After the death of Charles Duke of Burgundy at the Battle of Nancy, his only daughter, Marie, became the heir, but the main part of Burgundy was annexed by King Louis XI of France, and Maximilian I, Grand Duke of Austria and later Holy Roman Emperor, was given the remaining lowlands by marrying Mary.
Ma Yi and Mary had a son, Philip, and a daughter, Margaret. After Mary's death, Philip inherited the Low Grounds, marrying Juana, the second daughter of King Fernando II of Aragon, the twin Catholic kings of Spain, and Queen Isabel of Castile.
Margaret was named after her step-grandmother, Princess York, who had promised to marry the prince Charles of Lu Eleven, who was later King Charles VIII, so she was handed over to the French royal palace very early to be raised by her future father-in-law, and was raised to become a princess and queen, and was educated by Charles's eldest sister Anne and others, and really fell in love with Charles.
But Xia Ba turned his face and didn't recognize anyone in order to forcibly marry Anne, the Duchess of Brittany, who Ma Yi had remarried through a surrogate marriage, that is, Margaret's former stepmother. The French court no longer regarded Marguerite as the queen-to-be, so Marguerite returned home and eventually married the only son of the two kings, Prince Juan, who was a double marriage between the Ha family and Spain. Because the ship that was engaged to Spain at that time was stormed in the Bay of Biscay, Margaret was so frightened that she hurriedly wrote an epitaph to herself:
"Here lies Margaret, the willing bride,
She was married twice, but was still a virgin at the time of her death. ”
If the epitaph had been used this time, Margaret would have no later story.
Although it was a political marriage, Juan loved Margaret's humor. However, Juan was short-lived, and in 1498, Margaret gave birth to a widowed daughter who was stillborn. Later, before returning to her parents' home, she also taught her sister-in-law, Catalina, the future queen of England, to speak French.
When Margaret returned to her parents' home, she was just in time for her eldest nephew to be born and baptized. She intended to name him Maximilian, a tribute to her father, the child's grandfather, but Philip named his eldest son Charles after his grandfather.
In 1501, Marguerite remarried Filiberto II, Duke of Savoy, who was the same year as her, and this time remained in love, but soon the Duke of Savoy also fell ill and died. Grief-stricken, Margaret jumped out of the window and died if she hadn't been rescued. After being persuaded to finish her husband's funeral, she embalmed his heart so that she could take it with her.
Fearing that she would be widowed again, she refused to marry her to the widower King Henry VII of England, even if it meant that she would have no children in the future.
Because Juan had no younger brother, and the eldest sister mother and son were short-lived, it was Juana's turn to become the heirs of the two countries together. After Ichi's death, Philip sought to succeed to the throne with Juana, but became involved in a conflict with his father-in-law, Fei Er, and died suddenly.
In this way, the inheritance of the Lowlands fell to Philip's eldest son, Charles, the future co-ruler of the nations. As heir, he was required to grow up in the Lowlands, so he did not go to Spain with his parents, as did his sisters (with one exception, which is mentioned in other texts and not mentioned in this article).
At this time, Charles was still young, of course, he could not take care of things personally, his mother Juana had mental problems because of the loss of her husband, and it was impossible for the country of Canada to allow the queen of his own family to leave; grandfather Maximilian I was his most direct and realistic guardian, and it was not unreasonable to speak as the uncle of Burgundy, and he was indeed elected as the regent, but as the Holy Roman Emperor, he was incompetent, so he appointed Margaret as the governor of the Low Countries and the guardian of Charles.
As mentioned earlier, Margaret is both an aunt, an aunt, and even a godmother to Charles. She is not only the guardian of Charles, but also of Charles's three younger sisters.
Marguerite was supposed to be a lowland lady with good roots, but because she grew up in the French court, she only spoke French but not Dutch or German, and according to some accounts, the Lowlands did not regard her as her own family, but as an outsider.
The French demanded that the Charles enter the court as lords of Burgundy and other places to show their loyalty. The experience of being abandoned at a young age made Marguerite hate France deeply, but as a political figure, she could not be emotional. She persuaded her father and King Louis XII of France to cease the war, and in 1508 she went to Cambrai in person, leading to an alliance of Cambrai to ensure that France did not invade the lowlands and turned to northern Italy.
The Low Globe wanted to live in peace with France and Held. Previously, because the old Duke of Burgundy Charles seized Heilder, Philip, as the grandson of Charles, had inherited Helder, but the people elected Carel, the son of the old Duke of Held, Adolf, to succeed him. Philip once had the upper hand, forcing Carrel's companions to witness his inheritance of the throne as his uncle, but Karel fled halfway through. After Philip's death, Karel gradually secured the position of the Duke of the Sea.
In this case, it is not unusual for Karel not to buy the accounts of the Ha family. In 1511, Margaret and England besieged Venlo, and Carrel invaded the Netherlands and forced the siege to be relieved. Because her father, Real Madrid, also emphasized that as long as the lowlands defended themselves, Marguerite could only sign a peace treaty with Carrel, recognizing him as the Duke of Helde and the Earl of Zutfen. In 1514, Karel broke the peace treaty and marched into Arnhem.
In 1512, Margaret told her father that she had figured it out that the Netherlands had to survive on peace and trade, so it had to be neutral. Later, when the Holy League against France was established, the Emperor participated, but in the name of the Emperor, not in the name of the Regency of the Lowlands, and the Lowlands were thus neutralized. At the same time, the treaties did not stipulate that the Dutch lords could not help the British and German in attacking France.
So in the Battle of Spurs in 1513, the emperor followed King Henry VIII of England to reap the benefits, and the lowlands also made huge profits from the supply of military supplies.
In 1515, Charles ruled in the Lowlands, and Margaret stepped down.
After the emperor's death in 1519, Charles and Marguerite negotiated the election of Charles as the new emperor, despite opposition from the Pope and France. At one point, Marguerite supported Charles' only brother, Ferdinand, who was born in Spain, but Charles was reluctant to give up the throne. Marguerite was both diplomatic and bribe-taking, and finally allowed her eldest nephew to defeat King François I of France and inherit her grandfather's throne as Karl V. Kawu also reciprocated by letting Margaret sit in the Netherlands as governor again.
The feud between France and Spain has been added.
Because her grandfather Fei Er died earlier, Ka Wu became a multinational co-ruler, and although Spain and other countries were nominally co-ruled with Juana, in fact, except for the chaos caused by an attempted rebellion, Juana had been locked up in a convent - which had been done by her father on the grounds that she had gone insane, and her own son had only continued this state.
Emotionally speaking, Margaret is more like Kawu's own mother, and the real real mother Juana is like a passerby.
In the Battle of Pavia I in 1525, Kavi captured Phos, forcing him to keep his son hostage and give up his claim to the lowlands. As soon as he escaped, he did not admit his account and invaded the lowlands.
Marguerite retreated from the enemy on the battlefield and went to Cambray diplomatically, reuniting with Louise, a former classmate in France who was also Savoy's eldest sister-in-law, the Queen Mother of France (her husband was not a king, so he was not called the Queen Mother). In fact, France did not have the strength to continue fighting, so they agreed:
The part of Burgundy that France had actually occupied before, the Ha family no longer wanted it, and the lowlands that the Ha family actually controlled, the French no longer claimed the suzerain.
In addition to governing the country, Margaret was also in business, which led to the prosperity of the Netherlands. After negotiations with England, the Netherlands made a lot of money from the textile industry.
In 1523, the Danish civil strife caused the nobles to depose Christian II, the king of Denmark and Sweden, and installed his uncle Frederick as king, that is, Frederick I. Kji's queen Isabel got her name from her grandmother, who was Kawu's sister. Because Keji had another love, their relationship as husband and wife was not good, and later Keji's mistress was poisoned and died, and their relationship improved, and Isabel was also regent for a time.
The king of Xindan did not want to offend the Ha family, so he deliberately wrote a letter to Isabel in the Ha family's native German in order to win over her, but Isabel insisted on advancing and retreating with her husband, and went into exile with her husband and children to her mother's home in the lowlands, running around to seek a return to the country.
Margaret had no affection for the niece she had raised, and the editor didn't believe it, but in order to ensure a regular supply of food to the Netherlands, she accepted the woo of the king of Sindan, saying that she would not support the restoration of her niece and son-in-law. Even though Keji got through the door of his eldest brother, Margaret even disobeyed the emperor's order, saying that while the interests of the family were important, the economic interests of the Netherlands were more important.
The emperor was also unhappy with his aunt's disobedience, but throughout his life, the only governor he had reappointed was his aunt.
I don't know how Isabel felt when she died early in 1526 because she was rushing to restore the country.
Margaret's rule in the Netherlands was the first time in the history of the Netherlands that it experienced centralization, but the Netherlands under Margaret was peaceful, with the exception of the Protestant Reformation, when a group of martyrs were tied to a stake and burned to death in 1523.
Margaret also raised painters, built a library, and housed the earliest collections of the New World, some of which the Emperor gave to the colonist Hernán Cortés after receiving them from the Aztec king Montezuma. Because it was so literary, it was visited by celebrities such as Erasmus, Adrian of Utrecht (later Pope Adrian VI) and Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. Agrippa dedicated his arguably feminist work, Defamation of the Nobility and Excellence of Women, to her.
Margaret was also very fond of Anne, the youngest daughter of the English diplomat Thomas Boleyn, and offered her a temporary place, saying that it was more pleasant to spend time with the little girl than with the nobles.
At that time, no one knew what position this girl would be able to do in the future, who she would give birth to, and what would happen to her.
Margaret didn't even know what happened to her, and if it weren't for that accident, she might have ruled the Netherlands longer than in history, and her life would not have ended in 1530 at the age of 50—
She stepped on a piece of broken glass, did not pay attention to it, and had to have her leg amputated because of gangrene, and the doctor gave her opium for surgery, but because the opium was so strong, she never woke up.
At this time, Margaret still maintained the good habits of her youth: make a will when her life was in danger - all the inheritance went to the emperor alone, and wrote to him to make friends with England and France.
Today, there is a statue of a female governor next to St. Rumboulder's Cathedral in Mechelen, Belgium.
And the next governor of the Netherlands is still a related household of the Ha family, even a woman, and even brought up by Margaret herself.