Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty (November 28, 1592 - September 21, 1643), also known as Huang Taiji and Hong Taizhu, was born in Feialacheng (now the old old city of Xinbin County, Fushun, Liaoning). The second Great Khan of the Later Jin Dynasty (reigned from October 20, 1626 to September 21, 1643, and was proclaimed emperor in 1636, changing the name of the country to the Great Qing Dynasty). He was the eighth son of the Qing Emperor Nurhachi, and his mother was the Empress of Xiaoci Gao, Yehenara clan.
In the first year of the Mandate of Heaven (1616), he was named Heshuo Baylor, ranking fourth, among the four major Baylors. In the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1626), Aixin Jueluo Huang Taiji inherited the throne of Khan, with the year name Tiancong, and began to carry out large-scale feudal reforms to enhance centralized power. He successively conquered Korea and Monan Mongolia to relieve his worries. Adopt the Han people's suggestion to demote officials, implement strategies, reuse Han generals, weaken the strength of the Ming Dynasty, and aim to enter the customs. Implement the integration of Manchu and Han, protect the Han people, reduce the burden on the peasants, develop production, and strengthen the army. In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), he pacified the Chahar Department, unified southern Mongolia, and obtained the "Jade Seal of the Country". In the same year, the ethnic group was officially named "Manchuria".
In the first year of Chongde (1636), he was officially proclaimed emperor and changed the name of the country to "Great Qing". The following year forced Korea to submit. Subsequently, he continued to fight against the Ming Dynasty, and in the seventh year of Chongde (1642), he won the Battle of Songjin, capturing Hong Chengchou, which led to the collapse of the Ningjin defense line, laying a solid foundation for the rapid expansion of the Qing Dynasty and its domination of the Central Plains. After occupying Songshan and Jinzhou, the Qing army occupied all the towns outside the Ming Dynasty. In the same year, the Qing army was launched again to enter the fortress, capturing more than 80 cities and reaching Shandong.
On August 21, 1643, Aixin Jueluo Huang Taiji died at the age of 52, reigned for 17 years, the temple name was Taizong, and he was buried in Zhaoling, Shenyang. His ninth son, Aisin Jueluo Fulin, ascended the throne.
Early life experience
Huang Taiji was born on October 25, the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (November 28, 1592), the second son of Nurhachi, and was loved by his father since he was a child. His biological mother, Yehenara Menggu Zhezhe, was the daughter of Yang Jinu, the leader of the Haixi Jurchen Yehe tribe. Yang Jinu wanted to form an alliance with Nurhachi, so he married his young daughter to him, calling him a natural "good couple". In the sixteenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1588), Nurhachi married the fourteen-year-old Menggu Zhezhe, which caused family disputes. At that time, Nurhachi's main family was the Fucha clan's gundai, the mother of Manggultai, and Nurhachi had a deep relationship with the Yehnara clan, and she was favored for not interfering in political affairs.
Huang Taiji was born with a ruddy complexion, delicate eyebrows, steady movements, and dignified manners. He is bright and studious, and he never forgets what he hears and never forgets. He loved to read and was the only literate among Nurhachi's generals. When his father and brother were busy with the war, Huang Taiji, who was only seven years old, began to take charge of the household chores and handle the family chores in an orderly manner. In particular, he was able to do a good job without Nurhachi's guidance, which was no different from Nurhachi's expectations, so he was regarded as "the meat of his heart".
In the autumn of the 31st year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1603), Huang Taiji's mother was ill and wanted to see his mother, and Nurhachi sent someone to inform Yehebel Nalimbulu, but it was not allowed. In September of the same year, when Meng Gu Zhezhe died of illness, Huang Taiji was only 12 years old. Meng Gu Zhezhe's status was not high during his lifetime, and after Huang Taiji became the Great Khan, he respected his mother as Empress Xiaoci Gao.
After Huang Taiji lost his mother, he followed his father and brother, grew up rapidly, and turned into a young man who was both civil and military. He learned his own folk customs from Nurhachi, participated in hunting from an early age, and developed extraordinary courage and accurate riding and archery. After ascending the throne, he still remembered his childhood life, and once said: "During the Taizu period, when I heard the news of the sunrise hunting the next day, I personally adjusted the eagle ball and made all preparations. If stopped, cry and ask to go. In the past, everyone enthusiastically competed for the first place, and regarded the march and hunting as a great joy. Although there were few servants, everyone herded their horses and saddled their horses, chopped wood for cooking, and was willing to serve their lives despite the hardships. The prosperity of the country really stems from this. Huang Taiji is similar to his father, resolute and hard-working, and has a strong physique. Shenyang Shisheng Temple has the bow he used, more than four feet long, it is difficult for ordinary people to pull, but it can be easily controlled.
The first battle in all directions
After gradually unifying the Jurchen tribes, Huang Taiji assisted Nurhachi in establishing a new state. In September of the 40th year of Wanli (1612), Huang Taiji, who was only 20 years old, led an army of 30,000 with his father to conquer the Ula Department of the Haixi Jurchens. Huang Taiji and the others arrived at the Ula River and confronted each other across the riverbank. Buzhantai, the chief of the Ula tribe, led the Ula soldiers to wait and see, not daring to cross the river to meet the enemy. Nurhachi ordered the Imperial Taiji's army to capture six castles along the coast and camp outside the city of Jinzhou. Buzhantai held on to the opposite bank, and after the two armies held each other for four or five days, Huang Taiji asked to cross the river and attack the city, but Nurhachi denied it.
Nurhachi sent troops to burn and loot everywhere, demolished the occupied city weirs, burned a large number of houses, grain and grass, and built a city in Imahada and sent troops to guard it to monitor the movements of Ula. In the first month of the following year, Nurhachi took the city of Ulla, and Buzhantai defected to Yeh.
Nurhachi once intended to set up his eldest son Chu Ying as the prince, but Chu Ying did many deviant things behind his back, and even forced Huang Taiji and others to act together. Huang Taiji and others exposed Chu Ying's conspiracy, and in the forty-first year of Wanli (1613), Nurhachi imprisoned Chu Ying and executed him two years later. Since then, Huang Taiji has been more trusted. In the forty-third year of Wanli (1615), Nurhachi established the Eight Banners system, and Huang Taiji served as the white flag Baylor.
In the first year of the Later Jin Mandate of Heaven (the 44th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, 1616), Nurhachi established the Later Jin (known as the Later Jin by later generations), proclaimed himself the Emperor of the Mandate of Heaven, and awarded the second son Daishan as the Great Beyler, the nephew Amin as the second Beyler, the fifth son Mang Gurtai as the third Beyler, and the Eighth Emperor Taiji as the fourth Beyler, that is, the "Four Great Beylers". The four took turns in power, and "the affairs of the country were all handled by Naotsuki Baylor". Since then, Huang Taiji has become Nurhachi's right and left hand, one of the core figures of the upper echelons of Manchuria.
In the third year of the Later Jin Mandate of Heaven (the 46th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, 1618), Nurhachi decided to attack the Ming Dynasty, but he had not yet determined his strategy. Huang Taiji offered advice to attack Fushun first, "Fushun is the place where I enter and exit, and I must take it first." He proposed to take advantage of Li Yongfang's opening of the horse market from 8 to 25 April, send 50 men to enter the city disguised as horse merchants, and then he personally led 5,000 soldiers to attack at night. Nurhachi took his advice, and on April 13, he swore an oath of "seven hatreds" to seek clarity and capture Fushun. The Battle of Fushun was the first confrontation between the Later Jin and the Ming Dynasty, which had a far-reaching impact on the future of the Later Jin.
The bad news of the defeat of Fulu's army and the destruction of the city spread to the Ming capital, "the whole country was shocked", and Emperor Shenzong, who had not asked about the government for many years, exclaimed: "The war in Liaodong is in turmoil, the power of Jianzhou is rising, and the border crisis is imminent. In order to prevent future troubles, the Ming Dynasty decided to unite the Jurchen Yehebu and the Joseon Dynasty to launch an attack on the Later Jin starting from the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven (the 47th year of Wanli, 1619), and the Battle of Sarhu began. Da Beile Daishan personally commanded, sent Huang Taiji to lead the right wing of the white, yellow, white, and red banners to attack the West Road Juniper Army at Jilin Cliff, and personally led the left wing of the yellow, red, blue, and blue banners to monitor the Ming army in Salhu (now the east side of the Dahuofang Reservoir in Fushun, Liaoning). At this time, Nurhachi arrived on the battlefield and observed the mercy of the Ming army, so he changed Daishan's combat strategy.
He personally commanded the five flags of Zhenghuang, Huang, Red, Blue, and Blue to attack the Ming army of Salhu first, and ordered Huang Taiji to lead the three banners of Zhengbai, Bai, and Red to monitor and block Juniper at Jilin Cliff. The next day, after Nurhachi had eliminated the Ming army in Sarhu, he turned his horse to join the Huang Taiji army and turned to attack Juniper at Jilin Cliff. Huang Taiji bravely rushed to kill, the main general Juniper was killed, Gong Nian led the remnants to flee to Huhui Emo, and Houjin won the first battle.
Huang Taiji pursued with Nurhachi and clashed with the Ming army of the North Road led by the general soldier Ma Lin. On the morning of the second day of the first month of March, Huang Taiji led 1,000 soldiers to attack Gong Niansui's troops in Huhun and Emo, led the cavalry to raid, and overthrew the chariot with infantry. Subsequently, Huang Taiji led his troops to attack Marin's Shangjian Cliff stronghold, the Ming army was defeated, and Marin fled back to Kaiyuan alone. For the other two enemy armies, Liu Wei's Eastern Route Army and Li Rubai's Southern Route Army are still waiting for the end.
In the early morning of the fourth day of the third month, Nurhachi returned to Hetuala, immediately summoned the ministers of Baylor to plan how to eliminate Liu Wei's army, and ordered Dai Shan, Huang Taiji and others to lead the army of the Eight Banners to meet the enemy. He himself left 4,000 soldiers and horses to guard Hetuara and track down Li Rubai's Ming army on the southern route. At noon, Dai Shan and Huang Taiji led the army out of the Crotch and found that the Ming army was in Abu Dali Gangbule. Dai Shanxiang personally led his troops to seize the hill east of Abu Dali Gang, and then launched an attack from top to bottom, but Huang Taiji stopped him and said: "Brother, you lead the army to the rear, and I will lead my troops to occupy the mountain first and launch an attack." After obtaining Dai Shan's permission, Huang Taiji led the four banners on the right flank, quickly occupied the east side of the mountain, and then sent 30 elite cavalry to attack, but failed to win. Immediately afterwards, Dai Shan led the four banner soldiers to attack the Ming camp, and after a fierce battle, the Ming army was defeated, and Huang Taiji led the army to attack closely.
Liu Wei led two battalions of the Ming army to meet the battle, Huang Taiji took advantage of the Ming army's deployment to take advantage of the situation, Liu Wei was killed, the Ming army was annihilated, and the Korean army general Jiang Hongli surrendered. The Battle of Salhu was the first large-scale battle between the Later Jin and Ming dynasties, and Huang Taiji made great achievements in this victory.
In the tenth year of the Mandate of Heaven (the fifth year of the Tomorrow's Apocalypse, 1625), Huang Taiji and his brother Abatai led 5,000 elite cavalry to aid Horqin, forcing the Chahar Mongol leader Lin Dan Khan to fly away.
Succeeded to the throne as Khan
On August 11, the eleventh year of the Later Jin Mandate of Heaven (the sixth year of Ming Qi, 1626 AD), Nurhachi died of depression due to the defeat in the Battle of Ningyuan. The eldest concubine Abahai and her two concubines were buried with her. The Khan's throne was chosen between the four major beylers, but the great beyler daishan had a personal affair with the eldest concubine Abahai, and his reputation was discredited, and the inheritance was abolished. Tsebel Amin was born to Nurhachi, who had participated in the rebellion of his father Shulhaqi, and had no support. The biological mother of the three Bel Mang Gurtai was guilty of many crimes, and coupled with a rough temperament, she could not be elected. Only Huang Taiji has the strength to compete for the throne and has a superior position, so he was elected as Khan by the Baylors. On the same day, Dai Shan and his sons Yue Tuo and Sakhalian fully supported and jointly promoted Huang Taiji to succeed to the throne, all because of his "talent and virtue". The next day, Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, changed the Yuan Tiancong, and burned incense to tell the sky.
When Huang Taiji ascended the throne, the Later Jin Dynasty faced many difficulties, including the Ming Dynasty's reinforcement of the Guanningjin defense line and the blockade of the Later Jin Dynasty by the Korean and Mongolian allies; the disagreement between the four major beylers; various problems caused by internal contradictions; economic blockage; and the war-weary people of the people. To deal with the Ming Dynasty, Huang Taiji established the two strategies of "peace and self-consolidation", fought for peace, dealt with the crisis of the Houjin, and waited for the time to be ripe before attacking the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Ming Dynasty gained power because of the victory in the Battle of Ningyuan, and when Huang Taiji came to power, he sent a letter to Yuan Chonghuan, the Fu of Ningyuan, looking forward to "mutual reconciliation". Both sides were actively preparing for war, and the Ming court demanded land on the one hand, and on the other hand, stepped up the construction of Tashan, Xiaolinghe City, and Jinzhou City. In May of the first year of Tiancong (the seventh year of Ming Qi, 1627 AD), Huang Taiji personally led the troops to recruit Ming. Yuan Chongfa initiated a "recovery plan", that is, "to defend the Liao land with the Liao people and raise the Liao people with the Liao land", and his army carried out the repair of the city and tuntian in Jinzhou, and implemented the "defense is the right work, and the battle is a strange work". Huang Taiji wanted to launch an offensive, but instead suffered heavy losses in Ningyuan. Although the repeated attacks were unsuccessful for several days, Yuan Chonghuan Mangui, You Shilu, and Zu Dashou still held on to the city.
The Houjin army suffered many casualties, including the guerrillas of Kyaw Lo Bai Shan and Beiyu Bashi, and the wounds of Belzir Harang, Sakhalian and Wakda. The Ming general Man Gui was also seriously wounded, and most of the soldiers were killed or wounded. Ningyuan City was difficult to destroy, and Huang Taiji had to withdraw to Jinzhou, which was until June 4. Many soldiers suffered from heat stroke, and Huang Taiji ordered the troops to retreat. The Ming army won a great victory in this battle, and it was known as the "Ningjin Victory" in history. After the defeat, Huang Taiji was at a loss, Liaoxi was temporarily undesirable, and it was necessary to find another way to seize Beijing. Huang Taiji was proficient in Mongolian affairs, and participated in alliances with Khalkha, Horqin and other tribes, and led the army to aid Horqin.
In February of the second year of Later Jin Tiancong (the first year of Ming Chongzhen, 1628), Huang Taiji led a large army to attack the subordinate department of Chahar, and won a great victory in Aomulun, capturing 11,200 people. Dorgon was given the title of Morgan for his exploits, and Dordo was promoted to the title of Erkechuhuer. In August, peace was negotiated with Karaqin, and in September, troops were mobilized to the Korqin, Karaqin, Aohan, Naiman and Khalkha tribes. On September 6, the Houjin army officially set out for Chahar. On the 20th, the army launched an attack on Silha, Sibertu, Ying, Tongan and other places, and won the victory on all fronts. The next day, they chased to Xing'anling and seized a large amount of supplies. Mid-October returned victorious. This dispatch was not only a blow to the great enemy of Chahar, but also a consolidation of the rule of the Mongol tribes that had been annexed. Soon after, Huang Taiji sent Ashdarhan to various places to issue an edict, stipulating that if the Chahar was to be attacked again, all those under the age of seventy and over thirteen in the banner of the Beyler must participate in the war, and those who violate it will be punished.
Revolution and innovation
From October to the first month of the third year of Tiancong (the second year of Ming Chongzhen, 1629) to the first month of the fourth year of Tiancong (the third year of Ming Chongzhen, 1630), Huang Taiji led the army from Mongolia to break into the interior of the Ming Dynasty when the Guanningjin defense line was difficult to overcome, and failed to attack Beijing. In the first month of the fourth year of Tiancong (1630), Huang Taiji led his troops to capture the four cities of Zunhua, Yongping, Qian'an and Luanzhou. He decided to consolidate the four cities he had occupied, and drove a nail in the pass to serve as a stronghold. The Ming court mobilized various armies, organized a counteroffensive, and recovered the four cities of Yongping, and the Jin soldiers were defeated and returned to Shenyang. Huang Taiji has gained four cities because of the loss, "sentimental tears, big and small ministers, all weep when they see it".
During the reign of Huang Taiji, he conformed to the trend of the times and promoted the transformation of the Later Jin forces into a feudal system. In view of his own profound cultural heritage, he initiated a strategy to promote cultural and educational revival. In the third year of Jin Tiancong (the second year of Ming Chongzhen), he initiated the "military rule of troubled times, Wenzuo Shengping", which changed his father Nurhachi's extreme attitude towards literati, and then carried out scientific research that year, recruiting 200 Manchu, Han and Mongolian students. He was well aware of the importance of culture and education in governing the country, and bluntly said that reading was not useless.
From the sixth year of Tiancong (the fifth year of Ming Chongzhen, 1632), it was ordered that the children of the ministers of Baylor, under the age of 15 and over the age of 8, should be educated. He also sent commissioners to measure the land, made "all the margins" public, distributed them to the common people for cultivation, and forbade banner owners and nobles to set up estates. In addition, the original 13 people were organized into a village, and 8 people were adjusted into a village, and "the rest of the Han people lived separately and were incorporated into private households." At the same time, he ordered a census of the affairs of the strong men and slavery, and released some of the slaves as compilers. These means not only restricted the privileges of the Manchu aristocracy, but also favored the development of agricultural production. He also actively absorbed Han culture and ordered people to translate Chinese character books.
Huang Taiji actively weakened the other three Baylors, and in June of the fourth year of Jin Tiancong (1630), he took advantage of the defeat of Amin to retreat from Luanzhou and Yongping, convicted him on 16 counts and imprisoned him for life. Soon after, Amin died of illness. After that, on the first day of the first month of the sixth year of Jin Tiancong (1632), he abolished the old system of sitting together with the three Baylors to manage the government, and instead sat alone in the south. In this way, the Khan power of Huang Taiji was strengthened.
In order to consolidate the foundation of his rule, enhance his military strength, adapt to the needs of the Ming War, further win over the Han and Mongolian, and balance the strength of the Manchu Eight Banners and Zhubeile, he expanded the Eight Banners organization to absorb Han and Mongolian soldiers. On the second day of June 1633, he ordered that "no invasion" should be made to the newly descended people, and finally the Ming generals Kong Youde and others surrendered one after another.
In 1633, Ma Guangyuan led the Han soldiers, which actually formed the Han army flag. In this year, the deputy general of Guangludao was still happy, and Huang Taiji said that he "knew the situation" and rewarded him with a ten-pound gold belt. By 1634, during the parade on the outskirts of Shenyang, a total of 11 soldiers participated. Through these means, Huang Taiji strengthened the power of Khan and stabilized his position.
Title Revision
In the ninth year of Jin Tiancong (the eighth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1635), Dolgon and others pacified the Chahar Department, unified Monan, and obtained the so-called "jade seal of the past dynasties". In October, the clan name was determined to be "Manchuria". In December, the ministers asked Huang Taiji to "Zaozheng Dahao" on the grounds that Chahar surrendered and obtained the "jade seal of the country", but was dismissed.
In the tenth year of Tiancong (the ninth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1636), Huang Taiji once again asked the Han officials and Confucian ministers about their views on the "Zaozheng Zun", and Bao Chengxian, Ning Wanme, Fan Wencheng, Luo Xiujin, etc. all agreed. Sakhalian summoned the Beyls to take an oath of faith. The Mongolian Zhubeile of the outer vassals asked for the title of honor, and Huang Taiji agreed. By the end of March of the tenth year of Tiancong, the Shangzun was ready.
On April 11, Huang Taiji worshiped the queen of heaven at the Temple of Heaven in Shengjing, "practicing the position of the Son of Heaven", with the honorific title of "Emperor Kuanwen Rensheng", the national name of "Daqing", and the change of Yuan Chongde.
On November 19, the first year of Chongde of the Qing Dynasty (the ninth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1636), Huang Taiji decided to attack because of the Korean disregard for the alliance. On December 2, Huang Taiji led his army to set off. The Joseon king, Yi Liang, expected that "he would be defeated day and night" and expected the failure of the Ming Dynasty's aid. The Qing army crossed the Yalu River on December 10 and arrived in Anzhou on the 13th to start the "Battle of Bingzi". On the 7th day of the first month of the following year, the Qing army defeated the Korean Jeolla and Chungcheong reinforcements, and Li Yu fled to the mountain fortress of Namhan, claiming that his ministers were guilty of the crime. Huang Taiji demanded severe punishment for the officials who provoked the provocation in Korea, and at the same time invaded Ganghwa Island and won the Korean princess, prince, and ministers. On the 30th, Li Liang went to Huang Taiji to plead guilty, and was known as "Ding Chou went down to the city" in history. After the surrender ceremony, his eldest son and second son were taken hostage, and more than 200 of the remaining captives were sent back to the capital. On the second day of the first month of February, Huang Taiji triumphed from Korea. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has replaced the Ming Dynasty, and Korea has become a vassal. Joseon called the Qing Dynasty a courtesy of vassals and changed the original title of brothers. Soon, Azig conquered Phi Island to solve the worries of the Qing Dynasty attacking Guannai.
The military action against the Ming Dynasty was blocked by the Shanhaiguan Pass, and was divided into the Battle of the Entrance and the Battle of the Outside of the Pass. During the Chongde period, a total of three entrance battles were launched (Bingzi Change, Wuyin Change, and Renwu Change), and each time troops were deployed outside the pass to contain the Ming Dynasty. In May of the first year of Chongde (the ninth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1636), Huang Taiji sent Azig and other troops to lead the battle, and captured 179,820 people and animals in the first entrance battle, and captured the general soldier Chao Pichang alive. In March of the fourth year of Chongde (the twelfth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1639), the Qing army crossed the canal, captured Jinan Mansion in Shandong, captured more than 250,000 people, and returned to the division in April. Yue Tuo's death in the army was a major loss for the Qing army. Emperor Chongzhen declared martial law in Beijing, and was worried, so he temporarily relaxed the encirclement and suppression of the peasant army and mobilized troops to resist the Qing.
Laying the foundation
In March of the fifth year of Chongde (the thirteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1640), the Qing army built the city of Yizhou. A small number of troops entered the fortress and concentrated their forces on the battle of Songjin. In August of the sixth year of Chongde (the fourteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1641), Huang Taiji's nosebleed gushed and he traveled for six days to Songshan. Huang Taiji personally set out to fight, and the morale of the Qing army was greatly increased. According to the south of Wuxin River to the sea, across the main road, the camp is continuous, the high bridge is ambushed, the encirclement is chased and intercepted, and the surroundings are prepared. On 18 February, the Qing army entered Songshan and captured Hong Chengchou alive. On the 8th day of the first month of March, Zu Dashou in Jinzhou City was isolated and surrendered after being besieged for a year. In April, the Qing army conquered Tashan and Xingshan, and both cities were destroyed. At this point, in the Battle of Songjin, the Qing army won and annihilated more than 50,000 Ming troops. Subsequently, Songshan and Jinzhou returned to the Qing army.
In the seventh year of Chongde (the fifteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1642), Huang Taiji launched the last entrance battle before his death (Renwu Change). He asked to pay special attention to the movements of the Ming Dynasty and the peasant army, and insist on friendly treatment. He was ordered to lead the army by the general Abatai, destroyed the wall from Jielingkou and Huangyankou, drove southward, trapped Yanzhou in Shandong, broke three prefectures, eighteen prefectures, and sixty-seven counties, defeated the enemy in 39 places, and obtained 2,250 taels of gold, 2,250,270 taels of platinum, 369,000 prisoners, horses, cattle, clothing, etc. The Han generals Li Guohan, Tong Tulai, Zu Zerun, Zu Kefa, Zhang Cunren and others took advantage of the situation to capture Beijing, and Huang Taiji adhered to the established national policy and said: "If attacking Shanhaiguan is like cutting down a tree, it must be cut down from both sides first, and the tree will fall." Now that we don't take the four cities outside the Guan, how can we overcome the Shanhai Pass? Now that the elite soldiers of the Ming Dynasty have been exhausted, our army is surrounded by a strategy, the Ming country is declining, and our army is getting stronger day by day, and Yanjing can be conquered after that. "In the end of Emperor Taiji I, the Qing army did not cross the Shanhaiguan, but it cleared the way for the later Qing soldiers to enter the customs. In October of the same year, the fifth Dalai Lama of Tibet sent an envoy to the Qing Dynasty to make overtures. Huang Taiji praised Tibetan Buddhism and expressed his devotion to Buddhism to the mission.
Sudden and long death
When Huang Taiji was fifty years old, he was instantly weak because of the death of his beloved Concubine Chen. Huang Taiji had fifteen concubines in his life, and the favorite was the Borzigit clan who married in the eighth year of Tiancong (the seventh year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1634), and was named the concubine of Guan Ju Palace in the first year of Chongde. She was gentle and virtuous, had a deep relationship with Huang Taiji, and gave birth to a son after marriage, which made Huang Taiji ecstatic and issued the first amnesty decree of the Qing Dynasty. However, the son died at the age of two. In September of the sixth year of Chongde (the fourteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1641), Huang Taiji heard that Concubine Chen was seriously ill on the front line of Songjin and rushed back to Shengjing, and at this time Concubine Chen had passed away. Huang Taiji was extremely sad, and since then he has been confused for a long time, his appetite has been reduced, and he often feels "holy bow and disharmony". On the second day of the tenth month of that year, he warned the kings and their wives and children: "The mountains are high and difficult to climb, the wood is straight and easy to break, and it is easy to grow old. It shows his concern about aging.
Since the sixth year of Chongde (the fourteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1641), Huang Taiji issued amnesty decrees many times due to the deterioration of his health, reducing the burden of political affairs, and even prayed sincerely. In the eighth year of Chongde (the sixteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, 1643), on the ninth day of August, Huang Taiji died suddenly at the age of fifty-two. The name should be Tianxing Guo Hongde Zhangwu Kuan Wenren Shengrui Xiaowen Emperor, and then accumulated to Ying Tianxing Guohongde Zhangwu Kuan Wenren Shengrui Xiaoxiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangongwen Emperor, the temple number Taizong. Buried in Shenyang Zhaoling (Beiling).