The five houses in Lingxi have been used through the ages
In the third year of Qianlong (1738), Fang Bao, a scholar of the Han Cabinet and the Right Attendant of the Rebbe, who had just finished compiling the Eight Banners Disciples' textbook "Selected Ancient Texts", received the Holy Will and continued to compile the "Four Books anthology" as the official ancient Chinese teaching material.
( Square bud image)
Fang Bao realized that his ambitions in his youth, "the way of carrying Cheng (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi) and Zhu (Zhu Xi)" in the eight texts of the (Tang and Song Dynasties) could be generalized. Together with the Anhui Tongcheng literati Liu Daxun and Yao Nai, he launched the ancient Chinese movement against Piao Wen and advocating Tang and Song prose writing. Since then, the Tongcheng school has rapidly grown into the largest prose genre in the Qing Dynasty literary circle, and has become the orthodox literary circle, leading the Qing Dynasty literary circle for more than two hundred years.
In the Qing Daoguang period, the development of the Tongcheng sect ushered in another peak, and Mei Zengliang, the leader of the Tongcheng faction, issued a praise: "The world's articles, its collection is in Lingxi Hu", people turned their attention to the five ancient literati from Guangxi, who were known as the "five masters of Lingxi".
Lingxi Five (Character Hypothetical Picture)
“...... The general fought with his bare hands, saying that he was exhausted and alone.
The poor shroud was without horse leather, and the giant cannon shook into smoke. ......”
Guan Tianpei is like "General Guan's Elegy" - Zhu Qi
On January 7, 1841, the British army raided the Humen Fort of the Qing Army, and Guan Tianpei, the admiral of the sixty-year-old marine division, led his soldiers to heroically resist the enemy several times larger than themselves, and finally martyred. When the news reached the capital, the government and the opposition shook. Zhu Qi, who was then the imperial historian of the imperial court and was known as one of the "Three Straights of The Imperial Court", wrote this "Elegy of General Guan", which expressed his regret for the loss of patriotic generals and his indignation at the lord and faction for missing the military plane.
Zhu Qi (character hypothetical image)
During the Opium War, Zhu Qi also composed many poems, such as "Old General Wu Song" and "Sigh of Veteran Soldiers," praising the national integrity of patriotic officers and soldiers who would rather die than yield, and lashing out at the cowardice of the Lord and the Faction, which resonated with many people of insight.
"Veteran Sigh" - Zhu Qi
As an advisor, Zhu Qi was not afraid of the powerful and dared to speak out, and often advocated strictly banning opium, reforming the administration of officials, and punishing corruption. He wrote an essay entitled "Discernment" directly denouncing the style of study and morale of the current dynasty that sought profit; he wrote "Nominal Truth" to profoundly criticize the pseudonymous scholars who protected themselves and coveted fame and position; and used "Answering Guests' Questions" to show the aspirations of the counselors who dared to risk death and enter the court. At that time, in the court hall where "the upper and lower review committees were meticulous, and the words and roads were more than silent", Zhu Qi "talked about the affairs of the world and spoke in a straight voice", which made people look at this Guangxi Lingui person with astonishment.
Zhu Qi, who was evaluated by people as "sexually resolute and temperamental", was the king of Jingjiang in the Ming Dynasty, and the entire family was talented.
When Qi was young, he had the ambition of "helping the world at the same time". On the road to study, he came into contact with the ancient Chinese of the Tongcheng School through his teacher Lü Huang, and through continuous study, he gradually obtained the true transmission of the Tongcheng School. His compositions were "strict in the law of righteousness" and "both in literature and morality", and he adhered to the political idea of "applying it to the world", scrupulously fulfilled his duties in the political arena, dared to speak out, and eventually became a unique patriotic literati of the Qing Dynasty.
Benefiting from the convenience of serving in the DPRK, Zhu Qi took several other Guangxi talents Peng Yuyao, Long Qirui, Wang Zheng, and others to ask Mei Zengliang, a leader of the Tongcheng Sect, for advice and study.
In the exchanges, Mei Zengliang found that Zhu Qi, Peng Yuyao, Long Qirui, Wang Zheng, compared with the Tongcheng students in other regions, the overall characteristics are more obvious, and have great influence and appeal, Mei Zengliang gave them a high evaluation, exclaimed: "The world's articles, its collection in Lingxihu!" ”
Lü Huang was the forerunner of introducing the theory of Tongcheng ancient literature into Guangxi, and he was also the teacher and guide of the other "four masters". In 1777, Lü Huang's father and brother were sent to Jiangxi for unjust imprisonment, and the following year, Lü Huang was born in shushou. Growing up in a difficult environment, Lü Huang studied with his father, worked hard and self-motivated, and at the age of 35, he passed the entrance examination and embarked on a career path.
Lü Huang became the first stop in Zhi County, and came to Qingyuan County, Zhejiang. Because of his hatred for unjust, false and wrongly decided cases, at the beginning of his term of office, he hung up the couplet he had written in the main hall of the government: "I have also been hurt by the wrong, dare to be confused and forget the day? Ru doesn't have to take advantage of the opportunity to win a victory, and see if he will harm his own family for a long time." Qingyuan ZhiXian has been in charge for more than a year, he strictly investigated private fraud, handled more than 1,000 cases impartially, was clear and decisive, and was called "God Zai" by the people and was deeply loved.
In 1828, at the age of 51, Lü Huang was still diligent in his studies. He came to Hangzhou with the article and asked For advice from Wu Dexuan in Tongcheng. Wu Dexuan was one of the representative figures of the Tongcheng Sect, a disciple of Yao Nai. The two talked about the ancient grammar for more than 20 days. Later, Lü Huang compiled their discussion into the famous "Introduction to the Ancient Literature of the First Moon Building", which gave him a very profound understanding of the laws of ancient writing and the works of ancient writers and works of the past generations.
Four years later, Lü Huang resigned and returned to Guilin for retirement. At that time, almost no one in Guangxi studied ancient Chinese, and books in this area were even more scarce and the style of writing was weak. Lu Huang was determined to change this situation. He successively lectured at Ronghu Jingshe Academy and Xiufeng Academy, and also enriched the academy with 10,000 volumes of books accumulated by eunuchs for more than ten years, and spread the ancient grammar of Tongcheng. This has enabled Guangxi students to improve their understanding of ancient texts, keep up with the trend of the development of ancient chinese theory, sweep away bad literary styles such as "imitating ancient times" and "socializing and helping to entertain", and promote the rise of Tongcheng ancient texts in Guangxi. Among his many students, Zhu Qi, Long Qirui, Peng Yuyao, and Wang Zheng were his most proud disciples.
In the winter of 1838, at the age of 61, Lü Huang died suddenly at Xiufeng Academy, "crying under the door and losing his voice". Zhu Qi recalled the scene when Lü Huang first returned to Guangxi, and he was overwhelmed with emotion: "At the beginning of his return from Zhejiang, Yan Sideburns were particularly decadent, and the Ten Thousand Scrolls Building was built high, and the West Kuma of the Song City was shouting... Show me zhenchuan wen, there is a drink of mash mash...". Peng Yuyao wrote in the article: "The ancient Chinese language in Guangdong is very small, Mr. Rose to become a teacher, and Wen Lan wants to turn it back..."
The students sincerely admired Lü Huang's efforts to revitalize the Guangxi cultural context, and they remembered the Tongcheng School's ideas of "carrying the Tao with literature" and "applying it to the world" advocated by him. However, in the late Qing Dynasty, the society was in severe turmoil, and the reader's life experience was full of twists and turns, and the academic ideals could not be carried out.
The talented Peng Yuyao, his career is not smooth, and he has repeatedly failed to enter the Beijing Club, but he always has the ambition to serve the country. In 1840, Peng Yuyao participated in the examination and encountered a flood of the Yellow River through Henan on his way home. He examined the present, summed up the experience and lessons of harnessing the Yellow River, wrote the "Discussion on River Defense", and proposed the "Six Strategies for Curing the Yellow River", but unfortunately did not attract enough attention from the imperial court.
Long Qirui was a high school champion at the age of 27, and died young at the age of 45, so his political achievements are not outstanding. But he is well-versed and good at summarizing learning experience. He compiled a number of works, such as "Erya Sutra Annotations", "Character Study", "Sutra Citations", etc., to help candidates understand phonological precepts, avoid vulgar characters and typos, and choose good reference books, so that students in Guangdong University have a way to learn and reduce detours. Reprints of these works were in short supply at the time.
In the "Five Great Masters of Lingxi", Wang Zheng experienced the five dynasties of Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu, and was also the last of the Tongcheng school in Guangxi, and his ancient texts and poems were respected by people. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty included him in the "Column Biography" category together with Zeng Guofan, Hu Linyi, and others.
[Wang Zheng's representative works: "Longbi Shanfang Poetry Collection", "Maoling Autumn Rain Words", "Guifang Commentary On the History collection", "Tan Yilu", etc.]
Wang Zheng's original name was Xi Zhen, and his life was miserable. He lost his father at the age of 1, his mother died when he was 7 years old, and his widowed sister brought him up to make ends meet by helping others wash clothes. At the age of 15, because he admired the famous Northern Song Dynasty minister Bao Zheng, he changed his name to "Zheng".
In 1841, Wang Zhengzhong entered the career path. At that time, the decline of the Qing Dynasty was becoming increasingly apparent. In order to save the crisis and revitalize the Chao Gang, Wang Zheng took Bao Zheng as an example, "When the country is worried, he cares about the people, understands political affairs, and speaks out with integrity." Seeing that Guangdong's government affairs were full of drawbacks, he recommended Guo Songtao, who had a very reform-minded view, to serve as the inspector of Guangdong, and was approved by the Tongzhi Emperor.
In Beijing, Wang Zheng had many like-minded friends, such as Mei Zengliang, Zeng Guofan, Zhu Qi, Long Qirui, etc., who were quite influential in the government and literature. Usually, they discussed current affairs together, and when they reached the upper court, they impeached officials who had bribed greed and fainted and failed in their duties.
However, the Qing Dynasty is decaying, and the building will fall. In 1864, Wang Zhengshang was demoted to an official, and he felt that it was difficult for him to relax his ambitions in the court, so he hung up his crown and resigned, and returned to Guilin.
In his hometown, Wang Zheng inherited the ambition of his teacher Lü Huang and set up a museum to teach and teach the theories of the Tongcheng school. Among his students, one was Zhou Yi, who was later known as a famous lyricist of the Qing Dynasty and one of the "Four Great Masters of the Late Qing Dynasty".
Zhou Yi statue
In the mid-Autumn Festival of 1854, the good news came from the famous garden of Lingnan - Yanshan Garden, and the "Hantong Lou Shiyou Wen Banknote" was officially published. This set of books contains a total of 197 essays by Mei Zengliang, Lü Huang, Zhu Qi, Peng Yuyao, Long Qirui, and Wang Zheng, as their "source of teachers and friends", and also records the literary climax they have set off. In the late Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, people synthesized Mei Zengliang's praise and eventually referred to Lü Huang, Zhu Qi, Peng Yuyao, Long Qirui, and Wang Zheng as the "Five Greats of Lingxi".
The "Five Great People of Lingxi" adhere to the tradition of wen yi zai dao, and they have the ambition to serve the country and strive for it. Their works record social changes and historical vicissitudes, arouse people's thinking about life, society and the times, and lead the trend of ancient literary creation; they are good at inspiring future learning, discovering talents, cultivating talents, and achieving talents. Looking back, the "Five Greats of Lingxi" have achieved the immortal cause of virtue, meritorious service and speech in the inheritance of the Chinese context.
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