Founding monarch of ancient Chinese dynasties

Of course, from Xia Yu to the Manchu Qing Dynasty, as the founding monarch of the Great Unification Dynasty, there are roughly 16, they are: Xia Yu, Shang Tang, Western Zhou Wu Wang Ji Fa, Eastern Zhou Ping Wang Ji Yijiu, Qin Shi Huang Yingzheng, Western Han Dynasty Gaozu Liu Bang, Eastern Han Dynasty Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu, Western Jin Dynasty Emperor Sima Yan, Eastern Jin Dynasty Yuan Emperor Sima Rui, Sui Wen Emperor Yang Jian, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, Northern Song Dynasty Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, Southern Song Dynasty Gaozong Zhao Gou, Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, Qing Taizong Emperor Taiji. The remaining 46 founding monarchs were either monarchs of small states during China's division period or monarchs of minority regimes that coexisted with the Central Plains Dynasty.

The founders of the Dafan Dynasty are all energetic and promising Ming monarchs, all of whom are eloquent and strategic, trying to build immortal feats and establish the foundation of the dynasty for a hundred generations. Most of the monarchs after the founding monarchs were also promising monarchs, and the fortune of the dynasty declined all the way from then on.

1. Xia: Yu

The Xia Dynasty (c. 21st century BC - c. 16th century BC) was the first Central Plains clan feudal dynasty recorded in Chinese history books, with a total of 14 generations, 17 generations (the Xia ruler was called Hou during his reign, and was called Emperor after his death), which lasted for about 471 years and was destroyed by the Shang Dynasty.

1. Yu, the great-great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan, officially took the throne at the age of fifty-three, with Anyi (now Xia County, Shanxi) as the capital, and the country name was Xia. Changed the calendar day to be called the summer calendar, and collected the world's copper, cast into Jiuding, as a symbol of the world's co-lord. In the fifteenth year of Yu's reign, he passed the throne to his son Qi. King Yu made great contributions to the historical development of the Chinese nation, and his achievements were not only in controlling the water and developing production, but more importantly, in creating a new social and political form of "the state". "Three through the door without entering, Jiuding" and other dictionaries out of the king of Yu.

2. Shang: Soup

Unlike the Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty (1600–1059 BC) was the first dynasty in China with direct written records of the same period, and the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yinxu almost completely confirm the Shang record in Sima Qian's Historical Records. In the early Shang period, the capital was often moved, and the capital was set in Yin (now Anyang) when Pangeng was established, and the capital was built in Yin for 273 years, so Shang was also called Yin or Yin Shang. Shang experienced 17 generations and 31 kings, about 600 years.

2. Tang (?-1588 BC), the founder of the Shang Dynasty and one of the ancient holy kings respected by Confucianism, was the monarch of the Shang Dynasty for 13 years. Originally the leader of the Shang tribe, he appointed the virtuous ministers Yi Yin and Zhong Yu [huǐ] as the left and right ministers, and defeated Xia Ji in the Battle of Mingtiao and destroyed Xia. Because Shang Tang destroyed Xia by force and broke the saying that the king Yongding was broken, the Chinese dynasties have changed in this way since then, so the history is called "Tang Wu Reactionary".

Three, week

The Zhou Dynasty, the dynasty after the Shang Dynasty, was divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (mid-11th century BC-771 BC) and the Eastern Zhou (770-256 BC). The Zhou Dynasty was the third and final hereditary feudal dynasty in China, and the Qin and Han dynasties began to become a unified autocracy.

3, Western Zhou: King Wu Ji Fa

King Wu Ji Fa (c. 1087 BC – 1043 BC), founder of Zhou. He reigned for 13 years, the founding monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the second son of King Wen Jichang. In the 11th century B.C., he defeated Shang and destroyed Shang, known as King Wu Keyin, and founded the Zhou Dynasty. He showed outstanding military and political talents, and became a generation of Ming monarchs in Chinese history.

4, Eastern Zhou: Ji Yijiu

King Ji Yijiu of Zhou Ping (c. 781-720 BC), the first king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Reigned for 53 years, the son of King You of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the death of King Yu You, King Ping founded the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the eastern capital of Yuyi and became a restored monarch. At this time, the power of the Zhou state declined, and most of the princes no longer obeyed the Son of Heaven, and the Spring and Autumn Period began.

Fourth, Qin: The first son of heaven won the government

The Qin Dynasty (221 BC – 207 BC) was the first unified empire in Chinese history. The Qin Dynasty originated from the Zhou Dynasty's vassal state of Qin.

5. Qin Shi Huang (259 BC-210 BC), reigned for 37 years. He was the first monarch in Chinese history to adopt an absolute monarchy and implement centralized power, and he was also the first monarch in history to use the title of the Son of Heaven. After the unification of the world, a number of policies were implemented, such as the same book and the same track, the same track, the unified weights and measures, and other policies, as well as the rules and regulations, which had a profound impact on the history of China and the world, and laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years. On the other hand, during his reign, Qin Shi Huang also carried out a number of large-scale projects, including the construction of the Great Wall, the Afang Palace, and the Lishan Mausoleum, etc., and the tyranny imposed heavy forced labor on the people, which was also the main reason for the rapid death of the Qin Dynasty after his death.

5. Han

The Han Dynasty (202-220 BC), divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a powerful unified empire after the Qin Dynasty. It has laid the foundation for the social development of the Central Plains nation for 2,000 years and has made great contributions to the continuation of Chinese civilization. To this day, the Han people are still the self-name of the Chinese, and the Central Plains people are gradually called Han Chinese, and the Central Plains script is also named Chinese characters.

6, Western Han Dynasty: Taizu Gao Tianzi Liu Bang

Liu Bang (256 BC-195 BC), the first commoner-born son of heaven in Chinese history, the founder of the Han Dynasty, one of the great pioneers of the Han nation and Han culture, made outstanding contributions to the development of the Han nationality and the unification and growth of China. Historically known as Han Gaozu, Han Taizu Gao Tianzi or Han Taizu.

"Han Xin's generals, the more the merrier; Xiang Zhuang dances the sword, which is intended for Pei Gong; people are swordsmen, and I am for fish and meat; Hongmen feast; a duel between men and women; Ming repairs the plank road, and secretly crosses Chencang. and other idioms are related to Liu Bang. Because Liu Bang loved Keju (football), after he became the Son of Heaven, he promoted Keju to become a national sport in the Western Han Dynasty.

7, Eastern Han Dynasty: Liu Xiu, the son of Guangwu

Liu Xiu (5 BC-57 BC), the first emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a well-known politician and military strategist in Chinese history. Liu Xiu is the ninth grandson of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, from the lineage of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, and was already a commoner by the time of Liu Xiu. In the last years of Xinmang, the country fell apart, the world was in chaos, and Liu Xiu, who was a cloth cloth but had the blood of the previous dynasty, took advantage of the situation in his hometown to raise troops. In 25 A.D., Liu Xiu ascended the throne in Hebei and called the emperor, in order to express the meaning of Liu's rejuvenation, he still took "Han" as the country name, and was known as "Eastern Han Dynasty" in history.

When Liu Xiu was young, he was just a declining royal family, a cloth cloth, Liu Xiu once went to Chang'an to study, and saw on the street the Zhijinwu (yù, the Qin and Han dynasties led the forbidden soldiers to defend the capital and the palace of the official) walked by, the scene was very spectacular, magnanimous, greatly sighed, so he made an essay about the ideal: "Shi Eun as the ruling Jinwu, marrying a wife should be Yin Lihua". The love story of Liu Xiu and Yin Lihua has also been passed down through the ages.

Sixth, the Three Kingdoms

8, Wei: Cao Pi, the son of Gaozu Wentian

Cao Wei (220–266) was the most powerful of the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty.

Cao Pi, the son of Wen Tianzi, a well-known politician and writer during the Three Kingdoms period, and the founding son of Cao Wei, reigned from 220 to 226.

9, Han (Shu): Liu Bei, the son of Zhaolie

Shu Han (221-263) was a regime in the southwest during the Three Kingdoms period.

Liu Bei (161-223), the founding son of Shu Han. In order to continue the Han regime, the country name was called "Han", because Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty did not recognize its country name as "Han", but called it Shu, and Shu became its common name.

10. Wu: Emperor Sun Quan (182-252)

Wu (229–280), historically known as Sun Wu or Eastern Wu, was a regime founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period. Sun Quan was 71 years old, the longest-lived ruler of the Three Kingdoms era.

Seven: Jin

The Jin Dynasty (265-420) inherited the Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The Jin Dynasty can be divided into the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316) and the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420). The capital of the Western Jin Dynasty is Luoyang, and the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is Jiankang.

11, Western Jin Dynasty: Sima Yan, the son of Wu Tianzi

Sima Yan (236-290), the founding son of the Jin Dynasty. The grandson of Sima Yi and the eldest son of Sima Zhaoyan. Reigned 265-290.

12, Eastern Jin Dynasty: Yuan Tianzi Sima Rui

Sima Rui (276-323), the first emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, reigned from 318 to 323.

8. Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms

The Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms (304-439), abbreviated as the Sixteen Kingdoms, was a period in Chinese history. This period began in 304, when Liu Yuan and Li Xiong identified the establishment of the Han Kingdom (later known as the former Zhao) and the Cheng Han Dynasty, to the destruction of the Northern Liang by Tuoba Tao (Emperor Taiwu) of the Northern Wei Dynasty in 439. The scope roughly covers North China, Shudi, and Liaodong, and can reach as far as Mobei, Jianghuai and the Western Regions. Among the many ethnic groups in the Central Plains, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang and Di are the mainstays, collectively referred to as Wuhu. They successively founded many countries within this range, and the Northern Wei historian Cui Hong wrote the Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms (Wuliang, Siyan, Sanqin, Erzhao, Yicheng, and Yixia) in sixteen of them, so later generations called this period "Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms".

13. Former Zhao (304/318-329): Xiongnu Liu Yuan

14. Cheng Han (304-347): Ba Yi Li Xiong

15、前凉（320-376）：汉张茂。

16、后赵（319-351）：羯石勒

17. Former Yan (337-370): Xianbei Murong Hao

18. Former Qin (351-394): Di Fujian

19. Hou Yan (384-409): Xianbei Murong Chui

20、后秦（384-417）：羌姚苌

21、西秦（385-431）：鲜卑乞伏国仁

22. Hou Liang (386-403): Di Lu Guang

23, Nanliang (397-414): Xianbei bald hair and black loneliness

24. Nanyan (398-410): Xianbei Murong De

25、西凉（400-421）：汉李暠

26. Beiliang (401-439): Lu Shui, Hu Fuqu, Meng Xun

27, Hu Xia (407-431): Xiongnu 赫连erection

28. Northern Yan (409-436): Han Fengba

IX. Northern and Southern Dynasties

The Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589) was a period of great division in Chinese history, beginning with Liu Yu's usurpation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 and founding the Southern Song Dynasty, and ending with the Sui Dynasty's destruction of the Southern Dynasty Chen in 589. During this period, it inherited the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, and connected with the Sui Dynasty, because the north and south were opposed for a long time, so it was called the North and South Dynasties.

Southern Dynasties (420-589)

29、宋（420-479）：刘裕

30、齐（479-502）：萧道成

31、梁（502-557）：萧衍

32. Chen (557-589): Chen Baxian

Northern Dynasties (386-589)

33、北魏（386-557）：拓拔珪

34. Eastern Wei Dynasty (534-550): Yuan Shanjian

35. Western Wei Dynasty (535-556): Yuan Bao Torch

36、北齐（550-577）：高洋

37、北周（557-581）：宇文泰

10. Sui: Yang Jian, the son of Gaozu Wentian

During the Sui Dynasty (581-619), historians often referred to it as the Sui and Tang dynasties together with the Tang Dynasty, and the reign of Guozuo lasted for 38 years. Since Emperor Wen of Sui ascended the throne, he reformed the political system based on the experience of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and built the Grand Canal of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, so that many cities were born from there, and many old and new things were alternately abolished, and these policies were almost inherited by the Tang and Song dynasties. The Sui Dynasty profoundly influenced the politics, economy, culture and diplomacy of the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, and later Chinese dynasties.

38. Emperor Wen of Sui Yang Jian (541-604), the founding son of the Sui Dynasty. During his reign of 24 years, he succeeded in unifying China, which had been severely divided for hundreds of years, and during the reign of Emperor Wen, he politically implemented the de-Xianbei and the restoration of Han surnames, so that the army truly became a Han army. He abolished the Jiupin Zhongzheng system and changed it to a five-province and six-ministry system, laying the foundation for the official system of future generations. We created an advanced system for electing officials - the imperial examination system, formulated the "Law of Opening the Emperor", and developed the cultural economy. During the opening period of the Sui Dynasty, the territory was vast, with a population of more than 700,000 households, which was the peak period of China's agricultural civilization. Yang Jian is one of the greatest Chinese emperors in the eyes of Westerners, and is ranked 82nd in the 1978 book "100 Celebrities Who Influenced the Course of Human History" by American scholar Michael Hart.

11. Tang: Gaozu Li Yuan

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was one of the most powerful dynasties in Chinese history, with 21 emperors (including Wu Zhou) over a period of 289 years. In its heyday, the Tang Dynasty achieved high achievements in culture, science and technology, politics, economy, and diplomacy. Its literary development reached its peak, with poetry being the most prosperous. In advance, there were poets Li Bai, poets Du Fu and so on. The reputation of the Tang Dynasty was far and far abroad, and its historical status was deep, and by the Ming and Qing dynasties, foreign countries mostly called Chinese "Tang people".

39. Tang Gaozu Li Yuan (566-635), the founding son of the Tang Dynasty, was an outstanding politician and strategist. Li Yuan's mother was the sister of Emperor Yang of Sui's biological mother. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, when the world was in turmoil, Li Yuan took advantage of the situation to raise troops from Taiyuan and capture Chang'an. In May 618, Li Yuan was proclaimed emperor, the country was called Tang, and the capital was Chang'an, and soon after that, he unified the whole country. After the Xuanwumen Change, Li Yuan abdicated and became the Emperor Taishang. In the ninth year of Zhenguan, Li Yuan died of illness.

Li Yuan is good at riding and shooting, and his wife Empress Dou was a noble woman when she was not married, and she was bright and beautiful. His father, Dou Yi, a general of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, held an archery competition to recruit relatives, and asked his sons to shoot peacocks on the peacock screen (a screen painted with peacock) as the standard. Li Yuan successfully shot the "peacock's eye" a few steps away, and married Dou, and this rhyme has been passed down to future generations as the idiom "the bird screen is selected".

12. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) was a period in Chinese history, beginning with the demise of the Tang Dynasty and ending with the unification of China by the Song Dynasty. This period was divided into five dynasties and ten kingdoms (907-979). , the title of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms comes from the "New History of the Five Dynasties".

Five dynasties (907-960)

40. Houliang (907-923): Zhu Quanzhong

41、后唐（923-936）：李存勖

42. Later Jin Dynasty (936-947): Shi Jingjiao. Son of Heaven: Shi Jingjiao, the founder of the Later Jin Dynasty, was the hero of the founding of the Later Tang Dynasty. As a condition, he was in favor of ceding the sixteen states of Yanyun to the Khitan, and called Yelu Deguang "son" to Yelu Deguang, the emperor of Liao.

43. Later Han Dynasty (947-951): Liu Zhiyuan

44. Later Zhou (951-960): Guo Wei

Ten Kingdoms (907-979)

45、吴国（902-937）：杨行密

46、南唐(937-975):李昪

47. Former Shu (907-925): Wang Jian

48. Later Shu (934-965): Meng Zhixiang

49、闽国（909-945）：王延钧

50、楚国（907-951）：马殷

51. Southern Han Dynasty (917-971): Liu Yan [yǎn].During the time of Liu Gong in the Southern Han Dynasty, the day and the Persian women and other large palaces had a banquet, "the fee of no name, there are tens of millions of dollars a day", and its official system has special regulations, those who are admitted to the imperial examination must first purify themselves if they want to be officials, that is, castration. In Liu Gang's view, hundreds of officials have families and rooms, wives and children, and must not be loyal to the emperor.

52、南平（924-963）：高季兴

53、吴越（907-978）：钱镠

54、北汉（951-979）：刘崇

XIII. Song

The Song Dynasty (960-1279), 320 years after 18 emperors, was divided into the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. It is an era of high prosperity in the economy, culture, education and scientific innovation in China's modern history.

55, Northern Song Dynasty: Taizu Zhao Kuangyin

Zhao Kuangyin (927-976), the founding son of the Song Dynasty. In 960, the Chenqiao Mutiny was launched, and the yellow robe was added, and he was proclaimed emperor on behalf of Zhou, and the Song Dynasty was founded, and the capital was Kaifeng. During his 16-year reign, he strengthened the centralization of power and advocated literati politics, creating a prosperous era of cultural rule in China.

In the third year after Taizu called the emperor, he engraved a tablet secretly, called the "oath tablet". It wasn't until the Jingkang Revolution and the chaos in the palace that people saw the oath on the oath monument:

"First, if the descendants of the Chai family are guilty, they shall not be punished, and if they commit rebellion, they shall be given all in prison, and they shall not be tortured and killed, nor shall they be allowed to sit on their subordinates; second, they shall not kill scholars and doctors; third, those who have sworn by the descendants of Yu will be killed by heaven. The above three oaths are known as the "Taizu Oath".

56, Southern Song Dynasty: Gaozong Zhao Gou

Zhao Gou (1107-1187), the tenth son of heaven in the Song Dynasty, the first son of heaven after moving south, reigned for 35 years. The ninth son of Huizong and the younger brother of Qinzong. In 1127 A.D. (the second year of Jingkang), after the Jin soldiers captured Hui and Qin Erzong went north, Zhao Gou ascended the throne in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan) and changed to Yuan Jianyan. The Song dynasty was forced to move south to Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou), known as the Southern Song Dynasty.

XIV. Liao, Jin, and Western Xia

57. The Liao Dynasty (907-1125) was a dynasty founded by the Khitan people during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of China and the Song Dynasty, ruling northern China. The founding son of heaven was Taizu Yelu Abaoji.

58. The Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) was a dynasty founded by the Jurchen ethnic minority in Chinese history to rule Northeast China and North China. The founding monarch was Taizu Wanyan Aguda.

59. Western Xia (1038-1227) was a regime established in western China by the Dangxiang people in Chinese history. The founding monarch was Li Yuanhao.

15. Yuan: Ancestor Kublai Khan

The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the full name of the Great Yuan Great Mongolia in Mongolian, was a dynasty founded by the Mongols in Chinese history and the first dynasty to complete the unification by ethnic minorities.

60. Kublai Khan (1215-1294), Mongolian, founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan created the Yuan Dynasty, a unified multi-ethnic state with a vast territory. During his reign, he established the provincial system, strengthened the centralization of power, and gradually restored and developed the social economy, and reigned for 34 years.

16. Ming: Taizu Gao Tianzi Zhu Yuanzhang

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was the last dynasty in Chinese history to be founded by the Han Chinese. After 12 generations and 16 sons of heaven, Guozuo has been in power for 276 years. The Ming Dynasty was another powerful Central Plains dynasty after the Han, Tang and Song dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, there were no relatives of the Han Dynasty, the town of the Tang Dynasty, and the old coins of the Song Dynasty, the Son of Heaven guarded the country, and the monarch died in Sheji.

61. Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398), the founding son of the Ming Dynasty, Han nationality. Zhu Yuanzhang was born a commoner, and in his early years, he participated in the civil rebellion at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and rebelled against the Mengyuan regime. He successively defeated Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng and other rebel divisions, (www.limaogushi.com) unified the south, and then the northern expedition to destroy the Yuan Dynasty and create a unified Ming Dynasty. During his reign, he was diligent in government affairs, routinely frugal, established the "Da Ming Law", governed the people and bureaucrats with strict punishments and strict laws, forbade the free movement of the people, severely cracked down on the corruption of the eunuchs, set up special agencies such as Jinyiwei, abolished Zhongshu Province, and made the centralization of the imperial power autocratic center develop to its peak, which is known as the "rule of Hongwu" in history.

During Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, a large number of corrupt officials were executed, including the founding general Zhu Liangzu and his son-in-law Ouyang Lun, who even killed tens of thousands of officials because of the Guo Huan case and the empty seal case. Zhu Yuanzhang launched a vigorous and resolute anti-corruption campaign, which lasted for a long time, the measures were strict, the methods were ruthless, the punishments were cruel, and the number of killings was rare, which was rare in thousands of years of feudal history.

17. Qing: Taizong Wen Tianzi loves Xinjueluo and Huang Taiji

The Qing Dynasty was the second unified regime in Chinese history to be founded by ethnic minorities, and it was also the last imperial state in China. Since the establishment of the Later Jin Dynasty, there have been 12 emperors, and after entering the Central Plains in 1644, Guozuo reigned for 267 years.

62. Aixin Jueluo Huang Taiji (1592-1643), the eighth son of Aixin Jueluo Nurhachi, Manchu. In 1636 (the ninth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty and the first year of Chongde of the Qing Dynasty), Huang Taiji changed the name of Juren to Manchuria, proclaimed himself emperor in Shenyang, and the founding name was the Qing Dynasty. It laid a solid foundation for the rapid expansion of the Qing Dynasty into the Central Plains in the next stage. (Note: 1. Nurhachi is the founder of the Houjin Dynasty and the founder of the Qing Dynasty, so its successor, Huang Taiji, posthumously honored him as the Taizu Gao Tianzi after changing the country and claiming to be the emperor. 2. Aixin Jueluo Fulin, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, was the first son of heaven after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. ）