In the Chongqing Three Gorges Museum, there are two Ming Dynasty python robes, which use silk satin, standing python, double phoenix, Xiangyun and other elements, focusing on the exquisite techniques of Shu embroidery, showing the nobility of the owner before his death.
In the Ming Dynasty, only the emperor could have this item if he rewarded it, so the owner of the python robe was a male magnate. But these two python robes belong to a hero, who is the only female general recorded in the millennium history: Qin Liangyu.
Below, the author will reveal the historical deeds behind this national treasure.
In 1574, Qin Liangyu was born in Chungju, Sichuan.
The Qin family is a large household in the Bashu region and has always had a tradition of forming associations to learn martial arts. His father, Qin Kui, once attained gongsheng and studied poetry and the art of war.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, in order to implement the ancestral precept of "holding the gang to defend the society", Qin Kui taught the art of war to his heirs.
He was eclectic and unaffected by feudal concepts, and let his daughter Qin Liangyu also learn martial arts, weapons, and riding archery.
Qin Liangyu did not disappoint his father and stood out among his peers. She has also already made up her mind: in the future, when she grasps the military power, she must surpass Lady Xian of the Southern Dynasty and become a female haojie.
Under the influence of excellent family style, Qin Liangyu gradually showed the character of protecting the country and loving the people.
In 1595, the 22-year-old Qin Liangyu recruited his husband Ma Qiancheng through a contest, which was somewhat beyond the famous religion, and also showed the difference between Qin Liangyu and ordinary women.
Ma Qiancheng's ancestral home was Shaanxi, and he guarded the stone pillar for generations, but after the Fubo general Ma Yuan, he served as the envoy of the stone pillar at this time.
General Fubo Ma Yuan
Although his family was prominent, Ma Qiancheng did not grow into a clumsy disciple. On the contrary, he was upright and heroic, loyal to the Ming Dynasty, and had a well-known white pole soldier under his command.
The white pole soldier is good at making spears, and this weapon has a peculiar shape, made of white ash tree poles. The end of the spear has a hook, the end of the spear has a ring, the hook can be cut and pulled, and the ring can be used as a hammer.
The history of the White Pole Soldiers can be traced back to a hundred years ago, in the Battle of Zhengluchuan in the Ming Yingzong Period, the White Pole Soldiers attacked the rebel elephant soldiers and won victories, thus gaining fame.
Although the stone pillar was fashionable and safe, Qin Liangyu took precautions and reorganized the team.
Toast Army
The first is to reform weapons, Qin Liangyu is equipped with a large number of muskets, so that spears and muskets can fight together, and improve the combat effectiveness of the troops from the weapon level.
The next step was the unified order, she used the knowledge transmitted by her father flexibly, issued a military order with a Sichuan zizi, and let the soldiers change positions in time according to the length of the voice.
According to the historical records, Qin Liangyu "controlled the severity of the army, and every march issued an order, and the white pole soldiers were more powerful than before."
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the first contribution of the state</h1>
In 1599, Yang Yinglong, the toastmaster of Bozhou, rebelled and successively captured Chongqing, Luzhou and other places, with the soldiers pointing directly at Chengdu, and Qin Liangyu and his wife followed the governor Li Hualong to quell the rebellion.
Among them, Qin Liangyu led five hundred white pole soldiers, in addition to being responsible for logistics, she also directly fought with the rebels, defeating Yang Chaodong, the son of Yang Yinglong, at Deng Kanzhu.
In the crucial Battle of Sangmuguan, Qin Liangyu was even more powerful.
Mulberry Pass is hundreds of meters high, and the cliffs on both sides are like ladders, and the terrain is extremely dangerous. Yang Yinglong deployed heavy troops here and equipped with a large number of poisonous arrows, so the battle was extremely fierce.
Qin Liangyu took advantage of the fact that the main force of the enemy army was attracted by the Ming army, ordered the soldiers to join dozens of spears, climb up from the side, and break through Sangmu Pass in one fell swoop.
The Ming army took advantage of the situation to enter Guannei, Yang Yinglong's general trend was gone, and he hanged himself in despair, and the rebellion in Bozhou was finally calmed.
The commander-in-chief Li Hualong was amazed by this and said: "The Qin clan is a woman who can donate money to the soldiers and repay the reward." In order to recognize Qin Liangyu's military merits, he ordered his subordinates to create a medal that read, "Female Hero Jie.".
Ming Army
The "History of Ming" also praised Qin Liangyu and his wife as "the first in nanchuan road battle merit".
Where blessings and misfortunes depend, misfortunes and blessings lie.
At this time, Qin Liangyu, who had achieved fame, would not have imagined that ten years later, he would actually suffer the pain of losing his husband.
In 1609, when shizhu discovered silver ore, the Wanli Emperor used his traditional skill: send eunuchs to collect mining taxes. After the eunuch Qiu Chengyun arrived at the stone pillar, he wantonly amassed wealth and threatened Ma Qiancheng that unless he took out 10,000 taels of silver, all the people of the stone pillar would be displaced.
Ma Qiancheng could not come up with so much money, so Qiu Chengyun arrested Ma Qiancheng for treason.
Ma Qiancheng had always been loyal to the Ming Dynasty, and during his tenure as a toastmaster, he was diligent and earnest, and even if he suffered injustice, he still believed that the emperor would act impartially and clear his grievances.
Wanli Emperor
However, he still underestimated the darkness of the political struggle, and three years later, the tortured Ma Qiancheng died in prison.
For three years, Qin Liangyu ran around hoping to save her husband, but it wasn't until the news of his death that Qin Liangyu realized that his previous efforts had been fruitless.
Open guns are easy to hide from dark arrows, and the official field is far darker than the battlefield.
At this time, the people of Shizhu were excited, and under the Ming Dynasty's bondage system, Tusi had supreme authority in the local area, so Ma Qiancheng had a high prestige in the hearts of the people, and many people advocated rebellion to avenge Ma Qiancheng.
However, Qin Liangyu maintained the greatest degree of restraint, because her husband had protected the country and loved the people all his life, and he never wanted to bear the notoriety of treason after death, so Qin Liangyu persuaded everyone and dispelled their idea of rebellion.
After Ma Qiancheng's death, due to the young age of his son Ma Xianglin, Qin Liangyu, 40 years old, took the position of Xuanfu envoy.
While the officials of the Ming Dynasty were busy with infighting, the Jurchens in the northeast gradually grew in the white mountains and black waters, and eventually became a major problem for their confidants, and the vast stage belonging to Qin Liangyu slowly opened the curtain.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the north to resist the Qing army</h1>
In 1618, Nurhaci rebelled, and two years later, Shenyang, a major town in Eastern Liaoning, was in a state of emergency.
In 1620, Qin Liangyu sent his elder brother Qin Bangping and younger brother Qin Minping to lead 3,000 white pole soldiers to Liaodong first. These three thousand elite soldiers joined forces with the Zhejiang army of Tong Zhongyi's army and encountered the main force of Nurhaci at the Hun River.
Six thousand Ming troops against the 30,000 Houjin cavalry, this battle seems to have lost its need to carry out, but the narrow road meets the brave to win, this group of soldiers always adhere to the purpose of defending the family and the country, and the amazing combat effectiveness has erupted.
Jurchen
Nurhaci sent cavalry to storm the Ming positions, but the white-rod soldiers fought with spears and muskets, defeating the enemy's first wave of attack. Although the Houjin army had a numerical superiority, it was never able to win, but lost thousands of people.
The two sides fell into a fierce battle, and when the stalemate was reached, the surrender of the Ming army to Nurhaci, who immediately ordered the artillery of Shenyang City to bombard the Ming positions fiercely, while sending tens of thousands of cavalry to attack the north bank of the Hun River.
The Ming army launched a final charge, but the gap in strength between the two sides was too large. Under the sunset, the imperial soldiers sang the "Triumphant Song" written by General Qi Jiguang, and finally fell on the banks of the Hun River.
General Qi Jiguang
All people are united, and the mountains can be shaken.
But loyalty and righteousness, anger and bullfighting.
The Lord will kiss me as much as a parent.
Violating military law and not being free.
Orders are clear, rewards and punishments are letters.
Go to the water and fire, dare to stay late!
Report to Tianzi Xi and rescue Qianshou.
Kill all the slaves and find a marquis.
In this battle, the Sichuan-Zhejiang coalition army was martyred with few enemies, Qin Liangyu's brother Qin Bangping, and Qi Jiguang's descendant Qi Jin. The Zhejiang army that had defeated the Mongols was almost completely destroyed, which was later called the "Battle of Hunhe", and Wei Yuan called it "the first bloody battle of liaozuo troops".
The White Pole Soldier fights the Jurchens again, ten years later.
In 1629, a serious famine occurred in Houjin, and the country fell into chaos, in order to obtain supplies and improve the domestic situation, Huang Taiji planned a military operation.
Emperor Tai Chi
He led the Eight Banners, with the Mongols as the guide, detoured through Mongolia, avoided Yuan Chonghuan's Ningjinzhou defense line, raided the Jizhen defense area, and pointed directly at Beijing, which was the famous "change of his own body". At this time, the Ming Emperor Chongzhen panicked and ordered all the places to raise troops to serve the king.
After receiving the order, Qin Liangyu sold his property and led five thousand white pole soldiers to rush to the Beijing Division at night. However, by this time, Emperor Taiji had already occupied the four towns of Zunhua, Yongping, Luanzhou, and Qian'an, and the city of Beijing was exposed to the butcher's knife of Houjin, and the situation was not optimistic.
In February 1630, under the unified command of Sun Chengzong, Qin Liangyu and Zu Dashou took the initiative to attack. In this battle, the white pole soldiers once again played the advantage of being good at climbing, using the white pole gun to forcibly climb the city tower to attack, and successfully captured Luanzhou City.
The next day, the Ming army once again conquered Qian'an City.
The four towns lost two, and the Later Jin general Amin could not hold his breath, and he took the initiative to attack, with Zunhua as the main battlefield, in an attempt to fight a decisive battle here and repel the Ming army.
In this battle, the Ming army first bombarded Houjin with artillery, and then Qin Liangyu's white pole soldiers attacked head-on, attracting the main force of the other side. At the time of the battle between the two sides, the Liaodong Iron Horse was surrounded by two wings, and with the cooperation of Qin Liangyu and Zu Dashou and others, it defeated Houjin.
After the victory of retaking the three towns, the morale of the Ming army was like a rainbow, and they took Yongping City with a single blow, and this battle was known in history as the "Great Victory of Zunyong".
And Qin Liangyu sold his property, the king of thousands of miles, and took the lead on the battlefield and made outstanding contributions. Chongzhen personally summoned Qin Liangyu on the platform and gave her two Shu brocade fine embroidered python robes, one of which was this flat gold embroidered python phoenix shirt, and the other was a blue satin flat gold embroidered python robe.
The python robe is exquisitely made and concentrates on the exquisite skills of Shu embroidery. The shape is a round neck right sleeve, the chest and back are embroidered with a standing python and a double phoenix pattern, the front of the sleeves is embroidered with a phoenix pattern, the blank space is embroidered with a xiangyun pattern, and the lower skirt foot is embroidered with "Shoushan Fuhai" pattern.
The Chongzhen Emperor also gave a poem to praise Qin Liangyu's exploits with a python robe.
Shu Jinzheng robes are handmade,
Peach blossoms immediately please long wisp.
There are many strange men in the world,
Who ken field miles.
After the war, Qin Liangyu returned to Shudi to guard against Zhang Xianzhong and others. She also built a terrace to preserve the poems of the Chongzhen Emperor. The two python robes are also treasured by Qin Liangyu and regarded as supreme glory, and both are currently preserved in the Chongqing Three Gorges Museum.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Shu land to protect the people</h1>
At that time, the Ming Dynasty was about to run out of qi, and there were Jurchens raging on the outside and peasant uprisings inside. Shudi has been known as the Kingdom of Tianfu since ancient times, with abundant products and relatively closed geography, which can be used as a base in a chaotic world, and its strategic location is extremely important.
Since 1634, Zhang Xianzhong and Luo Rucai and others have attacked Sichuan many times. As the main military force in Sichuan, Qin Liangyu assumed the important responsibility of protecting the border and the people, and became the opponent of Zhang Xianzhong and others, and the two sides fought many times.
In 1639, Chongzhen's confidant Yang Sichang commanded troops to the south to conquer.
Yang Sichang formulated the strategy of "four positive, six corners, and ten faces and a net", but there were many loopholes in the specific implementation.
He gathered heavy troops to drive Zhang Xianzhong into Huguang, and in order to expand the results of the battle, he also transferred the elite of Shudi, leaving the local defense empty. The cunning Zhang Xianzhong sensed this change, and he gave full play to the mobile and flexible characteristics of the peasant army, turning the muzzle of his gun and killing him in Kuizhou.
Qin Liangyu immediately rushed to the aid after hearing the news, but at the critical moment, Shao Jiechun, the governor of Sichuan, made a big mistake in dividing the troops on the battlefield and left half of the 30,000 white pole soldiers in the city of Kuizhou.
Qin Liangyu could only use a small number of troops to oppose Zhang Xianzhong, but was surrounded by Zhang Xianzhong, and eventually the entire army was destroyed. This was the biggest defeat qin liangyu suffered in her life, and although she re-recruited after that, her elite was lost and she could not recover.
In 1644, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself, and Qin Liangyu mourned and mourned for the Chongzhen Emperor.
Daming died, he was also old, three brothers, sons and daughters-in-law, a nephew all died in battle, and the white pole soldiers under his command were all destroyed. She could not protect the people of Shudi, and the only thing she could do was to stick to the stone pillar and refuse Zhang Xianzhong's surrender.
In the name of shizhu Xuanfu, she issued the "Sticking to the Stone Pillar", solemnly declaring: "There are those who dare to obey thieves in the stone pillar, and all the clans condemn them." ”
Chongzhen Emperor
After Zhang Xianzhong captured Sichuan, he killed and abused him on a large scale, and the people in central Sichuan were displaced, but the Shizhu area guarded by Qin Liangyu was relatively peaceful. Neither Zhang Xianzhong nor the Qing army was able to touch this place, and the people of Shizhu were able to live and work in peace and contentment in the wars and chaos of the late Ming Dynasty.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the first person in the history of zhengshi</h1>
After the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself, the Zhu Ming royal family successively established political power in the south, and they praised Qin Liangyu's loyalty and courage.
In 1646, the Longwu Emperor Zhu Yujian made Qin Liangyu the Crown Prince Taibao and the Marquis of Jiazhongzhen.
In 1648, the Yongli Emperor Zhu Youluo made Qin Liangyu the Crown Prince Taifu and led the zhendong general.
At this time, Qin Liangyu was already over the age of ancient, the martyr was in his twilight years, and she was eager to step back on the war horse, save the building from water and fire, and save the people from water and fire, but her body did not allow it.
In the same year, a generation of heroes Qin Liangyu died of illness in Shizhu, and his grandson Ma Wannian buried his grandmother in Longshan.
The history of the late Ming Dynasty was complicated and complicated, and the Southern Ming Dynasty was even more chaotic, the anti-Qing forces invaded each other, and the ugliness of human nature and the dirtiness of politics were vividly displayed. But in such an environment, countless heroes emerged, such as Qin Liangyu, Li Dingguo, Zhang Huangyan, Li Laiheng and so on.
They stood up when the world fell, and although they fought for the feudal emperors, they embodied a great patriotic spirit. In particular, the perseverance of the practice has inspired generations of Chinese sons and daughters to move forward.
In the revolution at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Qiu Jin, the heroine of Jianhu Lake, followed Qin Liangyu's resistance and wrote a poem Mingzhi: "Ancient and modern people are fighting for the head of women, who said that red faces are not sealed."
Qiu Jin
At the time of the Japanese invasion and the destruction of life, screenwriter Yang Cunbin adapted Qin Liangyu's deeds into a drama to inspire the people to devote themselves to the anti-Japanese resistance.
At the Beijing Olympic Games, torchbearers held high the sacred flame and wore costumes with phoenixes and clouds, and the design of the "fire phoenix" on the uniform came from Qin Liangyu's yellow satin embroidered python phoenix shirt.
When the torch was passed to Europe, it was attacked by thugs, but the torchbearers always protected the torch, safeguarded the dignity of the country, and worked hard to spread the spirit of peace and friendship and the profound cultural connotation of the Chinese to all corners of the world.
Patriotism is in the same vein.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks</h1>
Over the past hundred years, Qin Liangyu's deeds seem to drift away with the wind, but we can still see these two python robes in the museum and understand the heroic deeds of General Qin Liangyu in that year. It is precisely because of such heroes that the Chinese nation has been able to stand firm, and the Chinese civilization has endured for a long time, and we should properly preserve and cherish these cultural relics.
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