example of winning more with less, and forever shining in history. Xie Xuan has no time to expect, he is the real "Zhilan Jade Tree" of the Xie family, and he is also the evergreen "Zhilan Jade Tree" of the Chinese nation.
Kang Seng Yuan, a monk of Kangju in the Western Regions, became the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, crossed the Yangtze River from the north to Jiankang, the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and was quite good at talking, and had many contacts with the famous and virtuous people at that time. Kang Seng Yuan has a high nose and deep eyes, a typical "Hu Ren" appearance, and Prime Minister Wang Dao often teases him with his appearance. Kang Seng Yuan humorously replied to Wang Dao: "The nose is the mountain of the face, and the eye is the abyss of the face." If the mountain is not high, it is not spiritual, and if the abyss is not deep, it is not clear. "In the appearance below, the spirit of the mountain, the clear of the abyss, both spiritual and clear, handsome. A foreign monk can also use nature as a metaphor in such a free and decent way, which shows how deeply rooted the people of the people were in the Wei and Jin dynasties. (Liu Longyou)
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