He served as the inspector of imperial history, patrolled for many years on behalf of Tianzi, and accompanied the Ming army to suppress rebellion several times, and Xingduan, a native of Nankangzhuang
Author: Xu Liyang
Supervisors have done a great job in governing; judicial officials have been strict in enforcing the law; and they have made military achievements in suppressing rebellion
He was praised by the King of the Ming Dynasty as an official and deputy envoy of the Sipin Lake Guangguang Inspection Department
In the area of the Cut River in the southeast of Jingxing, when mentioning the Xing Yushi of Nankangzhuang, the local people will tell you in a tone of admiration, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty dreamed of the wooden pillars of the main hall where the man dressed in red was leaning, and sent Xingduan to quell the rebellion many times, and finally the Xingduan sand field was martyred, almost mythical legend. Before the Republic of China, the Xiangxian Ancestral Hall and the Zhongxiao Ancestral Hall in the Confucian Temple of Jingxing County once offered a stone tablet of Xingduan. That is to say, Xing Duan once entered the two shrines and was sacrificed by the people of his hometown, becoming the first township sage of Jingxing, that is, one of the seven outstanding figures of Jingxing who won the glory for his hometown in ancient times, and enjoyed the major festivals and sacrifices, and the county and the officials and gentry worshiped. In ancient times, very few people could enter the ancestral hall of the xiangxian, but what kind of person was the real Xingduan in history? Did he participate in the rebellion in Luchuan, Yunnan, as the county chronicle said, and died on the battlefield? The following is the latest Xingduan's life experience compiled in recent years based on many historical materials consulted in the main history and local history.
First, people who are born will try to fail the list and enter the state to study
Xing Duan was a famous figure in Jingxing in the early Ming Dynasty. Shiju Jingxing County in the eastern part of the county of Kangzhuang (present-day Nankangzhuang) in the upper reaches of the Cut Hip River. In the Ming Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of liangdu society.
Although Nankangzhuang is located in a deep mountainous area, it has been a place of outstanding people since ancient times. It is also a place of books that attaches great importance to the education of the imperial examination. During the Hongwu and Yongle years of the early Ming Dynasty, a small mountain village in Nankangzhuang produced two jinshi, Chai Ben and Kang Ning. You know, during the 276 years of the Ariake generation, only six jinshi were produced in the entire Jingxing County!
The village of Nankangzhuang, surrounded by water in the Middle Mountain of the Cut River
In the Ming Dynasty, there were two well-known inspectors of Imperial History, including Xingduan of Nankangzhuang, the "Xing Yushi" that is still known to the people five hundred years later.
Xing Duan was born in the last year of Hongwu. His grandfather Xing Boqi (邢伯企), his grandfather Xing Zhi (邢規), and his father Xing Sizhong (邢思忠), was a medical official (the person in charge of local medical affairs was not included in the official establishment). According to the Xing Family Tree, his mother was Bi. According to the existing stele and legend of Nankangzhuang, Bi shi should be the daughter of the Bi family in the Seven Lions Village. According to the genealogical time, it should be the daughter of Bi Sizhong, the second bi clan, and the sister of Bi Gui (later Bi Luan buried his parents in the Liangdu Xishan or related to this).
Bi had five sons, the eldest Xing Rong and the second Xing Gui, the third is Xing Duan, the fourth son Xing Cong, and the fifth son Xing Zhen
Xing Duan has been studying since childhood, and he has become a talent at a young age. In the autumn of the eighteenth year of Ming Chengzu Yongle (1420 AD), in the Gengzi Keshun Tianfu Township Examination, Xingduan Examination was held.
Two years before that, that is, in the sixteenth year of Yongle, Xingduan's fellow villager, Nankangzhuang, Kang Ning, had just passed the jinshi, which was the second jinshi in Jingxing since the ming Dynasty Hongwu officially opened the discipline in the seventeenth year! And chai ben, the first jinshi of Jingxing in the Ming Dynasty, was also a native of Nankangzhuang!
Xing Duan, who was promoted in the examination, followed in the footsteps of the two fellow villagers and marched toward the goal of entering the army. Entering the examination and the title of the gold list were the goals pursued by every reader in the old days.
On the first day of the first lunar month of the nineteenth year of Yongle, the capital of the Ming Dynasty was moved from Nanjing to Beijing. Prior to this, starting from the thirteenth year of Yongle, the annual spring examination and the temple examination had been held in Beijing.
In the spring of the nineteenth year, Xing Duan went to the Beijing Division to participate in the examination in order to pass the entrance examination. But unfortunately fell off the list.
After that, Xing Duan went to Beijing three times to participate in the examination in the twenty-second year of Yongle, the second year of Xuanzong Xuande and the fifth year of Xuande, but failed to do so.
When Xingduan reached middle age, he gave up the idea of re-entering the Spring Festival, and embarked on the shortcut of entering the Guozijian to study in the hope of becoming an official directly after his studies.
Guozijian, also known as Taixue, is the highest level of state-run institution. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, unlike the Later Guozijian, it was also an important department for cultivating management talents for the country. Since the Ming Dynasty was founded not long ago, the imperial examination system was not yet perfect, and the country needed a large number of talents to manage political affairs. As a result, the Guozijian became a department that trained administrative personnel for the state. Those who are imprisoned are called "lifting prisons" and begin in Hongwuzhong. In the early Ming Dynasty, the status of the Guozijian was very important, becoming a shortcut for those who fell off the list to enter the official field (while the Guozijian students in the late Ming Dynasty were mostly selected by Xiucai, such as Gongsheng).
Beijing Guoguozijian Street Arch
2. Served as inspector for many years and conscientiously performed his duties
In the eighth year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (1433 CE), Xing Duan, after the supervision of guozi, was awarded the post of inspector of imperial history along with Zhang Yu and Chenggong. It has been twelve years since Xing Duan first went to Beijing to participate in the jinshi scientific expedition.
Inspector Yushi was an official in the discipline inspection organs of the Ming Dynasty who was responsible for supervising and inspecting officials and local military and political conditions. He was an official of the same rank as Qipinzhi County, but because he was a procurator who traveled on the emperor's mission to inspect, he had greater power, which was equivalent to the supervision officials sent by the Central Discipline Inspection Commission to various places today.
As soon as Xing Duan took office, he was ordered to inspect the Zijing Pass in Yi County, an important pass in southwest Beijing----. After that, he served as the inspector of imperial history for eleven years, and successively inspected Guizhou and Zhili and other places.
Gyeonggi wants to pass Bauhinia Pass in Yi County
During his term of office, Xing Duan performed the duties of an inspector, strictly straightened out the officials, and reported problems in a timely manner so that they could correct mistakes; officials who violated discipline were severely punished to set an example. The history books record:
1. When Xing Duan served as the inspector of imperial history in the third year of Emperor Mingying's orthodoxy, he found that the frontier garrison in Guizhou had a harsh environment and a lack of imperial officials. The military attaché who held the command post, fearing that he would be appointed as an official here, found an excuse to stay in the field for a long time to avoid being assigned to Guizhou. When Xing Duan saw this drawback, he reported it to the imperial court. When Emperor Ming Yingzong learned of this, he issued a strict system, and those who violated it were punished according to law;
2. In the five years of orthodoxy, Chen Qian, the general and commander of Huangyaguan in Shanxi, invaded and occupied the garrison for half a month to transport grain; after Xingduan found out, he planned to severely punish him. According to the Great Ming Law, the crime of bending the law for personal gain should be sentenced to hanging. Xing Duan reported to Emperor Ming. Emperor Ming Yingzong changed from a light dispatch to a punishment that suspended Chen Qianlu for ten months;
3. In the sixth year of orthodoxy, when Xing Duan was serving as the inspector of the Northern Zhili Imperial History, it coincided with the locust plague in Shuntianfu in Beijing, as well as in Hejian Province and Shunde Province. Emperor Yingzong immediately ordered Xing Duan, Liu Keyan, Chen Pu, and Shi Huan to personally visit the disaster area to supervise the hunting and killing of locusts in various counties. At that time, some garrison guard posts in Wanping Seven Counties around Beijing suffered losses in autumn grain and poor harvests; and Huairou and other counties suffered hail disasters. At that time, the military and civilians in these places did not have enough food reserves for half a year to eat, and once they encountered famine, it was very likely to cause riots. The situation was extremely tense. When Xing Duan saw this, he rushed to the imperial court and requested that local taxes on salt, grain, and other items be exempted to reduce the burden on the people. After Emperor Yingzong saw the neglect, he immediately ordered the ministry to send someone to check the truth, and then issued an edict exempting the above-mentioned regional taxes;
4. In the seventh year of orthodoxy, Li Zaixiu, an official of the Fujian Provincial Department of Inspection and Envoys, was killed by the staff and eight other soldiers and civilians because he abused the criminal law while handling official affairs. According to the law, the crime of charging the army shall be punished, but it is also stipulated that money can be used to atone for the crime. When Xing Duan found out, he immediately went to the court to impeach Li Zaixiu for indiscriminate torture, taking people's lives, and was no longer worthy of being an official who enforced the criminal law. After Emperor Mingyingzong saw that he was neglected, he agreed with Xing Duan's proposition and issued an edict saying: Li Zaixiu despises human life so much, how can he deal with it according to the usual law? Punishment should be severe, and money should not be used to atone for sins!
In the end, there was a judgment that Li Zaixiu would be sent to the remote guard station!
III. Served as deputy envoy of Huguang and Guangdong on many occasions to quell rebellions in Huguang and Guizhou with the army
In December of the ninth year of Emperor Ming Yingzong's reign, Xing Duan was promoted to deputy envoy of the Huguang Ti Criminal Investigation Department (equivalent to today's vice president of the Provincial High Court), assisting the envoy in controlling the matter of impeachment according to the name of a province, and the official rank was Zheng Sipin. At that time, the political envoy department of Huguang was stationed in Wuchang.
The old city wall of Wuchang, where the Huguang Political Division is located
According to the old "Chronicle of Jingxing County", xingduan once participated in several battles to quell the rebellion of Miao in Luchuan, Yunnan, when he was serving as the deputy envoy of the Inspectorate. However, examining many Ming Dynasty classics, there is no record of XingDuan participating in the Luchuan counter-rebellion. According to the historical records of the Ming Dynasty, Xing Duan participated in many counterinsurgency campaigns during the Orthodox and Jingtai years. What was quelled was not the Luchuan rebellion, but the rebellion of Wuxi Toast and others in the Xianggui area:
1. In the thirteenth year of the reign of Emperor Ming Yingzong, chaos occurred in the area of present-day Enshi in the western part of Huxi, and more than seventy indigenous people attacked and killed each other, and the situation was chaotic.
Xing Duan was ordered to accompany Yushi Jiang Cheng and lead Tong Fu to lead the army to quell the rebellion;
2. In September of the first year of emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty (1450), Wei Tonglie, a tusi of the Huguanghong River, launched another rebellion. The Ming Dynasty urgently dispatched nearly 200,000 officers and soldiers from Huguang, Sichuan, and Yungui to encircle and suppress the rebellion. Xing Duan was ordered to mobilize as many as 37,777 Huguang officials and Ding Zhuangminfu to accompany the Ming army to participate in the counter-rebellion.
After several fierce battles, the Ming army finally quelled the rebellion and captured Wei Tonglie alive.
To this end, the Jingtai Emperor issued an edict to reward Zhang Ren, Ren Zhong, Xing Duan and other civil and military officials who participated in the counter-rebellion, and each was rewarded with 22 pieces of silver and 2 horses in the silk table.
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3. In the spring of the seventh year of Jingtai, civil unrest broke out in the western Part of Hunan Province.
Xing Duan was ordered to follow The Rebel Commander-in-Chief, General Fang Ying, to Western Hunan to quell the rebellion, along with the chancellor Shen Qing and others.
Xing Duan was sent to lead the local officers and soldiers and was ordered to go to the area of Yongshun and Baojing in present-day western Hunan to participate in the counterinsurgency battle. At that time, Xing Duan was over the age of flower armor and had silver hair. He still wears a bronze helmet and armor. Lead the way and charge forward.
Xing Duan followed Fang Ying and Zheng Tai and others to lead 70,000 Ming troops to fight against the rebels in the three provinces of Xiang, Gui, and Qian for several years. Successively, 270 rebel villages were destroyed, and 102 rebel pseudo-officials were captured. Another counterinsurgency victory was achieved.
Xing Duan served as the deputy envoy of Huguang for eleven years (for a total of thirteen years in Huguang, during which he was exempted from official detention for two years), and was repeatedly ordered to accompany the Ming army to quell the rebellion of the indigenous Wuxi Pass in Huguang, Guizhou and other places, and made many military achievements. As a result, the king of Guanghuayang in the Ming Dynasty at that time was very pleased with Xing Duan's talents, and praised his inscription: "Wei Zhaoxian Vice, from the embroidery of clothes; the name of Jingxiang, Wei Zhen Barbarian Yi." In this way, he praised Xing Duan.
Fourth, when he was an official, he was impeached many times and went to jail
The Department of Punishment and Probation is the body that controls the criminal law and the administration of officials in a province, and the competent official is called the "Wind Gendarmerie". While strictly enforcing the law, it is inevitable that some people will be offended; then there is the Ming Dynasty's official system, in which officials can supervise and impeach officials at all levels. As a result, Xing Duan was also impeached by his colleagues. During his more than ten years in office, he also encountered this problem. For example:
1. In the winter and October of the twelfth year of Ming Yingzong's orthodoxy, Xiao Kuan and Xing Duan, the envoys of HuguangBu Zheng (quite today's governor), inspected the officials and believed that Bo Guchu, the lord of Qianyang County, the capital of Chenzhou, was old and sick and unable to perform his duties, and should be handed over to the officials for separate arrangements. Unexpectedly, many of the gentry and gentry of Qianyang actually went to the capital, and it was said that just one year after the arrival of the ancient people, "Qing Jing was promising", which made many indigenous people naturalized and obeyed the rule of the Ming Court. Gu Chu was not called "old and sick", and begged the imperial court to let Gu Chu return to Qianyang to take up his original post.
Emperor Mingyingzong issued an edict to Yushi and other officials to review and verify, and the results were "as the people said." As a result, he restored the post of the lord of Qianyang County in the early days. At the same time, Xiao Kuan and Xing Duan were charged with "untruthful" crimes, and each person was punished with a suspension of payment of Qilu (salary) for half a year;
2. In February of the fourteenth year of the orthodoxy, an official impeached Xing Duan, saying that when he was in charge of the imperial history in the past, he had arrested the experience officer of the Jingshi Wei Institute without authorization. He also claimed that he was also suspected of "wrongfully murdering" during the trial;
3. In the winter and October of the first year of the Ming Dynasty Emperor Zhu Qiyu Jingtai, when Xing Duan was serving as the deputy envoy of Huguang Prefecture, Cai Xi, the inspector of Huguang, impeached Xing Duan for "greed" to the higher department. When Xing Duan learned of this, he immediately counterattacked and told Cai Xi that he was "careless in his inspection."
Yu Shi, who was instructed to investigate the matter at that time, believed that Xing Duan was helping to quell the rebellion of Wei Tonglie in Xiangxi, and that Cai Xi, as the governor of Huguang, "had no strategy to appease the military and the people", so he arrested Cai Xi and imprisoned him, while Xing Duan remained in his original position to assist in countering the rebellion;
4. In the spring of the third year, when Jingtai inspected the prison for Lin Cong, he believed that the verdict in Cai Xi's case was too heavy and that Cai Xi should not be imprisoned in prison. Emperor Shujingtai corrected the case, and then released Cai Xi and demoted him from Inspector Sanpin to Sipinzuo to participate in politics. Instead, Xing Duan was imprisoned and imprisoned.
It was not until five years after Jingtai that Lin Cong was impeached and sentenced to prison that Xingduan was released—because emperor Jingtai believed that Xingduan had "tried to gain merit from the general officer's conquest of Huguang, Guizhou, and other places for traitors". Because he did not investigate and verify the true situation of the crime, he still lived idly by the body of "wearing the crime".
The ancient city gate of Wuchang, where the Huguang Political Division is located
Fifth, in recent years, he still "wears the crime" and goes with the Ming army to suppress the rebellion
Soon, the imperial court ordered Xing Duan to zhishi (retire). Xingduan was over sixty years old,
In the spring of the seventh year of Jingtai when Xingduan was preparing to leave office, another Tusi rebellion broke out in the western Xiangxi area.
Fang Ying, the general of Pingman who led the counterinsurgency, believed that Xing Duan, the deputy envoy of Huguang, had participated in the counterinsurgency on many occasions to understand the local situation. So he asked Emperor Jingtai to temporarily not let Xing Duan Zhishi go to the war to make meritorious contributions.
Therefore, Emperor Jingtai then ordered the restoration of Xingduan Huguang to his original post as deputy envoy, and Xingduan, who was more than a year old, together with the official Shen Qing and other officials, led a part of the Ming army to the area of Yongshun and Baojing in present-day Western Hunan to quell the rebellion.
In the first month of the following year, Zhu Qizhen, who was placed under house arrest by Emperor Jingtai, restored the town of Mingyingzong and re-ascended to the imperial throne and changed his name to Yuan Tianshun.
Soon after the restoration of Emperor Mingyingzong, he issued an edict to liquidate the officials of the Ming Dynasty Emperor Jingtai. First of all, Yu Qian, a soldier of the Jingtai Dynasty who led his troops to resist the Mongols and also invaded first, defended Beijing and saved Daming, was arrested and imprisoned and then killed.
Later, a number of officials of the Jingtai Dynasty were liquidated.
After Xing Duan returned from the rebellion, he was left idle by hanging up an empty title.
Soon after, Xing Duan died of illness in Huguang. From the eighth year of Emperor Xuande of Ming to the early years of Emperor Tianshun of Ming, Xing Duan served as an official of the Ming Dynasty for more than 20 years.
It was not until seventy years later, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, that Xingduan's descendants erected a crown tomb for Xingduan in Nankangzhuang for sacrifice at the age.
Originally preserved in the Ming Dynasty Xingduan Stone Tablet in the Xian Ancestral Hall of Jingxing Township
Nankangzhuang Xing Clan Ancestral Hall
Xingduan tombstone
Genealogy of the Xing Ancestral Hall
Xing Ancestral Hall Painting Case
The Xing family tree originated from the fourth Xing duan page
Before his death, Xing Duan married his wife Hu Shi (胡氏), who had the first son, xing Fuquan (邢福全); Xing Fuquan married his wife Wang Shi (王氏), and had three sons: the eldest son Xing Jian married his wife Ma Shi; the second son Xing Shu married his wife Jia Shi; and the third son Xing Zhi married his wife Zhou Shi. According to the legend of Xingduan's descendants, because Xingduan realized the difficulty and hardships of being an official, he warned his descendants to only study and not to be an official. Therefore, among his descendants, only his grandson Xing Zhi was a Supervisor of the Ming Dynasty, who was taught by the Eight Pins of Confucianism; Xing Shu's eldest son (Xing Duan's great-grandson) Xing Yongqing, a Guozi Supervisor, was also an official. Only low-level officials in charge of education at the county level.