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Beginning in 228 AD, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han dynasty, launched a series of Northern Expeditions in an attempt to capture the Central Plains, but in the end this ambition was embarrassing. Although the five Northern Expeditions consumed a lot of resources, they produced few substantial results. The schemes used by Zhuge Liang, such as the "Meridian Valley Scheme", also faced a huge dilemma. Internal and external troubles eventually plunged Shu Han into a crisis and could not continue the Northern Expedition. This article will revisit this history and explore the reasons and lessons behind it.
Zhuge Liang's death in 234 AD ended his plans for the Northern Expedition, but it left a profound question, why did the five Northern Expeditions achieve few substantial victories. In fact, from the beginning of the first Northern Expedition, the Shu Han faced great challenges. The Shu Han state was weaker, while Cao Wei occupied the Central Plains, rich in resources and had a strong military power. Zhuge Liang realized that Shu Han had to win quickly, but this also required a surprisingly winning strategy.
However, in the actual Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang made strategically impatient decisions, but fought tactically steadily. He repeatedly dispersed his forces in the hope of winning by stratagem. However, the main forces of Cao Wei could not hold out and did not give the Shu army a chance. The national strength of Shu Han was gradually exhausted, and the "conspiracy" of one move after another could not change the situation.
In ancient wars, ingenuity was mostly used in field battles, and rarely used to attack fortifications. How did Shu Han use ingenuity in the face of Cao Wei's defense? Fortified warfare requires sufficient troops, food shortage, the use of spies, the use of water and fire, and other means, but these cannot be carried out. Cao Wei's national strength was there, and Shu Han could only take a quick attack, hoping that the enemy's main force would fight, but Cao Wei was unmoved. The conspiracy failed to change the situation, resulting in passivity in each Northern Expedition of the Shu Han Dynasty.
Cao Wei held out in the Central Plains, and Shu Han was unable to break the enemy's defenses. The Northern Expedition eventually brought more problems, internal affairs were neglected, resources were exhausted, and the national strength was greatly weakened. Jiang Wei's many Northern Expeditions caused a serious loss of national strength. Jiang Wei was bold and took many risks, hoping that the ingenuity would turn the tide of the war. But in the end, it failed, and the national strength of Shu Han was greatly damaged, and the set goal was not achieved.
The national strength of the Shu Han was weakened, and the number of troops was increasingly insufficient, and the conditions for implementing the Northern Expedition plan were lost. Except for Zhuge Liang, almost no one was willing to continue the Northern Expedition. With repeated failures, the slogan of the Guangfu Han Chamber almost became a burden, leaving the Shu Han dynasty and the public breathless. Zhuge Liang could have had other strategic options to capture Yongliang and restore part of the Han territory, but he failed to do so.
Despite the great setbacks brought by the Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang's firm faith and perseverance still inspire future generations. Although Shu Han failed to succeed in the end, Zhuge Liang's fighting spirit and tenacity will always inspire people. The lessons of history tell us that strategic prudence and pragmatism are essential in the face of formidable enemies and great challenges, and that blind risk-taking and ingenuity do not always lead to victory.
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