Past Nobel Laureates (Chemistry Prize - Part 2)

2020 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, image from the Internet

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry began in 1901 and is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on December 10. The purpose of the award is to recognize those who have made the most important discoveries and inventions in the field of chemistry.

Past Nobel Laureates (Chemistry Prize - Part 1)

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Melvin Calvin, 1961, American chemist. Study of carbon dioxide absorption by plants.

In 1962, Max Perutz and John Kendrew, British chemists. Study of the structure of spherical proteins.

In 1963, Carl Ziegler and Guglio Natta, West German and Italian chemists. Research in the chemical properties and technical fields of polymers.

Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin, British chemist, in 1964. X-ray technology was used to analyze the structure of some important biochemical substances.

Robert Burns Woodward, 1965, American chemist. Outstanding achievements in organic synthesis.

In 1966, Robert M. S. Mallicken is an American chemist. Basic research on chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules using molecular orbital methods.

In 1967, Manfred Egan, Ronald George Wyford Norish and George Potter, West German and British chemists. The study of high-speed chemical reactions using a very short energy pulse to perturb the reaction equilibrium.

1968, Russ Ansager, American chemist. The discovery of reciprocal relations named after him laid the foundation for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.

Derek Barton and Odd Hassell, British and Norwegian chemists in 1969. The concept of conformation and its application in chemistry was developed.

In 1970, Luis Fdricho Leloir, Argentine chemist. The role of glyconucleotides in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates was discovered.

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Gerhard Herzberg, 1971, Canadian chemist. The study of the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, especially free radicals.

In 1972, Christian Bermel Anfinson, Stanford Moore, and William Howard Stein, American chemists. The former studies the ribonuclease, especially the relationship between amino acid sequences and biologically active conformations, and the latter study the relationship between the catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecule and its chemical structure.

In 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer and Jeffrey Wilkinson, West German and British chemists. The study of the chemical properties of metal-organic compounds, also known as sandwich compounds.

Paul Flory, American chemist, 1974. Basic research on the theoretical and experimental aspects of polymer physical chemistry.

John Confuffols and Vladimir Prelogge in 1975, Australian, British and Swiss chemists. The former studies the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, while the latter studies the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.

William Lipscombe, 1976, American chemist. The study of the structure of borane explains the chemical bonding problem.

In 1977, Ilya Prigogine, Belgian chemist. His contribution to the thermodynamics of non-equilibrium states, in particular, he proposed the theory of dissipative structures.

Peter Mitchell, 1978, British chemist. The theoretical formula of chemical permeation is used to contribute to the understanding of bioenergy transfer.

Herbert Brown and Georg Wittig, American and West German chemists, 1979. Boron-containing and phosphorus-containing compounds were developed into important reagents in organic synthesis, respectively.

In 1980, Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger, American and British chemists. The former is the study of the biochemistry and recombinant DNA of nucleic acids, and the latter two are the study of methods for determining the sequence of DNA bases in nucleic acids.

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In 1981, Kenichi Fukui and Rod Hoffman, Japanese and American chemists. The principle of conservation of molecular orbital symmetry is proposed to explain the occurrence of chemical reactions.

Aaron Kluge, British chemist, 1982. Crystal electron microscopy was developed and the structure of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes was studied.

Henry Taubbe, 1983, American chemist. Study on the mechanism of electron transfer reaction in metal complexes.

Robert Bruce Merrifield, American chemist, 1984. Solid-phase chemical synthesis method was developed.

Herbert Hauptmann and Jerm Carr, American chemists, in 1985. Outstanding achievement in the development of direct methods for determining crystal structure.

In 1986, Dudley Hirschbach, Li Yuanzhe and John Charles Polani, American, Canadian, and Hungarian chemists. Contribution to the study of kinetic processes of chemical radical reactions.

In 1987, Donald Cram, Jean-Marie Lane and Charles Pederson, French and American chemists. Molecules that can perform highly selective structure-specific interactions have been developed and used.

In 1988, John Dyson Hofer, Robert Huber and Hartmuth Michel, West German chemists. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of the center of the photosynthetic reaction.

In 1989, Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech, Canadian and American chemists. The catalytic properties of RNA were discovered.

In 1990, Arias James Corey, American chemist. Organic synthesis theory and methodology were developed.

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Richard Ernst, Swiss chemist, 1991. Contribution to the development of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic methods.

In 1992, Rudolf Marcus, American chemist. Contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.

1993, Kelly Mullis and Michael Smith, American and Canadian chemists. Both have developed DNA-based chemical research methods, the former developing polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the latter establishing oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutations and their research development on proteins.

1994, George Andrew Euler, American and Hungarian chemist. Contributions to the study of carbon positive ion chemistry.

In 1995, Paul Krutzen, Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland, Dutch and American chemists. The study of atmospheric chemistry, especially with regard to ozone decomposition.

In 1996, Robert Cole, Harold Crotto and Richard Smalley, American and British chemists. Discover fullerene.

In 1997, Paul Boyer, John Walker and Jens Christiansko were American, British, and Danish chemists. The first two elucidate the enzyme catalytic mechanism in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which was the first to discover an ion transport enzyme, known as a sodium-potassium ion pump.

In 1998, Walter Cohen and John Pope, American and British chemists. The former created density functional theory, while the latter developed computational methods in quantum chemistry.

1999 Amid Ziwell, Egyptian and American chemist. Study of transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.

In 2000, Alan Hague, Alan Macdermeade and Hideki Shirakawa, American, New Zealand and Japanese chemists. Conductive polymers were discovered and developed.

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In 2001, William Standish Knowles, Ryoji Noi, and Barry Sharpless, American and Japanese chemists. Chiral catalytic hydrogenation reactions.

In 2002, John Bennett Finn, Koichi Tanaka, and Kurt Wittrich, American, Japanese, and Swiss chemists. Both have developed methods for the identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules. The former two established a mass spectrometry analysis of biological macromolecules by soft analytical ionization, and the latter established a method of using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to resolve the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.

In 2003, Peter Agre and Roderick McKinnon, American chemists. Both study ion channels in cell membranes, the former discovering water channels, and the latter studying the structure and mechanism of ion channels.

In 2004, Aaron Chehanovo, Avram Hershko and Owen Ross, Israeli and American chemists. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation was discovered.

Yves Shawan, Robert Grubb and Richard Schröck, French and American chemists in 2005. The compound decomposition method in organic synthesis was developed.

2006 Roger Kornberg, American and German chemist. A study of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.

Gerhard Etter, Japanese and American chemist in 2007. The study of chemical reactions on solid surfaces.

In 2008, Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Qian Yongjian, Japanese and American chemists. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was discovered and engineered.

In 2009, Venkatraman Lamarishnan, Thomas Stetts and Ada Yonet, British, American, and Israeli chemists. Research on the structure and function of ribosomes.

In 2010, Richard Heck, Eiichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki, American and Japanese chemists. Study on palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in organic synthesis.

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Dan Shechtman, Israeli chemist, 2011. Discovery of quasicrystals.

In 2012, Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka, American chemists. Study of G protein-coupled receptors.

In 2013, Martin Capras, Michael Levitte and Ariya Vaschel, Austrian, American, British and Israeli chemists. Created multiscale models for complex chemical systems.

In 2014, Eric Betzig, Stefan Hull and William Molnar, American and German chemists. Achievements in the field of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy.

In 2015, Thomas Lindal, Paul Modric and Aziz Sanjar, Swedish, British, American and Turkish chemists. Research on the mechanisms of DNA repair cells.

In 2016, Jean-Pierre Sovage, Fraser Stodart and Bernard Feringa, French, British, American and Dutch chemists. Design and synthesis of molecular machines.

In 2017, Jacques Dubbert, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson, Swiss, German, American and British chemists. Development of cryo-electron microscopy technology for high-resolution structural determination of biomolecules in solution.

In 2018, Francis Arnold, Greg Winter and George Smith, American and British chemists. The former designed the directed evolution of enzymes, and the latter two developed phage display technology for peptides and antibodies.

In 2019, John Bannister Goodenough, Stanley Whitingham, and Akira Yoshino, American, British, and Japanese chemists. Developed lithium-ion batteries.

In 2020, Emmanuel Schalpentier and Jennifer Degna, French and American chemists. A method for gene editing technology has been developed.

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