This article is a series of 225 intensive readings of Chinese history, and the "History of the Five Dynasties" series 05 (click on the blue character to view the previous part), welcome to watch.
The three dynasties of the middle of the Five Dynasties – Later Tang (923-936), Later Jin (936–947), and Later Han (947–950) – were all Shatuo people, and could be called the "Three Shatuo Dynasties". These three dynasties existed for only 28 years (923-950) and are rarely politically credible.
The Central Plains were withered, the people were in distress, and the five generations were regarded as "Ji Shi", mainly based on the situation in this period. The Khitan in the north came to power at this time.
The strength of the Khitan played a non-negligible role in the development of the northern frontier areas, especially Inner Mongolia and the northeast, but the wars launched by the Khitan rulers also caused great damage to the Central Plains. This was a big problem at the time, and it had a profound impact on the history of the next few hundred years.
Today, we mainly talk about the situation of the Later Tang.
01, "I am on the ten fingers to win the world"
"I won the world with ten fingers", this is a big sentence said by Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang after Li Cunxun destroyed Liang.
After Nanping Gao Jixing knew that Li Cunxun had said this, he said happily: "I sit back and relax!" ”
Why can the fate of an emperor and a dynasty be judged in one sentence? Because this sentence vividly reflects that Li Cunxun not only believes in force, but also believes in himself, but also reflects his psychological state of being satisfied.
A founding monarch has this kind of problem, and his failure is bound to be just around the corner, and there seems to be no exception in history.
Is Li Cunxun really invincible to the world? This is not the case, most of his success in destroying Liang is due to the decay of Liang, and as for the long drive into The Great Liang in the first year of Tongguang (923), it is largely a fluke victory, with considerable accidentality.
In 923, on the eve of the destruction of Liang, he proclaimed himself emperor at Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Southeastern Daming, Hebei), with the state name Ofan, representing himself as the restoration and succession of the Tang Dynasty's orthodoxy.
This move actually had no appeal, because no one thought about Tang's performance at that time, and Li Keyong's father and son were not descendants of the Tang royal family, which was a well-known fact.
Speaking of the situation in the early years of the Later Tang Dynasty, although there were economic difficulties, they were actually quite impressive. It owns land equal to the sum of Hou Liang and Jin. If you count the Former Shu that was destroyed in the third year of Tongguang (925), it is much larger than the other four generations of the five generations.
Judging from the current administrative divisions, the jurisdiction of the Later Tang Dynasty is roughly equivalent to that of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei (missing a small piece), Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan (missing a small piece), Gansu, Ningxia, Jiangsu, Anhui, Huaibei and northern Hubei.
If the rulers of the Later Tang Dynasty had a little good governance, eliminated divisions, and restored unification, it was not necessarily very difficult.
The monarchs and courtiers of the southern divided countries were panicked at first, and sent emissaries to pay tribute to inquire about the situation in the Central Plains. King Ma Yin of Chu sent his son Xi Fan into the dynasty, paid the seal letter issued by Hou Liang, and reported the names of the generals of the Dao Dynasty.
Gao Jixing of Nanping also personally went to Luoyang, where he met with Emperor Zhuangzong as a former magistrate and expressed his support for the new dynasty. He looked at the situation in the DPRK and knew that the Tang Dynasty would not last long, and his heart was wide.
Xu Wen of the State of Wu blamed the strategist Yan Keqiu, saying that in the past he should not refuse Li Cunxun's request to destroy Liang, fearing that Tang would make Wu an enemy. Yan Keqiu was confident, and based on the information he received, he also made the judgment that "there will be changes in Tang's interior soon."
Why do they dare to make very positive judgments? Because the rulers of the Later Tang Dynasty did bad things, they simply did not do any good things.
02, Lingguan Emperor, the people do not talk about life
This new dynasty did not consider measures to restore production at all to the devastated Central Plains. Kong Qian was born as a small official in WeiZhou, and he had two sets of skills in his life, one was to please the master, and the other was to exploit the people. After the founding of the Later Tang Dynasty, it blindly levied tyrannically to meet the needs of the court's profligacy. The imperial court issued some official articles on tax reductions and exemptions, but the actual action was completely opposite to it. The people's taxes were heavier than those of the old dynasty, but Kong Qian was awarded the title of "Meritorious Servant of Wealth and Support for the Country".
In fact, although at that time, after the mourning, the finances were not necessarily helpless, and there was no need to use their brains specifically on the poor people. The problem was that Li Cunxun divided the wealth into the inner and outer provinces, the prefectures and counties came up to the foreign provinces, and the military and political funds were charged; Fang Zhen contributed to the inner houses, and served the emperor's feasts and rewards for squandering purposes. As a result, the outer house was often empty, unable to cope with daily needs, but the inner house was full of gold veils.
Therefore, the people hate this new dynasty!
Li Cunxun won the world by force. After the founding of the country, soldiers soon grew resentment. In the second year of Tongguang (924), the imperial court wanted to pay for the army, which was not enough. The Privy Counsellor made Guo Chongtao offer 100,000 taels of military money, and he persuaded the emperor to take some money from the Inner Government himself. Zhuangzong refused, and only took out the assets confiscated by a nobleman for rebellion. The sergeant is dissatisfied with what he wants, how can he not complain!
In the third year of Tongguang (925), the famine was so severe that the imperial court could not issue military food at all. Every day, Kong Qian went to the upper east gate to wait for the grain ship, and sent a little to one point. The sergeant had no food to eat, so he sold his wife and men, and separated his flesh and bones. Old and weak families flock to the wild to find some wild vegetables to fill their hunger, often freezing and starving to death. The situation was so serious that Zhuang Zong still did not care and took care of himself to play the game of hunting.
Therefore, the sergeant also hated this new dynasty.
Zhuang Zong's favorite three things in his life are war, hunting, and singing and acting. After the destruction of Liang, there was no more war, so most of his energy was spent on the last two things. He went out hunting, often trampling on large numbers of crops and ruining farmland near Luoyang. He had many hounds. Sometimes he sat on the temple, and the hounds ran around the temple. The splendid palace has simply become a village of vicious dogs.
Once, he went to Yiqu, south of Luoyang, to fight a siege, and in the darkness of the night, the soldiers were surrounded in the valley, and many people died and were injured by falling off a cliff. The guards ordered the people to provide food and lodging in the places they passed, but when they could not achieve their goals, they destroyed the utensils and even demolished the houses for firewood.
Hugh said that the people were more afraid of soldiers than robbers, and even the officials fled into the valley. All countries in Jiangnan regarded Zhuangzong's hunting as one of the powerful bases for the imminent demise of the Later Tang.
Zhuangzong also had good officials under him, such as Jing Xinmo, who was a person with a strong sense of justice. Once, Zhuangzong went out hunting and trampled on the crops. The county order stepped forward and asked for the people's lives. Emperor Zhuangzong was furious and drank the order to pull the county order down and behead him.
Jing Xinmo deliberately pulled the county order in front of Zhuang Zongma and pretended to scold: "As a county order, don't you know that Tianzi loves to hunt and dares to let the people plant crops!" Why don't you tell them to starve to death and vacate this land for the Son of Heaven to run horses for fun! You county magistrate, damn it! ”
A remark just hit Zhuang Zong's key point, and caused him to laugh, only to save the life of the county order.
If the officials are like Jing Xin Mill, it will not only be harmless to politics, but will only be beneficial. Ouyang Xiu wrote the "Biography of the New Five Dynasties Of History and Lingguan", and after recording the good deeds done by Jing Xinmo, he only said that he "did not hear about other evils" and did not praise them, which was not fair enough.
03. Vigorously restore the power of eunuchs
There is also a very ridiculous thing about this new dynasty. The tyrannical warriors were intoxicated with the skeleton and wanted to re-plant the eunuch forces that had been destroyed, and to re-plant the warrior forces that had been completely crushed by the great peasant uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
After the founding of the Later Tang Dynasty, the eunuchs who ordered the late Tang Dynasty to scatter in various towns and private families were sent to Luoyang.
When Zhu Wen killed eunuchs, some feudal towns refused to carry them out and protected them. In this case, not only in the east of the river, but also in the number of fugitives, it is not very small. When Zhuangzong first arrived in Luoyang, there were 500 eunuchs, which soon increased to nearly 1,000. Emperor Zhuangzong trusted them very much, not only making them hold positions in the palace, but even restoring the overseers of various provinces. These people interfered in military and political affairs, insulted the feudal towns, and the envoys breed centrifugal forces toward the imperial court.
The strategist under Emperor Zhuangzong was Guo Chongtao, and when he fought bitterly in the river, there were few famous generals left in the past, and it was all up to him to make decisions on the spot. In the first year of Tongguang (923), he opposed the strike and proposed peace, and it was he who advocated the assault on Da liang. After the founding of the Tang Dynasty, he served as a privy councillor, and all the military and state organs were under his control.
Guo Chongtao was originally from Yanmen, Daizhou, and grew up in the borderlands, and there was obviously nothing to boast about in his family lineage. Dou Luge and Wei said that they wanted to please him, and asked him if he had any relationship with Guo Ziyi, the famous Tang Dynasty general of Fenyang. He blindly recognized Guo Ziyi as the fourth ancestor, and from then on, he pretended to be a posture and talked about merit everywhere. He sent his troops to pass by Guo Ziyi's tomb, and actually got off his horse and cried.
His self-imposed act of attaching himself to the high door was also laughed at by the intellectuals at that time.
Those who could not do official work complained about Guo Chongtao, and powerful eunuchs and officials also complained about Guo Chongtao.
After all, Guo Chongtao is a person who wants to do a good job of state affairs, and he is bound to have contradictions with these people. As a result, he fell into a politically isolated position. The Luoguan Incident in the third year of Tongguang (925) vividly illustrates this point.
Luo Guan was appointed by Guo Chongtao as the Henan Ling. He did not shy away from power and tycoons, and the letters of officials and eunuchs who interceded for people were piled up with several cases, and he ignored them all, and all of them were transferred to Guo Chongtao. Chongtao has seen it, and it is clear one by one. The officials and eunuchs hated Both Guo and Luo with their teeth.
Zhu Wen's old friend Zhang Quanyi was still a red man in the Later Tang Dynasty. Empress Liu of Emperor Zhuangzong came from a humble background, so she recognized him as her righteous father. At this time, Zhang Quanyi was a powerful eunuch in Luoyang, holding an important position in Yin, Henan. He often had conflicts with Luo Guan, who was strong in the order, and if he wanted to protect him, Luo Guan should be strict and not listen to his instructions.
Henan Yin was Henan Ling's superior, but Zhang Quanyi could do nothing about Luo Guan. Fortunately, he could "go to heaven" and ask the empress to tell the emperor. From the aspects of officials, eunuchs, and empresses, Zhuangzong often heard slanders against Luo Guan, and unconsciously accumulated a belly full of anger. In August of that year, he went out of the city to inspect the construction site of the mausoleum of the empress dowager, and the road was muddy along the way, and most of the bridges he passed were damaged. He angrily asked who was in charge here. The eunuch said it was under the jurisdiction of the Henan Order. Emperor Zhuangzong was even more furious and immediately ordered Luo Guan to be imprisoned.
On the same day, this strong order was beaten to the ground. The next day, Emperor Zhuangzong sent a message to kill Luo Guan. Guo Chongtao defended Luo Guan, saying that the bridge and road were in disrepair and that the sin would not lead to death. He also said, "It is the crime of a courtier that His Majesty kills a county in anger and causes the people of the world to talk about His Majesty's unfair use of the law!" ”
When Zhuang Zong heard this, he became more and more annoyed, and said, "Since it is the love of the public, it is up to you to judge it!" As soon as the words fell out, he raised his sleeves and went back to the palace.
Guo Chongtao refused to give up, followed Behind Zhuang Zong, and repeatedly played the song. Emperor Zhuang refused to listen any longer, and personally closed the palace door and did not allow Guo Chongtao to enter.
04, Guo Chongtao died, and Li Cunxun was finished
Luo Guan died, and Guo Chongtao's days would not be much longer, but Zhuangzong still needed to use him for the time being. After the destruction of Liang, Emperor Zhuang had been considering the issue of using troops against Wu and Shu. When Gao Jixing of Nanping entered the dynasty, he asked Gao Jixing which country to fight first.
Gao Jixing thought that the Land of Shu was dangerous and not easy to succeed, and hoped that Later Tang's troops would be trapped in Shu and that he could sit back and relax, so he replied: "The people of Wudi are poor. It is useless to take it, it is better to cut down Shu first. Shu was rich, Wang Yan was desolate and unscrupulous, and the people were resentful. Marching is guaranteed to win. After destroying Shu, go down the river and take Wu Ru as a backhand. ”
Emperor Zhuangzong felt that his opinion was reasonable and decided to first Shu and then Wu. About half a month after Luo Guan's death, Emperor Zhuang and his ministers discussed the annihilation of the Shu military. He adopted Guo Chongtao's advice and used his son Li Jiquan the Prince of Wei as the capital to establish his prestige.
However, the King of Wei was young and lacked military experience, so he had to have a deputy commander who held real power. Emperor Zhuangzong thought about it again and again, and finally felt that Guo was indispensable, so he appointed the King of Wei as the commander of the western sichuan camps, and Guo Chongtao as the envoy of the capital, leading 60,000 troops to take Shu.
Guo Chongtao is resourceful. He pushed the King of Wei to be a marshal, in fact, he proposed himself to take on the heavy responsibility of destroying Shu. After Luo Guan's death, he found it difficult to protect himself, and only by making a great contribution and drawing the King of Wei as a patron could he turn the crisis into safety. Where did he expect that the great merit would turn into a big trap, and it would attract the disaster of killing more quickly.
The battle to destroy Shu went very smoothly. Later, the Tang army set out from Luoyang on September 18 and entered Chengdu on November 18, taking only 70 days. The Later Tang army took advantage of the collapse of the people of Former Shu to attack with a thunderous momentum. The generals in Shu were terrified and had to go either, so although the terrain was dangerous, it did not play a role in hindering the Tang army's offensive at all.
Gao Jixing got the news of Shu's death during the meal, and was shocked, and the chopsticks fell to the ground. He was full of remorse and said, "This is the fault of the old man." ”
Ma Yin, the king of Chu, was also afraid that he would not be able to protect himself, and asked him to return the seal on the table, claiming that he had built a place for the elderly at the foot of Hengshan Mountain.
Gao Jixing and Ma Yin's worries were actually unnecessary. After The Tang Dynasty's victory, there was soon a fierce upheaval. In Chengdu, Guo Chongtao sits high in the lobby, working all day long, and bringing officials and guests back and forth. On the other hand, the capital of Li Jiquan, the King of Wei, was snubbed except for the fact that every morning, when the general came to see him. The Left and Right of the King of Wei were very dissatisfied.
Former Shu's noble generals wanted to save themselves, scrambling to dedicate treasures and tricks to Guo Chongtao, who was in power. King Wei had little to gain, and his left and right were even more dissatisfied.
In luoyang, Emperor Zhuang was anxious to ask Guo Chongtao to return to the court, fearing that he would support the army and divide the territory; he was also anxious to ask for Xichuan's treasure goods to fill his inner palace. However, the soldiers and people in Shuzhong rebelled, and Guo Chongtao did not dare to withdraw his troops as soon as possible. The number of money, grain, and gold that he made and reported in the book was not very large.
Emperor Zhuangzong did not believe in either, so he sent the eunuch Xiang Yansi to Chengdu to urge Guo Chongtao to return to the dynasty. Xiang Yansi brought back two messages from Chengdu.
The first is a rumor created by Li Jiquan, the king of Wei, saying that Guo Chongtao wants to divide the territory and that the king of Wei is in danger. Second, it is rumored that Guo Chongtao received gold ten thousand taels, silver 400,000 taels, money 1 million taels, thousands of famous horses, and a large number of other treasures.
These two pieces of news determined Guo Chongtao's fate.
Emperor Zhuang did not dare to determine whether Guo Chongtao wanted to oppose him, so he sent the eunuch Ma Yanjue to Chengdu to inspect and instructed him to consult with the King of Wei and kill him if Guo Chongtao refused to take the class immediately. Ma Yanjue saw the empress and said that the emperor should continue to break and things would be difficult to handle. Empress Liu wrote herself a "teaching" (the empress's order) to the King of Wei, ordering him to kill Guo Chongtao.
In the first month of the fourth year of Tongguang (926), the King of Wei was about to leave Chengdu to return to Beijing, and received the empress "teaching" brought by Ma Yanjue. King Wei disapproved, saying, "The army is about to be pulled out, and he has no stubborn moves, so how can he do such a negative thing!" “
Helplessly, he repeatedly begged, and the King of Wei was a useless person, and he "had no choice" to obey. An order summoned Guo Chongtao to discuss the matter and killed him unexpectedly.
After Ma Yanjue returned to Luoyang, Emperor Zhuang did not ask about the crime of disobeying orders and killing without permission, but instead issued an edict announcing Guo Chongtao's "guilt", which shows that Emperor Zhuang already had the heart to get rid of Chongtao, but when to start, there was some hesitation.
In February of that year, a mutiny broke out in Weizhou. At the Battle of Jiahe, Emperor Zhuang relied on the Wei army to win. They hated the situation of the imperial court trapping the soldiers in the cold of hunger and hunger, and even more hated the state of "the son of heaven does not remember the old labor, more jealousy", so they mutinied.
Emperor Zhuang had no one to use, so he had to order his father Li Keyong's adopted son Li Siyuan to suppress the rebels. Li Siyuan took this opportunity to unite the rebels and go south to seize power.
Emperor Zhuang personally led his troops out of Luoyang, and before leaving, he listened to Jingjin's words and sent people to Chang'an to kill the former Shu lord Wang Yanquan, who had been sent north.
Emperor Zhuangzong did not go far, and when he heard that the mutant army had occupied Daliang, he saw that his men had scattered one after another, and had to return to Luoyang. He tried to calm the hearts of the army and told the guards: "Just now, the King of Wei has released 500,000 gold and silver in Xichuan, and when he arrives in Jingli, he will reward you with all of them." “
But the guard said, "Your Majesty is late in rewarding, and you are not grateful for the grace of the Holy Spirit!" ”
In April, Zhuangzong wanted to go out of the capital again, collect the scattered troops, and forbid the mutiny, he was seriously wounded by an arrow and died, at the age of 42.
The leader of this gang was the general Guo Mengao (郭 Congqian), who was born in a man of talent. Ouyang Xiu said in the "New Five Dynasties History, Biography of Lingguan And Preface": "And its decline, dozens of people are trapped, and the country is destroyed, laughing for the world", based on this historical event.
Li Siyuan, who held military power, took the opportunity to return to the throne, that is, the emperor's throne, changed to Yuan Tiancheng, and he was Later Tang Mingzong.
05. The Tragedy of Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
Emperor Mingzong Li Siyuan was an emperor who sincerely wanted to do a good job in the world. In view of Emperor Zhuangzong's defeat, he reduced some taxes, and the people of the Central Plains had to rest a little. During his reign of Tiancheng and Changxing (926-933), it can be regarded as a well-off situation.
However, from another point of view, the internal rebels appeared from time to time, and the root of the internal troubles was breeding; outside Meng Zhixiang divided the two rivers and rebuilt the Shu state, and Emperor Mingzong had no way to cope, which showed that the situation in the Later Tang was really not very good.
We look at the situation at that time, the environment is indeed very complicated, and the key is really human planning. First of all, Li Siyuan was not a suitable figure to be an emperor. He was a brave warrior known as "Li Rampage". In that year, he led his cavalry to "rampage the capital", charged into the battlefield, and was invincible. In the battle to destroy Liang, he led 1,000 elite horsemen to take advantage of the opportunity that the main force of the Weizhou liang general Duan Ning was too late to save, and directly attacked the great liang, forcing later Liang Junchen to surrender.
However, he was only a fierce general, and once he was rushed to the emperor's throne by the tide of history, he really did not have the ability to solve the difficulties of that time.
At that time, there was a Ren Yuan, a Confucian student who was an all-rounder in literature and martial arts. He and Li Ji, the King of Wei, destroyed Former Shu, and when he was in charge, the King of Wei went to Weinan and knew that his father Li Cunxun was dead, and Li Siyuan took advantage of the chaos to become emperor and had to commit suicide. Ren Yuan led the whole army back to Beijing and returned the army to Emperor Mingzong. Emperor Mingzong therefore appointed him chancellor.
Ren Yuan dared to act boldly, he selected talents, and he had a new look. However, in the major affairs of the imperial court, It has always been An Zhongzhi who has the final say, and Ren Yuan wants to do things seriously, so it is inevitable that there will be disputes with An Zhongzhi.
In the autumn of the first year of Tiancheng (926), there were two vacancies for the chancellor, Ren Yuan to use The Imperial Grand Master Li Qi, and An Zhongzhi to use the Taichang Qing Cui Xie. They argued in front of Emperor Mingzong, and Ren Yuan said: "The whole world knows that Cui Xie is illiterate, has a false appearance, and is called 'No Word Monument', which must not be used!" ”
Emperor Mingzong took it from Li and Cui on the spot, and did not make a decision, only saying that there was another feng secretary who lacked loyalty to the elderly, that is, Feng Dao. Later, He worshipped Cui Xie and Feng Dao as his prime minister.
After all, Ren Yuan could not fight for An Zhongjie, and he criticized Cui Xie for not being able to read, which just stabbed An Zhongjie's weakness, and from then on, An Chongjie hated Ren Yuan.
In July of the second year of Tiancheng (927), ren resigned as an official and went to Cizhou to live idle. Soon after, An Zhongzhi falsely claimed that Ren Yuan was conspiring with the rebel generals in Bian Prefecture and sent someone to kill him. When Emperor Mingzong found out, he did not pursue the case, and announced ren yuan's "guilt" against the emperor," expressing support for An Zhongyi's behavior.
The tragedy of Ren Yuan, that is, the tragedy of Li Siyuan. Employing people is the first task of the emperor, and if there are wise people who cannot do their best, and make him die with hatred, the future of this regime will not be bright.
06. Li Congke mutinied and seized the throne
An Zhongzhi himself did not have a good result. Hezhong Jiedu made Li Congke the adopted son of Emperor Mingzong. An Zhongzhi believes that this person will be a problem in the future, and tries to get rid of him. Taking advantage of Li Congke's departure, he used the orders of the Privy Council to make his subordinate Yang Yanwen close the city and prevent him from returning. Reports from Ke to the imperial court.
Emperor Myeongjong wanted to send someone to the river to investigate, but An Zhongzhi insisted on using soldiers. Emperor Mingzong instructed the officers to arrest them alive and let me interrogate them personally. However, the officer who led the troops listened to An Zhong's instructions and killed Yang Yanwen.
As soon as Yang Yanwen died, the truth of the incident could not be investigated. An Chongzhi then demanded that Li Congke be punished for the crime of failure. Emperor Mingzong was unhappy in his heart: "How to deal with the gong, I will obey the gong." ”
An Zhongxue heard that his tone was not right, and did not dare to say that he wanted to kill Li Congke, but had to say: "The matter between Your Majesty's father and son, the subordinates are not good at saying anything, please ask Your Majesty to judge." ”
Emperor Mingzong said: "When I was a petty officer, I did not have enough food and clothing, and this child picked up lime for me, collected horse dung, and fed my family. Now that you are the Son of Heaven, can't you save him? Let him close his door and have nothing to do with the public! ”
An Zhongzhi listened to this and dared to speak again. He lost the trust of Emperor Mingzong from then on.
In the fourth year of Changxing (933), Emperor Mingzong was seriously ill, and his second son Li Was afraid that the throne would fall into the hands of others, and he raised an army to seize power, and died in defeat.
After Emperor Mingzong's death, his son Li Conghou took the throne. The following year (934), Li Congke raised an army to fight for the throne, killed Conghou Zili, and changed the name of Ying Shunnian to Qingtai.
Li Congke and Shi Jingyao did not deal with each other, so in the third year of Qingtai (936), Shi Jingyao, who was worried that he had been killed, relied on khitan assistance to launch a rebellion, and Later Tang perished.
The content of this article is compiled from the "Five Dynasties History" of the Chinese reading book "Classic Chinese General History" jointly created by China International Broadcasting Publishing House and "Reading History".
There are 16 books in the complete set of "Classic Chinese General History", namely: "Xia Shang History", "Western Zhou History", "Spring and Autumn History", "Warring States History", "Qin and Han History (Part I)", "Qin and Han History (Part 2)", "Three Kingdoms History", "Two Jin And Northern And Southern Dynasties History", "Sui and Tang History (Part 1)", "Sui and Tang History (Part 2)", "Five Dynasties History", "Song Dynasty History", "Yuan Dynasty History", "Ming Dynasty History", "Early Qing Dynasty History", "Late Qing History".
This set of books was carefully compiled by more than a dozen older historians born in the first half of the last century and took several years to compile. From the historical migration of xia and shang to the late Qing dynasty, the panoramic depiction of 5,000 years of Chinese history is professional and authoritative, and it is easy to understand, suitable for all ages, passing down classics, and it is worth learning and cherishing.