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Ultra-precision machine tools represent the pinnacle of modern manufacturing, and their high precision and stability provide solid support for the development of all walks of life. However, these machine tools are often disturbed by external factors such as temperature changes during processing, which affects their motion accuracy and machining quality. In order to better understand the thermal deformation law of ultra-precision machine tools and its influence on motion accuracy, and propose improved methods, this paper will deeply study this problem through experimental tests and simulation analysis based on the principles of thermodynamics and mechanics.
The thermal expansion and thermal stress of the material are one of the main causes of thermal deformation of machine tools. When the temperature of the material changes, due to the enhanced thermal movement inside the molecule, the distance between the molecules will also change accordingly, resulting in a change in the volume of the material, that is, thermal expansion or contraction. The individual components of the machine are made of different materials, so when the temperature changes, they will produce different degrees of thermal expansion due to different coefficients of thermal expansion, resulting in internal stress. These thermal stresses lead to deformation of the machine structure, which in turn affects the motion accuracy and machining quality of the machine tool.
In terms of experimental testing, we chose a CMM to simulate the working environment at different temperatures. With devices such as laser displacement sensors and grating scales, we measured the morphological variables of the machine at different temperatures and monitored the temperature distribution on the machine surface using infrared thermometers. At the same time, we also use a coordinate measuring instrument to test the position error and attitude error of the machine tool in the X, Y, Z directions at different temperatures. The experimental results show that with the increase of temperature, the shape variable of the machine tool gradually increases, and the motion accuracy gradually decreases, which is especially significant in the temperature range of 20°C to 60°C. These experimental data clearly show the significant influence of the thermal deformation of the machine on its motion accuracy.
Simulation also plays a key role in the research. By establishing the mathematical model of the machine tool by the finite element method, we can better understand the structure of the machine tool and the thermal stress distribution, and then predict the motion accuracy of the machine tool under different working conditions. At the same time, multibody dynamics simulates the motion process of the machine tool under different working conditions, including machining force and inertial force, as well as the deformation and thermal deformation of the machine tool structure. The simulation results and experimental tests confirm each other, and further confirm the significant influence of the thermal deformation of the machine tool on its motion accuracy.
In summary, the thermal deformation problem of ultra-precision machine tools is crucial for their motion accuracy and processing quality. When designing and manufacturing machine tools, the characteristics of machine tool materials and the coefficient of thermal expansion must be fully considered to reduce the influence of thermal deformation. In addition, taking cooling measures to control the temperature change of the machine tool is also an effective way to improve the motion accuracy and processing quality. Through experimental testing and simulation analysis, we have gained a deeper understanding of this problem and provide strong support for future machine tool improvements.
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