Reveal the cultivation skills of Guibei sand sugar oranges, problems and development countermeasures, you know all here
Chen Jifeng
Sand sugar orange is sweet and delicious, the skin is thin and easy to peel and rich in nutrition, it is deeply loved by the masses of people and has high economic value. However, the cultivation of sugar oranges not only needs to comprehensively consider the natural factors such as temperature, humidity, and light in the growing environment, but also do a good job in the prevention and control of various pests and diseases. The northern area of Guibei belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate, with fertile soil and distinct seasons, which can basically meet the growth needs of sugar oranges. However, due to the influence of natural conditions, cultivation technology level and industrial development problems, the sustainable development of the sugar orange industry in northern Guibei has been hindered. Therefore, on the premise of clarifying the key points of cultivation technology of sugar orange in northern Guibei, the author summarizes the problems existing in the development of the sugar orange industry in northern Guibei, makes a specific analysis, and puts forward feasible suggestions.
1 Key points of cultivation technology of sugar orange in northern Guibei
1.1 Science Park
1.1.1 Site selection
Article 22 of Chapter 3 of the Regulations on Land Management of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, adopted on September 22, 2023, clearly stipulates that the conversion of cultivated land into other agricultural land such as forest land, grassland, orchard land, and land for agricultural facility construction shall be strictly controlled. Article 26 stipulates that if a unit or individual develops a state-owned barren mountain, wasteland, or barren beach for planting, forestry, animal husbandry, or fishery production in a reclaimable area determined by the land spatial plan, it shall submit an application to the competent department of natural resources of the people's government of the city divided into districts or the county (city, district) where the land is located, and approve it in accordance with the following provisions: the people's government at the county level shall approve the one-time development of more than 50 hm 2, and the one-time development of more than 50 hm 2 shall be approved by the people's government of the city divided into districts. The orchard is located in a barren mountain in Quanzhou County, Guilin City, covering an area of 47.3 hm 2, which is approved by the people's government of the county.
1.1.2 Park planning
Sand sugar orange has a strong ability to adapt to the natural environment, even if the planting site lacks an ideal growth environment, it can grow smoothly and bear fruit, but to achieve high yield and high quality, it still needs to be planted in a moist soil and fertile place, such as sufficient water source, drainage and irrigation, fertile soil, paddy field with subsoil, dry land, river alluvial land, and well-lit valley land, etc., which are the ideal environment for planting sugar orange.
Reasonable park planning can not only ensure that there is a good growth environment for sugar oranges, but also provide convenience for the work of managers. For example, when planting windbreaks, it is necessary to ensure that the sugar orange fruit forest is located in the downwind area, so that the windbreak can block the wind and sand for the fruit forest and avoid damage to the garden. It is also necessary to plan the orchard road reasonably, and try to avoid the root system of fruit trees at the road cover to avoid damage to the root system by trampling for a long time. Water, electricity and the warehouse should also be located in a reasonable location, and the location of the warehouse should not be too far from the orchard, but also ensure that the warehouse is well ventilated and can store fruits and agricultural materials well.
1.1.3 Preparation for tillage
Before planting sugar orange seedlings, it is necessary to do sufficient preparation work. First, it is necessary to distinguish between flat orchards and mountain orchards. Second, it is necessary to do a good job in ditching and trenching, and adopt the method of changing hillsides into terraces to enhance the water and fertilizer retention capacity of mountainous soils. Third, it is necessary to carry out deep soil ploughing and soil modification to improve the physical properties of the soil, increase soil fertility, and then strengthen the absorption of nutrients by fruit trees to ensure the quality of fruits.
1.1.4 Seedlings and planting methods
In the northern area of Guangxi, February ~ March with warm climate and moderate precipitation are the most suitable for planting sugar orange seedlings. If you choose paddy fields with fertile soil and deep soil layer, and river alluvial soil to plant sugar oranges, you should dig shallow pits for planting; if you choose paddy fields or low-lying lands for planting, you should arrange high furrows according to the rows of plants; if you choose dry land and soil slope with poor soil, you should dig a deep pit of 1 m 3, and prepare base fertilizer, including phosphate fertilizer, lime, garbage mud or pond mud, livestock and poultry manure, etc. After the soil is thoroughly mixed with fertilizer, fill in the pit, and the tree tray should be about 20 cm above the ground. Trim off excess branches and leaves before planting to avoid excessive water evaporation. The taproot is cut off, and the fibrous root is preserved as much as possible. When planting, the roots are first stretched in a shallow pit, then the soil is returned and the soil is compacted, and the height of the buried soil should be moderate, so that it is not higher than the grafting interface as the standard. After planting, straw or various weeds are used to cover the tree tray, and the root water is poured to promote its rooting and germination. Within a month after planting, the soil near the seedlings needs to be kept moist, and when there is high temperature and little rain, it is necessary to water every day to maintain soil moisture, and suspend watering in case of rain.
The planting density of sand sugar orange seedlings affects the soil nutrients, water and light that the seedlings can absorb, and if the seedlings are too dense, the growth of the seedlings is unfavorable and leads to inferior yield, and if the seedlings are too thin, the number of seedlings is less and the yield is less. In order to achieve high yield, it is advisable to cultivate sugar oranges in paddy fields or dry land with good soil conditions, and adopt dwarf dense planting that is more conducive to early fruiting and high yield of citrus, and plant 200~300 seedlings per 667 m 2, with a row spacing of 2 m× 1.5 m or 2 m×1 m. If planted in mountainous areas, the density should be adjusted to about 100 plants per 667 m 2, with a row spacing of 3 m ×2 m. Under the premise of not affecting the growth of sugar oranges, the young sugar orange plantations can use the plants or rows to plant all kinds of intercrops, such as beans, watermelons, vegetables and green manure, and the seedlings need to leave about 1 m of tree trays. Finally, when clearing the tree tray for weeds in July, the tree tray should be mulched, and the mulch film should be buried in the soil during the winter clearing of the garden.
The selection of high-quality sugar orange seedlings is the basis for ensuring the quality of sugar orange fruits, so it is necessary to pay attention to the selection of sugar orange seedlings. First of all, it is necessary to select strong seedlings with pure varieties and no insect diseases, so that the seedlings can grow strongly; secondly, the strains should be of good quality and high yield with early-maturing varieties. Finally, choose seedlings with a plant height of more than 50 cm, a root thickness of more than 0.5 cm, more than two branches, more than 4~5 branches, a stem thickness of more than 0.8 cm, a dark green leaf color, a developed root system, and no quarantine diseases such as huanglongbing.
1.2 Young tree management techniques
1.2.1 Fertilizer and water management of young trees
After the sand sugar orange is planted and before the first shoots, it is not allowed to fertilize, otherwise it will hurt the roots of the sand sugar orange. Before the first pumping of new shoots to their maturity, nitrogen fertilizer can be applied appropriately, and water fertilizer can be applied once in 15~20 days. After the second shooting, slightly increase the nitrogen fertilizer concentration or the same proportion of compound fertilizer, and increase the application of organic liquid fertilizer, the peanut bran prepared in advance is mixed with water in a ratio of 1:5, and each young tree is sprayed with 2~3 kg, so that the new shoots can grow more vigorously. After the beginning of autumn, it is necessary to apply rotting water and fertilizer. In case of dry weather, fertilizer can be applied in the form of water and fertilizer, about 50 g per seedling. When conditions permit, it can also be mixed with other fertilizers to help preserve the leaves for winter. Before the shoots turn green, 0.2% magnesium sulfate and 0.3% urea need to be sprayed to promote the growth of branches and leaves. During the growth period of autumn shoots, water should be poured once every 10 days until autumn shoots began to grow normally. After winter, spraying gibberellin, combined with foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, can effectively avoid abnormal defoliation.
1।2।2 幼树的整形修剪
After planting, the sand sugar orange was trimmed and truncated at 40 cm of the main trunk. After germination, select 3 branches in different directions as the main branch, avoid the main trunk and the main branch at a 45° angle, and use a rope to pull it to separate the main stem from the main branch. When the main branch is mature, it is stubbed again, and 30 cm can be retained, and then three secondary main branches in different directions are also selected to continue to promote the extension of the backbone branches of the tree.
1.2.3 Major pest control
For pest and disease control of young trees, there are different methods in different periods. In winter, pest pests are used to cut off leaves and leaves that have been damaged by pests, and remove excess weeds from the garden. Spraying an appropriate dose of engine oil emulsion and diesel emulsion can effectively control pests such as red spiders; when the new shoots are extracted about 0.5 cm, spray them with the chemical pesticide imidacloprid to eliminate the potential leaf miner larvae; the following agents can be sprayed in turn before and after the hair tips: 9% avi azolfenamide suspension 2500 times, 26% spiromethyl ethyl ester bifenthrin suspension 3000 times, 20% dinotefuran 1500 times, 22% sulfoxapyr 3000 times, 10% imidacloprid 2000 times and 24.5% Avi Mineral Oil 1500 times is effective in controlling psyllids and thus controlling huanglongbing, and after May, spider mites are very active, they will suck fruits, branches and leaves, resulting in defoliation and fruit drop. To effectively control red spiders, take advantage of their larvae, choose 15% pyridoxone EC, 20% mite EC, 20% pyridoxine EC, 23% avermectin ethoxazole suspension, 1.8% avermectin EC, 73% gite EC and other chemical pesticides for spraying. It is necessary to rotate reasonably and do not use the same agent continuously for a long time to prevent or delay the development of resistance of red spiders.
1.3 Result Tree Management Techniques
1.3.1 Fertilizer and water management of fruiting trees
In order to ensure that the fruiting tree can bloom and bear fruit normally, proper fertilization and watering should be carried out. For fruiting trees, it is generally necessary to fertilize 3 times, apply stable fruit fertilizer after the fruit tree is gone, apply strong fruit fertilizer when the fruit grows rapidly, and apply 1 time of fruit picking fertilizer before picking the fruit, so as to fully supplement the nutrients for the fruit tree and ensure that the next round of fruit of the fruit tree can grow smoothly.
1.3.2 Flower and fruit preservation technology
In terms of flower and fruit preservation, it can be achieved through circumcision techniques or hormones. About 20 days from the flowering stage, plant growth regulators (such as 920 and cytokinin) were sprayed once after flowering, and circumcision was carried out on 15~20 days. In the early stage of the first physiological fruit drop, circumcision of the cortex of the main branch can reduce the second physiological fruit drop. After an interval of about 25 days, the second circumcision was decided depending on the fruit set rate and weather conditions. The position of the circumcision is better in the primary branch or the secondary branch, and the circumcision should not be too low, otherwise it is easy to cause problems such as foot rot bacterial infection and rotten skin. The circumcision depth should follow the principle of "breaking the skin without hurting the flesh" and not cutting the xylem.
If hormones are used to preserve fruits, 750 mg/L or 1000 mg/L paclobutrazol can be sprayed at the bud stage to control the excessive growth of spring shoots, reduce the consumption of stored nutrients, and improve the fruit setting rate. In the 2/3 of the citrus flowers and about 10 days after the flowering, the spraying concentration of 920 with a concentration of 30~50 mg/L could improve the fruit setting rate.
1.3.3 Trimming and controlling
In order to ensure that the flowers and young fruits of the fruit tree can receive sufficient nutrition and ripen smoothly, it is necessary to control the shoots and prune. When the fruit tree bears fruit, the fruit needs a lot of nutrients to meet its own needs for rapid growth, but too many young flowers and branches will compete with the fruit for nutrients, and if measures are not taken in time, it will lead to flower and fruit drop. In addition, the fruiting mother branch of sand sugar orange belongs to the autumn shoots, which is easier to consume nutrients, so it is necessary to control and build the branches during the fruit-bearing period of the fruit tree to ensure that the fruit can absorb more nutrients and ensure the quality of the fruit.
2 Problems in the sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi
2.1 Failure to form a competitive brand
In recent years, Guangxi's sugar orange has been loved by consumers all over the country, and the sugar orange industry in northern Guizhou has also developed to a certain extent, but compared with other areas of Guangxi, it has not yet formed a competitive sugar orange brand. On the one hand, most of the sugar orange growers in northern Guizhou are local farmers, and the planting is relatively scattered and inconvenient to manage, which makes the production and operation of the sugar orange industry in northern Guizhou fail to achieve standardization and standardization; on the other hand, there is no large-scale agricultural enterprise to participate in it, which makes it difficult to form a unique and competitive sugar orange brand in the north of Guangxi. In the case of lack of brand effect, the sales volume of sugar oranges in northern Guizhou is very uneven, some fruit farmers are in short supply, and some fruit farmers are unsalable year after year, and the uneven development of the sugar orange industry in various districts and counties has greatly affected the coordinated development of the sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi.
2.2 Single sales channel
At present, most of the orders in northern Guizhou come from the field purchase of fruit merchants, and a small part of the orders come from large e-commerce platforms such as Pinduoduo, Taobao and JD.com. Due to the lag of market information, it is difficult for fruit farmers to adjust the price of sugar oranges according to the fluctuation of fruit prices in the market, either missing the opportunity to increase prices and causing unsalable fruits, or panicking too much when the price falls and selling in a hurry, and when fruit merchants buy in the field, it is easy to have contradictions and conflicts due to inconsistent harvesting standards. The asymmetry of market information between growers and merchants makes it difficult for this traditional sales channel to achieve the long-term development of the sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi. In addition, a sound e-commerce service system has not yet been formed in northern Guangxi, and the e-commerce sales channels in northern Guizhou are scattered, small and weak, which makes it difficult to achieve the desired effect in the sales of sugar oranges in northern Guangxi.
2.3 The hidden danger of citrus huanglongbing is becoming increasingly prominent
In recent years, due to the instability of the sugar orange market, some fruit farmers have begun to relax the management of sugar orange plantations due to long-term losses, and the prevention and control of citrus huanglongbing has also been slack. Especially after the outbreak of the epidemic in China in the Spring Festival of 2020, the lockdown and control of various places continued, and the sugar orange market was also very sluggish, resulting in a decline in the price of sugar oranges, and many large planters could not continue to bear the high cost of orchard management due to the rupture of the capital chain, which aggravated the incidence of huanglongbing, and if growers and fruit farmers did not take effective huanglongbing prevention and control measures in time, it would even implicate the development of the entire sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi.
2.4 The cold and frost protection measures of sand sugar oranges are not in place
In the process of planting sugar oranges, temperature control is very important, and sugar oranges should be grown in the temperature range of 23~29 °C. The temperature range of its physiological activity should be 12.8~37 °C. When the temperature is lower than 12.8 °C or higher than 37 °C, the physiological activity of sugar orange will be in a state of inhibition, resulting in slow growth or even stopping. Although the northern Guangxi area has a subtropical monsoon climate, and in most cases the local climate can meet the temperature requirements for the growth of sugar oranges, but in recent years, there has been a strong cooling situation from time to time, and the local residents are obviously lacking in cold and frost resistance technology for sugar oranges, which seriously affects the yield and quality of sugar oranges in northern Guangxi, and is not conducive to the development of the sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi.
3 Development countermeasures of sugar oranges in northern Guangxi
3.1 Strengthen the introduction of technology and build a superior brand of sugar orange
Relying on regional scientific research units and demonstration bases for new fruit varieties, we will increase the development of new varieties, develop and screen out new varieties of sugar oranges suitable for planting in northern Guangxi, with good quality and loved by consumers, and at the same time, provide the necessary conditions for product upgrading in northern Guangxi. According to the structure of citrus varieties in northern Guangxi, early-maturing or late-maturing sugar orange varieties can be developed and planted intensively, and the peak sales period of sand sugar orange can be staggered to ensure annual sales. At the same time, we will speed up the process of building the brand of sand sugar orange in northern Guangxi, and rely on the cultural customs, geographical advantages, industrial advantages and other conditions in northern Guizhou to create a brand of sand sugar orange with characteristics and advantages, such as building an ecological sand sugar orange brand and a selenium-rich sand sugar orange brand. Set up a professional brand marketing team of sand sugar oranges, create an attractive brand story of sand sugar oranges, do a good job in sand sugar orange articles, improve the popularity of sand sugar orange brand in northern Guangxi, and then enhance the market share of sand sugar oranges in northern Guangxi, create a unique and competitive brand advantage in North Guibei District, and let the brand power drive the long-term development of the sand sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi.
3.2 Expand sales channels and establish a sound marketing system
Local fruit farmers should continue to develop and improve the e-commerce service system, strengthen cooperation with large e-commerce platforms such as Tmall, Taobao, Pinduoduo, and JD.com, and build a complete marketing network of sugar oranges with the help of their powerful information platform. On this basis, we will actively expand the sales channels of sand sugar oranges, relying on the more popular self-media platforms in recent years, such as Douyin, Xiaohongshu, Kuaishou, WeChat public account, etc. Strengthening cooperation with their respective media platforms can not only improve the popularity of Guibei Shatang Tangerine with the help of the huge traffic of each platform, but also realize the innovation of marketing models. For example, through the way of online celebrity live broadcast, with the help of the huge fan base of Internet celebrities, the purpose of increasing the sales of sugar oranges and enhancing the popularity of sugar oranges can be achieved. At the same time, it has strengthened cooperation with rural e-commerce platforms, such as "Meituan Preferred", relying on its large and detailed sales network to effectively drive the increase in sales of sugar oranges.
3.3 Strengthen the comprehensive management of sugar orange huanglongbing
Citrus huanglongbing is an important factor leading to low yield and low quality of sugar oranges, so strengthening the comprehensive management of citrus huanglongbing is a necessary measure to ensure the high yield and excellent yield of sugar oranges. It can be implemented in three main aspects: first, planting high-quality disease-free seedlings. Quarantine measures are strictly implemented, and it is forbidden to introduce sugar orange seedlings and scion from the Huanglongbing disease area. Establish a disease-free nursery for tangerines in northern Guizhou to cultivate and plant healthy citrus seedlings; Citrus psyllids are listed as a major pest in citrus production and controlled. Add pesticides that kill psyllids to each spray of disease and insect control or foliar fertilizer. At the same time, grasping the critical period of medication can make the prevention and control of citrus psyllids achieve twice the result with half the effort, such as spraying pesticides to control psyllids during the key periods such as clearing the garden in winter, germination in early spring, each new shoot extraction period, 1~3 days before the removal of huanglongbing diseased trees, and after typhoon and rain. Effective agents are: thiamethox, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, ethoxazole, cypermethrin, carbosulfan, etc., pesticides should be used in rotation to avoid resistance. There are two spraying methods: one is to take the form of "closing the door and hitting the dog", that is, spraying the trees around the orchard first, and then spraying from the outside to the inside. The second is joint prevention and treatment, that is, spraying pesticides at a uniform time in adjacent or contiguous orchards; third, removing diseased trees in a timely manner. Strengthen inspection: In autumn and winter, the observation of shoot fruit is an important period and method for diagnosing huanglongbing, and the diseased trees should be found in time and marked. Scientific removal of diseased trees: After spraying to kill psyllids, remove diseased trees in time.
3.4 Do a good job of cold and frost prevention measures for sugar oranges
Studies in recent years have shown that the low temperature of frost weather will directly affect the residue and sweetness of sugar oranges, and then reduce the quality of sugar oranges. Therefore, it is necessary to pick the fruit in batches in a timely manner according to the maturity of citrus to prevent one-time harvesting from causing physiological water shortage of the tree, resulting in leaf rolling and leaf loss, and reducing cold resistance. Or before frost, cover the rhizome with 10~20 cm thick garden soil or guest soil, which can increase the ground temperature by 2~3 °C, and cover the tree disk with forage and sawdust, which has the effect of reducing the daytime ground temperature and increasing the night ground temperature. In addition, irrigation and heat preservation, burning smoke piles, canopy covering, spraying anti-steaming insulation agents, whitening or bandaging of tree trunks, and applying sufficient base fertilizer to prevent postharvest defoliation can also effectively strengthen the cold-proof and anti-freezing ability of sugar oranges.
4 Conclusion
All in all, in order to achieve the long-term sustainable development of the sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi, in addition to carrying out planting work in accordance with the key points of sand sugar orange cultivation technology, it is also necessary to solve various problems in a timely manner, such as the failure to form the brand of sugar orange in northern Guangxi, the single sales channel, the hidden danger of citrus huanglongbing, and the lack of cold and frost prevention. In this way, we can take a "two-pronged approach" from the two perspectives of product quality and product marketing to promote the sustainable development of the sugar orange industry in northern Guangxi.