The Ming Tombs Museum is located in the Dingling Museum, Changping District, Beijing. Ming Ming Tombs is located in the foothills of Yanshan Tianshou Mountain in Changping District, Beijing, about 50 kilometers away from Beijing, the cemetery was built in 1409~1644, has a history of more than 300~500 years, with a total area of more than 120 square kilometers, the mausoleum area covers an area of 40 square kilometers, is the largest existing scale in China and even the world, the most emperors and queens of the mausoleum complex of an imperial mausoleum. In the Ming Dynasty, in the north of Shahe Town on the way, there was a seven-hole stone "Chaozong Bridge". In the east of the town, there is a magnificent "Gonghua City". The city was originally the palace where Emperor Jiajing rested halfway when he sacrificed to the mausoleum, and now only the ruins remain. The Ming Tombs are located in the small basin surrounded by mountains on the east, west and north sides, the mountains around the mausoleum area are surrounded, the central part is the plain, there is a small river in front of the mausoleum that twists and meanders, the mountains and rivers are beautiful, and the scenery is pleasant. The thirteen imperial tombs are all built on the mountain, respectively on the foothills of the east, west and north sides, forming a complete system, large scale and magnificent mausoleum complex. The warlocks of the Ming Dynasty believed that this was a "feng shui" resort and an excellent "auspicious soil". Therefore, it was selected by the Ming Dynasty as the "longevity domain" for the construction of the imperial mausoleum.
The Ming Tombs is the general name of the royal mausoleum of the 13 emperors' tombs after the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, and the construction of the Ming Tombs began in the seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1409) and ended in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, which lasted more than 200 years. According to the order of the construction time of the mausoleum, it is: Changling (Yongle Emperor Mausoleum), Xianling (Hongxi Emperor Mausoleum), Jingling (Xuande Emperor Mausoleum), Yuling (Orthodox Emperor (i.e. Tianshun Emperor) Mausoleum), Maoling (Chenghua Emperor Mausoleum), Tailing (Hongzhi Emperor Mausoleum), Kangling (Zhengde Emperor Mausoleum), Yongling (Jiajing Emperor Mausoleum), Zhaoling (Longqing Emperor Mausoleum), Dingling (Wanli Emperor Mausoleum), Qingling (Taichang Emperor Mausoleum), Deling Mausoleum (Tianqi Emperor Mausoleum), Siling (Chongzhen Emperor Mausoleum). In addition to the 13 emperors buried in the mausoleum, there are also 23 queens, 1 imperial concubine and dozens of martyrs. In addition, there are also 7 concubine graves in the mausoleum area (East Well, West Well, Wan Guifei Tomb, Mourning Tomb, Four Concubines and Two Princes, Xian Concubine Tomb, Zheng Guifei Tomb and Two Li, Liu, and Thursday Concubine Tombs) and 1 eunuch burial tomb (Wang Chengen Tomb), as well as various buildings such as palaces and gardens serving the emperor's tomb. In the 10 natural mountain passes around the mausoleum (Dongshan Pass, Zhongshan Pass, Juzikou, Xishan Pass, Desheng Pass, Yanzi Pass, Cone Stone Pass, Xianzhuang Pass, Gray Ridge Pass, Laojuntang Pass) were built to protect the safety of the Ling area.
Artifacts in the Collection:
1. The golden silk wing crown comes from a round box on the side of Emperor Wanli's head. The crown weighs 826 grams, is 24 centimeters high and has a diameter of 17.5 centimeters. Although this crown belongs to the emperor's regular clothes, the production process skills have reached the pinnacle and reached the point of perfection. This wing crown is divided into three parts: "front house", "back mountain" and "gold folded corner", all of which are made of gold. The front room part is made of 518 0.2 mm thin gold wires woven into a "lantern hollow" pattern. The back mountain part is assembled with the gold ornaments of the two dragons playing with pearl patterns, in which the heads, claws, dorsal fins of the two dragons and the fire beads between the two dragons are all carved by the yang chisel process, showing a semi-relief effect; the dragon body, dragon legs and other parts are made by the traditional cloisonné, base silk and code wire technology, and each scale is made of filigree made of gold wire. Then the code is welded into shape.
Second, the phoenix crown, the phoenix crown of the Ming Dynasty is the queen to receive the book, the temple, the court will wear the crown, its shape inherits the system of the Song Dynasty and is developed and perfected, so it is more graceful and luxurious beauty. There are four phoenix crowns unearthed in Dingling, which are "twelve dragons and nine phoenix crowns", "nine dragons and nine phoenix crowns", "six dragons and three phoenix crowns" and "three dragons and two phoenix crowns". The production method of the four phoenix crowns is roughly the same, but the number of dragons and phoenixes decorated is different. They are ingenious, beautifully crafted, and adorned with a large number of pearl gemstones. The crown of six dragons and three phoenixes is 35.5 cm high, and the diameter of the crown is about 20 cm. The dragons are all made of gold, and the phoenix is made of the jade technique (a technique of decorating the feathers of kingfishers). The entire phoenix crown is inlaid with 128 gems (including 71 rubies and 57 sapphires) and 5,449 pearls. 3. The gon dress, referred to as "gon", together with the crown is called "gon crown", which is one of the most noble dresses in ancient times. There are a total of five Wanli gowns unearthed in Dingling. Among them, three pieces of embroidery and two pieces of silk. They are all decorated with 12 chapters, namely the dragon, the sun, the moon, the stars, the mountain, the Chinese insect, the Zongyi, the algae, the fire, the powdered rice, the yellow, and the yellow. Fourth, Baiziyi, Dingling Xiaojing Empress's "Red Su Luo Embroidered Ping Golden Dragon Baizi Flower Square Neck Women's Jacket" and "Red and Dark Flower Luo Embroidered 'Longevity' Word Over-the-shoulder Dragon Baizi Flower Square Neck Women's Jacket" are two rare embroidery art boutiques and artistic treasures. Fifth, the gold cover gold tuo jade bowl, from the north side of the west end of the Wanli Emperor's coffin, made of white jade. Open, curved belly, lapped foot. The jade is delicate, lush, white and flawless.
In 1957, the Beijing Municipal Government announced that the Ming Tombs were the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. In 1961, the Ming Tombs were announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In 1982, the State Council announced that the Badaling-Ming Tombs Scenic Area was one of the 44 key scenic spots and protected areas in China. In 1991, the Ming Tombs was identified by the National Tourism Administration as one of the "Top 40 Tourist Resorts in China". In 1992, the Ming Tombs was rated by the Beijing Tourism World's Best Selection Committee as "the most intact tomb group for buried emperors in the world." On May 1, 2009, the Ming Ming Tombs Museum was declared after self-evaluation, evaluated by the provincial cultural relics administrative department, and reviewed and filed by experts from the National Museum Evaluation Committee, and the State Administration of Cultural Heritage decided to be rated as the first batch of national second-class museums.
The article comes from the book series "China National Museum on Playing Cards (National Secondary Museum Volume)" edited by Wang Xiaojun and Li Weigang.
"Longyuan Tiandi" edited by Xiao Jun.