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Whenever the name "Loulan" emerges, it will always touch the heartstrings of countless people.
It used to be a bustling scene, with cars shuttling endlessly,
It was once a place of abundance and wealth,
It is known as the paradise of the Western Regions and the paradise of the desert, and was an important trade transit point on the Silk Road......
However, it suddenly and mysteriously disappeared from the annals of Chinese history as if it had evaporated from the world, becoming an unsolved mystery in the world. The mysterious Sun Cemetery, the Xiaohe princess whose eyelashes are still clear after 4,000 years, how many secrets does it hide?
Those ancient kingdoms of the Western Regions that mysteriously disappeared
Loulan in the history books: a small swinging country between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu
Today, Loulan has become synonymous with mystery, but in real history, this small country has vividly interpreted how to be a swinging small country.
The name of Loulan first appeared in the "Historical Records".
In 176 BC, the Xiongnu Maodun Shan Zizi mentioned in a letter to Liu Heng, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, that Loulan belonged to the Xiongnu at that time. But it really came into people's sight in 138 BC, when the envoys of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty passed through the Yumen Pass and opened the gate to the Western Regions, Loulan, the country closest to the Han Dynasty, gradually established inextricable links with the Central Plains.
The historical background of Loulan is not complicated, and it is basically a process of seeking refuge from the eldest brother.
Around the 3rd century B.C., the Loulan people established their own state, with the capital of Loulan City (the ruins are located on the northwest bank of present-day Lop Nur, Xinjiang). First under the rule of the Yue clan, from 177 BC to 176 BC, after the Xiongnu defeated the Yue clan, Loulan returned to the Xiongnu. Although they have always played the role of the younger brother and the country is not large, the people of Loulan are good at management, and soon developed the country into the famous "country of the city" on the Western Regions Road.
Can merely swinging between the two great powers ensure the tranquility of the country? The truth is far more complicated than imagined!
After the death of the old king of Loulan, the Xiongnu quickly sent Loulan's proton back to China and made him king. Relying on the support of the Xiongnu, An Gui once again began to attack the Han envoys. But the secret was difficult to hide after all, and Tu Qi, the younger brother of the king of Loulan who surrendered to the Han Dynasty, informed the Han Dynasty of the situation.
Although the Han Dynasty was ruled by the young Emperor Zhao, the great general Huo Guang was not easy to follow. He quickly sent Fu Jiezi to Loulan, assassinated An Gui, and made Tu Qi the king. In addition, the Han Dynasty directly changed the name of Loulan to Shanshan, and moved the capital to Hunicheng (near present-day Ruoqiang, Xinjiang).
Since then, Loulan has completely changed its course. It not only began to cooperate with the Han Dynasty in Tuntian, but also set up a beacon pavilion barrier between Yumen Pass and Loulan. In the Wei and Jin dynasties and the Qianliang period, Loulan even became the seat of the long history of the Western Regions.
The seemingly ordinary small country in the Western Regions is actually full of mystery. If it was just to survive between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty, Loulan would not have become a legend that has been passed down through the ages. However, the contingency of history makes Loulan suddenly disappear and become a permanent mystery, just like "Mona Lisa's Smile", which evokes reverie.
Loulan was once glorious in history, but its disappearance is not documented. What is the fate of those who once lived in Loulan?
In 644 A.D., when the Tang Dynasty monk Xuanzang passed through the ancient town of Nalubo in Loulan, he left such a record: "From then on, he traveled more than 600 miles to the old country of Zhemadana, that is, the end of Nirvana, and the city was cut off from people, and he traveled more than 1,000 miles to the northeast to the homeland of Nazaibo, that is, Loulandi." ”
When the monk Fa Xian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty passed through Loulan in 400 A.D., he described it in the "Records of the Buddha": "There are no birds on the top, no beasts on the bottom, and they are all over the eyes, only the dry bones of the dead are used as the identification ears." ”
In the era of Loulan's decline, the scene seen by the Tang Dynasty monks Xuanzang and Fa Xian was desolate enough, and now it is full of challenges to explore the mystery of Loulan's demise. Based on limited historical documents and some excavated artifacts, scholars have put forward five different hypotheses:
The first assumption: war destroys
It is possible that a powerful army invaded Loulan and carried out large-scale killings and looting in the city, resulting in the slaughter of the city's inhabitants. Over time, Loulan became an empty city and was eventually buried underground.
The basis for this speculation includes the record of the Northern Wei general's return to the west in the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, the Book of Wei, and Emperor Wen's Chronicles, as well as Wang Changling's famous sentence in the Seven Songs of the Army: "The yellow sand wears gold armor in a hundred battles, and Loulan will not be returned if it is not broken".
The second hypothesis: climate change
During the peak period of Loulan, the rainfall in the area was abundant enough to sustain the residents. However, as time passed, the climate became arid, crops died, and people had to leave Loulan. Soon after, wind and sand buried the empty city. This speculation is mainly based on the world's earliest environmental protection law promulgated by Loulan, as well as the record of water shortage in Loulan in the "Notes on the Water Classic".
The third conjecture: the loss of commercial status
Loulan is located on the Silk Road, and the ancient Loulan people relied on thriving trade for their livelihood. However, the Silk Road later opened up the northern route, which led to the gradual abandonment of the original trade routes. The Loulan people have lost the basis for survival and can only be forced to flee.
Another similar speculation is that Loulan still existed during the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but at that time, the political situation was chaotic and wars were frequent, and Loulan, as a place where soldiers must fight, experienced many wars and predatory looting, and its vegetation and transportation and trade status suffered devastating damage. Without these two essential elements, Loulan could not continue to exist.
The fourth hypothesis: a plague outbreak
A plague called "Rewozi disease" arrived from other places and claimed the lives of most of the inhabitants of Loulan City, and the survivors fled one after another.
The fifth hypothesis: biological invasion
A mole cricket insect introduced from the Lianghe River basin, which has no natural predators in Loulan and feeds on the local white plaster soil. They entered the homes of the inhabitants in droves, and the people could not destroy them, so they had to abandon the city......
Each of these speculations has its own basis, but the true cause of Loulan's demise remains an unsolved mystery.
Although modern archaeological technology has reached unprecedented heights, the truth of the mystery of Loulan is still difficult to reach. The existence of Loulan has been documented in several historical documents, however, it was not until the 20th century that the remains of Loulan were first discovered by humans.
In the process, there is one person who has to be mentioned: Sven Hedin, a Swedish explorer and known as a thief of cultural relics. It is well known that Dunhuang was plundered by foreign explorers, but few people know that Loulan suffered the same fate......
In 1900, with the support of the King of Sweden, Hedin went on an expedition to the Taklamakan Desert on the mainland. During an inventory of supplies, they accidentally lost the shovel used for excavation, and in the process of searching for the shovel, the guide encountered a sudden "demon wind", which made them unexpectedly find a beautifully carved Loulan wooden plank!
In March of the following year, Heding excavated 13 sites in Loulan City, and obtained a large number of ancient coins of the Han and Wei dynasties and Rome, architectural wood carvings in the Hellenistic style of Central Asia, wooden tablets of the Lu Wen, Wei and Jin dynasties, and exquisite silk fabrics from the Central Plains.
The precious artifacts were packed and transported out of the desert with the help of eight camels, where they were sent to India and eventually back to Sweden as a reward for the Swedish king's funding of the expedition.
In 1906 and 1914, the British archaeologist Marc Aurel Stein also carried out large-scale archaeological excavations of Loulan. He numbered the Loulan ruins one by one, inspected and excavated dozens of ruins, and obtained a large number of cultural relics.
In addition, he found textile fragments with human heads and the skulls of two Loulan men, which he brought back to England. However, Stein's blind excavations led to the destruction of many artifacts that had been preserved in layers of quicksand.
Stein (26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a renowned British archaeologist, art historian, linguist, geographer and explorer of Hungarian origin.
He conducted four famous expeditions to Central Asia from 1900 to 1901, from 1906 to 1908, from 1913 to 1916, and from 1930 to 1931, with the focus of his investigations on the mainland being Xinjiang and Gansu. In the course of this expedition, he stole a large number of Buddhist artifacts.
In 1908, Tachibana Ruichao, a member of the expedition led by the Japanese explorer Mitsurui Otani, arrived in Loulan and discovered the "Li Bai Document". These documents are letters written by Li Bai, the former governor of the Western Liang Regions, to the king of Yanqi.
Mitsurui Otani (27 December 1876 – 5 October 1948) was a Japanese monk and explorer, as well as the 22nd head of the Nishi Honganji sect of the Pure Land Shinshu sect (reigned 1903-1914). His father is the 21st head of the Honganji family, Honganji Akiru, whose young name is Junji. From 1902 onwards, he led expeditions in the Xinjiang region of China.
Over the past 100 years, every discovery of Loulan has been remarkable. However, these findings appear to be interconnected but isolated, and it is difficult to find connections between civilizations. Loulan stood alone on the stage of history in this way, without any background and explanation.
The King and Queen of Sweden visited the "Chinese Terracotta Warriors and Horses Exhibition" at the Swedish Oriental Museum.
To make matters worse, these excavated artifacts are scattered all over the world, involving London, Stockholm, Seoul, Tokyo, New Delhi and other places, covering a variety of disciplines such as geography, ethnography, archaeology, language and writing, and many other disciplines need to be interpreted by many scholars. Every question, such as the mystery of civilization rupture, the migration of Indo-Europeans, and the interpretation of the Loulan script, is enough to make people spend a lifetime of research and exploration.
Today's research has only revealed a corner of Loulan's mystery. Scientists are experimenting with DNA technology to find out where the ancient Loulan people went. Perhaps in the near future, we will find a trace of the blood of the Loulan people in the bloodline of a certain ethnic group, revealing the ultimate fate of the Loulan civilization......
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