It is said that Shandong people have a few relatives in the Northeast, speaking of the reason, many Northeast friends may still remember, it is the famous "Breaking the Guandong" in history.
Where is the "Kanto" and why is it "breaking"?
First, let's find out where is the Kanto. Kanto literally means "east of the pass" and is the east gate of the Shanhaiguan on the mainland.
Crossing the Guandong refers to the historical event of the people in the Hebei region of Shandong Province migrating to the northeast through the Shanhaiguan at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China.
And then let's talk about it, why does Kanto want to "break"?
This is because from inside the customs to outside the customs, the people have to go through too many tribulations, crises and life and death are unpredictable, and it is unknown whether they can safely reach the customs and settle down and take root.
One of the tribulations was that the Qing government did not allow casual exits. The Manchu people originally came from outside the Guan, and the Qing government always believed that the area outside the Guanxi was where the dragon vein of the Qing Dynasty was located, and would never allow the Han people in the Central Plains to enter the land of Longxing to cultivate, so it issued a ban on customs.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the national strength declined, and the Qing government ordered to allow the displaced people to leave the customs, and the policies were repeated, and the people were miserable.
The difference in the living environment threatens greater, Shanhaiguan is not only a geographical barrier, but also a barrier of civilization, the people of the Central Plains in the customs are mainly farming, guarding one acre and three points of land, and the wife and children are hot on the kang.
But the outside of the customs is different, because of the time from the dragon into the customs, has led to the decay of the city wall, the arable land is barren, the only remaining is fishing and nomadic herding, and the weather is extremely cold, the environment is bad, uprooted from the hometown to Xintiandi to open up from scratch, for the people of the eastern part of the country, it really takes great courage.
Until 1945, the Guandong was basically finalized, and there were more than 40 million Han immigrants in the northeast, becoming the absolute subject of the original Manchurian dragon vein. Such a pattern is inseparable from one word, that is, "breaking".
Why do you want to break into Kanto?
As the largest population migration event in the modern history of the mainland, the reasons behind it are worth pondering.
The most direct reason is the conflict in agricultural production in the Kannai, and it is impossible to survive. The Central Plains has always been a man ploughing and a woman weaving, and having land to grow grain and be able to feed and clothe is the greatest happiness, so the land is the lifeblood of the people.
After the Manchu government entered the customs, the people outside the customs entered the customs from Long, especially during the Kangxi period, and introduced "population growth has nothing to do with the collection of taxes", and the Ding Fu was cancelled during the Yongzheng period.
As a result, the population of Guannai surged, the contradiction between man and land intensified, the original land was not enough, and the local gentry grabbed the peasants' land, and under the rule of the Manchu government, the Han people inevitably suffered losses and were forced to find another way.
The Qing government changed its previous policy and increased its excesses and miscellaneous taxes. The reduction of taxes in the early days of the Kangqian Dynasty provided the basis for the rapid increase in population, but after the population increased, in the late Qing Dynasty, government officials began to set up additional taxes under false names.
At that time, the common people satirized the harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes in couplets, saying: "Since ancient times, I have never heard of a tax on dung, and now there is only a fart and no donation." At that time, there were still people who practiced "cents donation", which was originally worth one hundred draws, and the donation of cents was used in times of war, so that businessmen could donate some profits from buying and selling to fund the national army to fight wars.
In the late Qing Dynasty, it developed into the most important source of tax revenue for the government, and became the main culprit of excessive taxation.
The war continues, and the people have nowhere to survive. In the late Qing Dynasty, the government was corrupt and the national strength was weakened, starting from the Opium War, China's war lasted for more than 100 years.
Natural disasters continue to make things worse. In the late Qing Dynasty, large locust plagues and droughts broke out in many places, and the locust plague alone lasted for seven years, resulting in no harvest for the common people.
In 1855, the heavy rain caused the Yellow River to be diverted, from the south to the north to roar, there was no water on both sides of the old river channel, the two banks of the new river channel were flooded, the soil nature changed, and the land was seriously damaged, which deeply affected the production and life of the people.
Due to multiple reasons, the people were desperate and had no choice but to die and survive, and the migration movement to the outside of the customs began.
Some people say that the south is obviously more developed and warmer, so why go to the northeast?
This is related to the situation at that time, foreign wars began in the southeast coastal areas many times, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement also began in Guangxi, and tens of millions of casualties were killed and injured in World War I.
The northeast is fertile with rare earth land, and the road from Shandong to the northeast is also relatively close, and a variety of factors have contributed to this large-scale population migration.
The great migration of the population at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China stimulated the democratic ideology of the nation, impacted the feudal rule, and at the same time revitalized the national economy, gradually integrating fishing, animal husbandry and hunting with farming culture, and introduced the Central Plains farming outside the Guanwai.
What other major population migration events have occurred in the history of the continent?
In ancient times, there were at least six population migrations on the mainland, and each time it was inseparable from wars and natural disasters.
For example, after the Yongjia Rebellion, "the clothes of the south". In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the rebellion of the eight kings, the northern ethnic minorities took advantage of the chaos to attack the Central Plains, known as the Wuhu Rebellion, after which the Xiongnu attacked the Central Plains to occupy Luoyang, Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty was captured, and the Emperor Sima Rui of the Jin Yuan Dynasty crossed the river to establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Han people fled south with the crossing of the river.
Since most of the people who fled south this time were gentry and well-dressed, this migration was called "Clothed Nandu". After the Anshi Rebellion and the Jingkang Rebellion, there were the second and third crossings to the south respectively, which were basically due to the invasion of ethnic minorities, the loss of the Central Plains, and the alternation of the old and new dynasties, which led to the southward migration of the population.
Another example is the Ming Dynasty, the Hongdong migration. During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, there were more than a dozen migrations of various scales, involving millions of people in nearly 20 provinces, basically from Shanxi to all parts of the country.
It also includes going to the west exit, which has achieved many large Jin merchants, and we are familiar with the Qiao family compound, Shanxi Qiao's family is the Jin merchants who go to the west exit.
The great migration of the Ming Dynasty was a scourge left by the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, drought, locust plague, flood alternation, starvation everywhere, cannibalism, coupled with years of war, the people had no choice but to flee to all provinces of the country.
Then there was the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty when the lake filled Sichuan, and many years of war and natural disasters led to a significant decrease in the population of Sichuan.
During the Kangxi period, the Qing government ordered the relocation of 1 million people from the Lianghu and Guijiang regions to Sichuan.
In modern times, there have been several very famous population migrations.
For example, everyone is very familiar with "going to the South Seas". Almost at the same time, the Qing government was weak and incompetent, and signed various unequal treaties, including allowing Western powers to recruit Chinese workers on the southeast coast, and a large number of Chinese were recruited to leave their homeland and emigrate overseas, which is why to this day, many wealthy merchants in Southeast Asia are descendants of Chinese.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the construction of the third line was greatly migrated. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the third-tier cities needed a large number of talents to build at the grassroots level, and under the order of the Party Central Committee, more than 4 million people in the first-tier cities moved to the third-tier cities to participate in the construction without hesitation, creating a legendary industrial history of the People's Republic of China.
epilogue
It is one of the largest population migration events in the mainland since ancient times, and it has brought a new pattern to the mainland's politics, economy, and culture. Throughout history, every migration is also a history of blood and tears of the Chinese people, and under multiple tribulations, there have been major population migrations and new patterns again and again.
Reference 1 "Analysis of the Reasons for the Shandong People of the Qing Dynasty to Invade the Eastern Mountains": https://wenku.so.com/d/cae803c4e7219ea7fb93e26a06637d5f?src=ob_zz_juhe360wenku
Reference 2 "Analysis of the Spirit of Shandong People in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China": https://wenku.so.com/d/883f2909401375a5b4282d34625c6e9b?src=ob_zz_juhe360wenku
Reference 3 "Analysis of the Significance of Crossing the Guandong to the Country": https://wenku.so.com/d/5686e5c76e0483268bee5d267f705e00?src=ob_zz_juhe360wenku
Reference 4 "Why is there a big difference between the folk customs inside and outside Shanhaiguan?": https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/349277980