With the arrival of the Spring Festival travel season, the risk of respiratory and intestinal infections is also rising. In order to ensure the health of residents in our district and ensure that everyone can celebrate the Spring Festival safely, the Jin'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention warmly reminds:
1. Understand respiratory infectious diseases and do a good job of self-protection
Respiratory infections include influenza, new crown, etc. The mode of transmission is mainly droplet transmission, air transmission, close contact transmission or indirect contact transmission, and the clinical symptoms are mainly fever, headache, fatigue, and some diseases will also have symptoms such as sore throat, dry cough, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, sneezing, and respiratory failure and even death in severe cases.
1. Influenza
From November to March of the following year is the main period of influenza epidemic in our province, and the Spring Festival is approaching, the masses take closed transportation (buses, trains, planes, etc.) to participate in various gatherings and gatherings, and the risk of influenza is increased due to frequent contact.
Health tips: (1) Influenza vaccination is one of the most economical and effective prevention and control measures to prevent influenza and reduce the burden of influenza disease. Those who are over 6 months old and who are willing to receive the influenza vaccine without contraindications can voluntarily receive the influenza vaccine at their own expense.
(2) Develop good personal hygiene habits, and cover your mouth and nose with tissues or towels when coughing or sneezing. Wash your hands before eating, after using the toilet and after touching dirty things, and try to avoid touching your mouth, eyes and nose with dirty hands.
(3) In crowded public places, disposable medical masks need to be worn, the folded surface should be fully expanded, the mouth, nose and jaw should be completely covered, and then the nose clip should be pressed tightly to make the mask and face fit completely.
(4) Open the windows regularly for ventilation several times a day to keep the indoor air fresh. During the peak period of the epidemic, people should avoid going to crowded places, seek medical attention in time if they have relevant symptoms, try to rest at home, and go to work and class without illness, so as to reduce the spread of the disease.
2. Coronavirus infection
At present, the new crown infection in our province is still maintained at a low epidemic level, which coincides with the Spring Festival, and the mobility and aggregation of people are large, and the risk of new crown infection increases.
Health tips: (1) It is recommended that the elderly aged 60 and above or those aged 18-59 with serious underlying diseases, immunocompromised people, high-risk infections and other key groups should be vaccinated according to conditions, and priority is given to vaccination with new crown vaccines containing XBB variant antigen components.
(2) Do a good job of daily protection, wear masks scientifically, pay attention to hygiene habits, wash hands frequently, pay attention to cough etiquette, open windows regularly for ventilation at home and in the workplace, and do a good job in daily hygiene of the room.
(3) Strengthen personal health management. Pay close attention to the health status of your family and yourself every day, and avoid going to school or work with illness when you have fever, dry cough, fatigue, sore throat, decreased sense of smell (taste), diarrhea and other uncomfortable symptoms, and go to the fever clinic of a nearby hospital in a timely manner as appropriate.
(4) Once infected with the new coronavirus, it is recommended not to go out unless necessary, avoid going to crowded public places, do not participate in gathering activities, and wear a mask throughout the trip. During the period when the infected person is at home, reduce close contact with the people living with him, do a good job of self-health monitoring, and seek medical treatment in a timely manner if necessary.
3. Other respiratory infections in winter
In addition to the new crown, common diseases in winter include chickenpox, mumps, scarlet fever, measles, rubella, etc., and the management of key places and the prevention and control of key links should be strengthened.
Health tips: (1) Pay attention to personal hygiene, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when sneezing and coughing to avoid droplet transmission. Open windows and ventilate frequently every day to keep indoor air fresh, do not touch sick poultry and animals, stay away from poultry and birds, and try not to go to poultry slaughtering markets.
(2) For infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccines, such as chickenpox and mumps, vaccinate in a timely and full course according to relevant vaccination requirements to improve self-immunity.
(3) During the peak period of the epidemic, people should avoid going to crowded places, especially patients with mild symptoms should go to community hospitals as soon as possible, and reduce contact with others to avoid cross-infection.
2. Pay attention to dietary hygiene and avoid infection with intestinal infectious diseases
In winter and spring, intestinal infectious diseases such as norovirus infectious diarrhea and rotavirus diarrhea are prone to high incidence, coupled with the increase in opportunities for dinner parties and eating out during holidays, the risk of disease infection also increases.
Health tips: (1) Pay attention to drinking water hygiene: drinking water should be boiled at high temperature before it can be used to avoid viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. from entering the human body.
(2) Pay attention to food hygiene: balanced nutrition, reasonable diet, raw and cooked food should be handled separately. Fruits and vegetables should be washed, try to eat less raw and cold, easy to carry pathogenic microorganisms of food, heated food must be thoroughly heated before eating.
(3) Develop good food hygiene: wash your hands before eating and after using the toilet to ensure hand hygiene. Don't overeat, don't eat spoiled food, and do a good job of disinfection of tableware every day.
(4) If you are infected with an intestinal infectious disease, you should avoid too much contact with others, and tableware and daily necessities should be stored separately from others and disinfected.
3. Be vigilant against imported malaria and travel healthily
Malaria foci are mainly distributed in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America and other places. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most endemic, with India and Myanmar having the highest rates of malaria among their continental neighbours. The Spring Festival in 2024 is approaching, and there are many people returning to their hometowns and outbound tourists, while enjoying the joy of reunion, everyone needs to be vigilant against malaria infection and importation, do a good job in relevant prevention and control work, and celebrate the Spring Festival in a healthy way.
Malaria, commonly known as "pendulum", is an insect-borne infectious disease caused by infection through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes or the transfusion of blood containing Plasmodium parasites, mainly including vivax malaria, malaria malaria, falciparum malaria and malaria ovale. Among them, falciparum malaria is more harmful, and 90% of malaria deaths in the world every year are caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. Typical symptoms are chills, fever (up to >39°C), sweating, and may be accompanied by anemia and hepatosplenomegaly. However, some malaria patients have atypical symptoms, such as neurological symptoms such as fever with coma, fever with abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, fever with tiredness, headache, and body aches.
Health tips: (1) The best way to prevent malaria is to prevent mosquito bites, try to avoid outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity (dusk and night), if you must work or do activities outdoors, you can wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and apply repellent (containing DEET) on exposed skin. Before going to bed, spray insecticides or use mosquito coils in the bedroom, use mosquito nets or long-lasting mosquito nets when sleeping, and install screen doors and windows in the house.
(2) Before traveling abroad, you should understand the malaria epidemic situation in your destination, and you can go to local medical and health institutions or international travel health care centers for consultation and advice, and prepare protective equipment.
(3) Pay close attention to your health status during your travel and at least 1 month after returning to your home country, and seek medical attention in time if you have relevant symptoms. When entering the country and seeking medical treatment, you should take the initiative to inform your travel history so that you can be screened for malaria.
(4) After malaria is diagnosed, antimalarial drugs should be taken in full and sufficient amount according to the doctor's instructions.
(5) Blood donation prohibited by sick people.
4. Keep safety knowledge in mind to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning is inhalation through the respiratory tract when the products of incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances occur. The poisoning mechanism is that the affinity of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin is 200~300 times higher than that of oxygen and hemoglobin, so carbon monoxide is easy to combine with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which makes hemoglobin lose its oxygen-carrying ability and effect, causing tissue suffocation. It has a toxic effect on tissue cells throughout the body, especially on the cerebral cortex.
Health tips: (1) For village (resident) residents who use coal, charcoal, and firewood for heating, a chimney should be installed in the indoor stove, and the chimney structure should be tight, and the smoke exhaust should be good. Special attention should be paid to the weather with high air humidity and low air pressure, and indoor doors and windows should not be closed too tightly.
(2) Do not eat charcoal hot pot or light charcoal brazier in a closed room.
(3) When using pipeline gas and natural gas, it is necessary to prevent the pipeline from aging, running out of gas, and leakage, and prevent the flame from being extinguished during cooking, resulting in gas overflow. The use of liquefied petroleum gas, in strict accordance with the provisions of the use of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, shall not be upside down, soaked in hot water, not to use fire heating, residual liquid do not dispose of themselves, pay attention to the frequent inspection of whether there is a leakage, the valve should be closed.
(4) When using a gas water heater, it is forbidden to install the gas water heater in the bathing room. It should be installed outside the bathing room near the window or outdoors. Use flue gas water heaters as much as possible, and check and maintain gas water heaters and exhaust fans frequently.
(5) Do not lie in the car with the doors and windows closed and the air conditioning on to sleep;
5. Be vigilant against diseases from the mouth and prevent foodborne diseases in winter
The risk of foodborne diseases caused by microorganisms will be reduced when the temperature is low in winter, but foodborne pathogenic factors such as toxic animals and plants, and chemicals still need everyone's attention.
Health tips: (1) Prevention of pathogenic microbial contamination: Although low temperature is not conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, cold foods such as sandwiches, meat buns, and hamburgers are still susceptible to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus due to raw material contamination, cross-contamination, and improper storage. The processing of these foods should be done well in the three levels of "raw material control, processing control, and refrigeration control" to prevent pathogenic microbial contamination and growth and reproduction.
(2) Prevention of bean poisoning: Phaseolus vulgaris, also known as green beans, contains natural toxins such as saponins and plant hemagglutinins, which must be "cooked and cooked thoroughly" when eating, so that the green beans lose their original raw green color and beany smell before eating, so as to prevent food poisoning.
(3) Prevention of mildew sugarcane poisoning: Arthrosporium is a common fungus in mildew sugarcane, which can produce a strong neurotropic toxin 3-nitropropionic acid, which mainly damages the central nervous system. When buying sugarcane, pay attention to choosing fresh sugarcane with hard texture, white flesh, sweet taste and fragrance, and once it is found that it has deteriorated, it should be discarded decisively. If someone around you eats moldy sugarcane and causes poisoning, you should seek medical attention quickly.
(4) Prevention of sprouted potato poisoning: solanine, also known as solanine, is a toxic alkaloid, soluble in water, easy to decompose in case of acetic acid, high heat, boiling can also destroy its toxicity. When potatoes turn green or sprout, large amounts of solanine are produced. Here is a reminder to try not to eat green, sprouted, and rotten potatoes. If there is a bitter taste and numbness in the mouth after eating potatoes, you should stop eating them immediately and take the emetic method in time to reduce the absorption of solanine to prevent poisoning. Vinegar can also be consumed to help detoxify.
(5) Prevention of nitrite poisoning: Nitrite poisoning refers to poisoning caused by ingestion of nitrite or its precursors. Because fresh leafy vegetables contain a certain amount of nitrate, in the process of storage or pickling, nitrate will also be reduced to nitrite, the longer the storage time of fresh vegetables, the more nitrite, so it should be eaten in time, but pickled vegetables generally reach the peak of nitrite content after 8-14 days of pickling, and gradually decrease after 20-30 days, so the family pickled vegetables should pay attention to the eating time.