1. Song "Constructing the French Style"
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the scale of official construction reached an unprecedented height in history, in order to control the huge consumption of project costs and improve the efficiency of design and construction, under the auspices of government departments, two "Construction Methods" were promulgated before and after, which were called "Yuanyou Method" and "Chongning Method" respectively. The latter part was edited by Li Jie, the general of the prison, and was issued in the second year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1103 AD). In view of the shortcomings and deficiencies of the first French style, the "Chongning French Style" takes "customs and defense materials" as the main purpose, takes the practical experience of craftsmen as the basis, and starts from the actual needs of the project, and adopts a series of complex and simplified and effective compilation methods to compile and form the existing "Construction Method". "Constructing the French Style" has an important practical role and guiding significance for the design and management of official projects.
The whole book is divided into five parts: name interpretation, work system, work limit, material example, and pattern.
Volume 1 and Volume 2 are the "General Explanations" and "General Cases", which examine the different names of each architectural term in ancient texts, the common names of the time, and the official names in the books.
Volumes 3 to 15 are the various work systems, including the moat system, the stone system, the large wood system, the small wood system, the carving system, the rotary system, the sawing system, the bamboo system, the tile system, the clay system, the color painting system, the brick system, the kiln system and other thirteen types of work.
Volumes 16 to 25 are the limits of the work, that is, the labor quota and calculation method of the above-mentioned work. Volumes 26 to 28 are examples of materials, that is, the quota of materials and the quality of workmanship for the above-mentioned works. Volumes 29 to 34 are drawings, including various measuring tools, various stone works, large wood works, small wood works, carvings, and painted paintings, including plans, sections, component details, and various carvings and painted patterns.
"Constructing the French Style" is a monograph on architectural technology that comprehensively reflects the level of design, construction and material making of official buildings in the Northern Song Dynasty. It has perfected the complete modular design method of wooden buildings with "wood" as the basic modulus, and for the first time from the national level, the labor quota and material quota of various types of work have been stipulated, and at the same time recorded many important material production methods (such as stone carving, wood carving, color painting, etc.), leaving a lot of important architectural drawings, which provides valuable documents for us to study the architecture of the Song Dynasty.
Second, the Qing "Engineering Practice Regulations"
The "Code of Engineering Practices", also known as the "Engineering Practices of the Ministry of Industry" and "Engineering Practices", was presided over by Prince Yunli, Prince Heshuoguo, who managed the affairs of the Ministry of Industry in the twelfth year of the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1734 AD), and was edited by 14 officials. Extensive collection of engineering practices and materials such as altar temples, palaces, warehouses, city walls, temples, palace houses and oil painting pasting, and detailed investigation of the value of various materials used in the project, on this basis, the regulations were prepared and submitted to the imperial court for approval and promulgation as the executive documents of the official construction project.
The content of the book is divided into three categories: various practices, materials and labor.
Volumes 1 to 27 introduce different types of large-style and small-style large-timber buildings, forming 27 different standards for building practices. Books 28 to 40 elaborate on the various practices of fighting. Volume 41, for various decoration practices. Volumes 42 to 47 are for stone, tile, and soil work. Volumes 48 to 60 are the regulations on the quantity of materials used for each type of work. Volumes 61 to 74 are the regulations on the number of workers employed for each type of work.
The compilation of the Code of Practice is similar to the Construction Method, which also focuses on determining the materials and labor costs of the relevant practices in order to control the project expenditure. It takes the archives of the more representative built projects as a case as the basis for reimbursement, and does not describe the specific design methods in detail, but we can deduce the design method of the Qingguan-style large timber structure with the bucket mouth as the modulus, and the other practices also reflect some specific construction procedures and construction techniques, so that we can outline the development level of the Qing Dynasty's official-style buildings through comprehensive analysis.
3. Jiangnan "Construction Law Original"
The Principle of Construction Law is a monograph describing the construction practices of ancient buildings in the Jiangnan region of China (especially Suzhou, Wuxi, Zhejiang and other regions). It is a folk work compiled by Mr. Yao Chengzu 1 in the later years of Jiangnan Construction Family according to the family collection of cheats and atlases, and then compiled and supplemented by Mr. Zhang Zhigang of the former Nanjing Institute of Technology, which was published by the Construction Engineering Press in 1959 and published by the China Building Industry Press in 1986.
According to the practices of various parts of traditional buildings, the book systematically expounds the shape, structure, ingredients, and work limits of traditional buildings in Jiangnan, as well as the layout and structure of garden buildings in Jiangnan, and the materials are very rich. The book is divided into sixteen chapters.
The first chapter is a general introduction to the ground, explaining the basic knowledge of the foundation of the house. Chapter 2 is a general example of large timbers in bungalows, and introduces the large timber structures of bungalows and buildings. The third chapter is a general introduction to the stack, introducing the knowledge of house architecture. The fourth chapter is the brand department, introducing the practice of Jiangnan Dou. Chapter 5 is an overview of the hall, introducing the large wooden structure of the hall. Chapter 6 is an example of the ingredients for the wooden frame of the hall to be raised. Chapter 7 is a general introduction to the palace and introduces the large wooden structure of the palace building. Chapter 8 is the folding, introducing doors, windows and interior decoration. The ninth chapter is made of stone, introducing the stone used in the building, the stone archway, and the stone used in the garden. Chapter 10 is the wall, introducing the knowledge of wall masonry in Jiangnan buildings. Chapter 11 introduces the practice of roofing and ridge building in Jiangnan. Chapter 12 is an example of the application of brick and tile ash and paper reinforcement, and introduces the use of brick and tile ash, the practice of sand for wall construction and paper reinforcement ash for wall construction. Chapter 13 is to make fine clear water bricks, introducing brick materials, processing, application and brick gatehouse. Chapter 14 is the labor limit, which explains the labor standards for wood and water work. Chapter 15 is a general introduction to garden architecture. Chapter 16 is a miscellaneous chapter that introduces the basics of other small buildings.
The book focuses on the traditional architecture of the Jiangnan folk - the unified construction structure and technical measures of the folk houses, mansions, gardens and architectural sketches, and is also an authoritative work describing the architecture of the Jiangnan people.
4. "Qing Style Construction Rules" and "Construction Calculation Examples" and "Qing Style Construction Rules" are Liang Sicheng2's monographs on the study of Qing Dynasty architecture in China, which were published by the China Construction Society in 1934. The book describes in detail the layout of the Qing Dynasty official buildings, the shape of the bucket, the large wooden frame, the base wall, the roof, the decoration, the color painting, etc., as well as the names, trade-offs and functions of the components, and attaches the "Qing Style Construction Explanation", "Weighing Size Table of Each Piece" and "Qing Style Construction Rules Illustrated Plate".
"Construction Cases" is compiled by Liang Sicheng based on the secret manuscripts of many folk craftsmen collected by the China Construction Society. In 1932, it was published in three issues in the Transactions of China Construction Society. The book is divided into 11 chapters, which respectively describe the bucket, the big wood style, the big wood small style, the large wood miscellaneous style, the decoration, the large style of tiling, the small type of tiling, the stone work, the earth work, the bridge abutment, the paddle, the glazed tile method.
