At present, the academic circles basically believe that the Qiantang school of medicine was formed in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and continued into the Guangxu period at the end of the Qing Dynasty.
The early pioneering figures were Lu Fu, Lu Zhiyi, and Zhang Suichen, the representative figures in the middle period were Zhang Zhicong, Zhang Xiju, and Gao Shiyu, and in the late period, there were Zhongxue Ren and so on.
Located in Wushan, Hangzhou, Lushan Hall is the place where Zhang Zhicong's medical family lectures, and many commentators discuss it as an important carrier for the construction of medical schools, and regard it as a representative of folk medical education in Hangzhou in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, integrating lectures, speech and practice of medicine. In the context of medical theory, it is difficult to say that the Qiantang Medical School has made a big breakthrough, and it does not show a typical feature that is different from the past, just like "Wu Chinese Medicine", "Xin'an Medicine" and "Menghe Medical School", which are more of the regional group concepts shaped by future generations when remembering past lives and pursuing their own roots.
The formation of the medical school actually includes two levels: academic construction and medical history construction, and in the latter path, medical inheritors, medical writers, medical book compilers and even later generations of reviewers are involved. Within the same geographical scope, physicians seek knowledge under the idea of respecting the scriptures and revering the ancients, and medical works are constantly compiled and engraved by successors under the impetus of culture and market, and it is also necessary to analyze the knowledge writing and system construction of regional medical schools from the perspective of book history and reading history.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > abstract</h1>
This article intends to focus on the series of "Medical Forest Finger Moon" (Table 1) edited by Wang Qi (1696-1774) to discuss the writing of regional medical knowledge. Among the medical books of the Qiantang Medical School, "Medical Forest Finger Moon" is an important collection of books, which has always been used as a literary material for many people, but there is still new room for understanding the editing process of its book and the internal relationship with the Qiantang Medical School. From the compilation, circulation and reading of medical series, we will discuss and then explore the logic of the geographical construction of medical knowledge.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Wang Qi and "The Month of The Doctor"</h1>
Scholars generally believe that the earliest mention of the "Qiantang School of Medicine" is found in Chen Xiuyuan's (1766-1823) "Three Character Classics of Medicine", "Great Author, Push Qiantang". As for the specific core figures of the Qiantang School, most of them are based on the biography of the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hangzhou Lu Zhiyi and Lu Zhiyi father and son (the names here are wrongly recorded, it should be Lu Fu and Lu Zhiyi father and son) wrote books to explain medicine, and Zhicong followed them. Construct the Mountain Hall, invite comrades to talk about it, refer to the scriptures, and distinguish between right and wrong. From the middle of Shunzhi to the beginning of the Kangxi Dynasty, in the forty years, the scholars of Tanxuan and Qi returned to it."
However, Wang Qi, a fellow villager who lived next to Zhang Zhicong (1610-1674), clearly pointed out as early as the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769) when he published the medical series "Medical Forest Finger Moon", "Hearing the elderly, from the shunzhi to the beginning of the Kangxi Dynasty, for forty years, the people of the outer counties called Wulin a doctor."
According to the "Hangzhou FuZhi" of the Republic of China, Wang Qi published a series of books entitled "Medical Forest Finger Moon", aiming to save the world, "Zhi Cong and Shi Yu have written dozens of medical books, and the board has been rambled." When Qi was ill, the doctor did not learn any techniques, Meng Lang misled people, and wanted to re-engrave his book to save the world, but the force was not caught, but he took three kinds of pages with the least number of pages and nine kinds of important medical books, and all twelve kinds, Yan Yue's "Medical Forest Finger Moon", which was published in a full publication."
It can be seen from the various books of the "Medical Forest Finger Moon" that its publication time is roughly concentrated in Qianlong Jiashen (1764) to Qianlong Ji ugly (1769), only four or five years after Wang Qi's death, which is actually a major righteous deed in Wang Qi's later years. Wang Qi said in the "Preface to the Finger Moon of The Medical Forest" (Qianlong Dinghai, 1767):
The healer really helps the virtue of heaven and earth to live well. Since the "Lingshu" and "Su Qing", there have been generations of narration. It is the dead who have not been passed on, and there are many who are recovering. If it is not all good for those who think of the transmission, then those who remember the best may not be able to pass it on, which is a pity. Yu Bao has a long time, and he has a lot of time, collects medical books, and uses the eternal day. There are those who have not tasted the curium board and have been transferred to the legacy, and there are those who have been curated and destroyed in the middle of the old prints. His book follows the gist of the Spirit and The Essence, which is different from the vulgar and nonsensical sayings of the times, and can be the criterion for the rules of later learning. Now it is difficult to see, and I am afraid that the years will go on, or that it will be drowned out, so that the painstaking efforts of the writings of the predecessors will be extinguished, and it is especially hated. Because of the engraving of the thoughts, it is spread out, and all the long compilations are huge, and the power is caught, and those who take their pages are few, and the first to pay the craftsman's clan, where more than ten kinds, are combined into a compilation, known as "Medical Forest Finger Moon". According to the Lengyan Sutra, one should show one's finger to the moon, and one should look up at the moon wheel because of what one is pointing to. If the one who does not know what is referred to is far away in the air, but is close to the finger, he will not see the body of the moon, nor will he know the use of the finger. Those who refer to the Dharma should not be confined to words and teachings. Yu is a person who studies medicine, and it is also advisable to deeply understand this meaning. The editor of the reading, looking for the meaning of the text, can take the "Spirit" and "Element" as the reference, and do not glue his mind, to distinguish between yin and yang, to distinguish specimens, to be suspected of the boundary between life and death, and to clarify the use of adaptation. Shu does not live up to the painstaking efforts of the writings of the past, and the virtue of good life in heaven and earth, forgiveness also has a small supplement.
Wang Qi had been ill for many years, and because he felt that the valuable medical works could not be passed on inexhaustibly, it would be obscured, so he selected and compiled more than ten kinds of medical works of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and edited them for joint publication.
Wang Qi said in the "Lushan Tang Class Debate" that Zhang Zhicong", "the authors have been taught to the world, and they have been circulating for a hundred years, and their "Secret Biography of Acupuncture" and "Lu Shan Tang Class Debate" have been rarely purchased." Yu Xunzhi had a year to obtain a kind of "class debate". Looking at its quasi-ancient balance, analyzing doubts and correcting errors is enough to guide the rules of later learning. It is urgent to be reborn in order to spread it widely. Later scholars take this as a guide, shu can get the right path and get it, rather have the confusion of the wrong way, the wrong path of evil! According to Zhang Zhicong's own payment, "Kangxi Gengzhi Zhengyang Yue Xiling Yin Nunnery Zhang Zhicong wrote in the flower of the Rock Pond", and the completion of the LushanTang Debate was about the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1670). According to the "General Catalogue of Ancient Books of Chinese Traditional Chinese Medicine", the earliest extant version of the book is the Nine-Year Inscribed Edition of Kangxi in the Tianjin People's Library, but according to the "Zhang Zhicong Medical Encyclopedia", this Kangxi version is actually the later version of the Qianlong Dynasty, that is, the earliest extant version of the Qianlong Baowat Lou inscribed version of the "Medical Forest Finger Moon" series. At present, the earliest engraving of the surviving "Materia Medica Chongyuan" is also the series of books "Medical Forest Finger Moon" received by Wang Qi. It can also be seen that the works of the Qiantang physician Zhang Zhicong and others have been preserved, and Wang Qi has indeed the ability to collect and publish engravings.
However, it is interesting that Wang Qi himself can hardly be said to be a healer, and is famous in literary history for his annotations on the poems of Li Bai and Li He, and his published works have a wide influence in later generations, such as the annotated "Complete Works of Li Taibai" and "Li Changji Poetry Collection".
Wang Qi's home is in Wushan, and his former residence is located at No. 26, LiangdaoShan, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province.
Wushan mountain on the left of the Qiantang River, right overlooking the West Lake, the mountains are undulating, the scenery is beautiful, the forest is lush, Su Shi also praised in the term "Bu Operator , Feeling old": "Shu ke came to Jiangnan, and remembered Wushan for a long time." Zhang Zhicong said in the "Lushan Tang Class Debate And Preface": "The yin of Yujiaxu Mountain, the foothills of Emei, there are stones full of flowers. Yu is the peak because it stands tall, the plant is the peak; the block is the top; the one who is sharp and the valley is hollow, and the one who is steep and the valley is decorated with bending and deep. On top of it are built rafters, while the south is built on the mountain. There are visitors who visit the rest, looking forward to its green and yin beauty, salty and low wandering, and the wind condition of the cold spring. For the rest of the day, he sat in the middle of the xuanxuan, and for several decades, all the writings he wrote were obtained from this. Last winter, "Su Qing" was completed and gradually came out. ”
Zhang Zhicong was in the Yin Lu Shan Hall of Xu Mountain, and he lectured and debated for nearly thirty years.
Lushan Hall is located on Grain Road Street, that is, near the Grain Road Office of Hangzhou County, which is the main passage to Wushan, and tourists come to Wushan every year to incense. It is also a gathering place for the pharmaceutical market, and to this day, there is also a HuqingYutang medicine shop at the foot of Wushan Mountain.
Wang Qi's residence happened to be on Liangdao Street, and in his later years he was called "The Old Man of Xushan". Although Zhang Zhicong had died when Wang Qi was born, he should have heard the story of Lu Shan Tang earlier. In the "Lushan Tang Class Debate, It is also specially mentioned that the local story of Zhang Zhicong and Lu Fu for the grain road is closed. Wang Qi said that he heard from Huang Guanshi that Zhang Zhicong had been a grain road scrivener, when the grain road was paralyzed, and all the medical medicines were ineffective, and Zhicong used tonic and beneficial qi soup, which was cured with one dose. But later Wang Qi listened to Zhang Dongfu's words about Lu Jingong (Fu), "The grain road is suffering from internal closure, drowning, and the situation is very urgent, and all the doctors are tied." The Duke of Jin took one or two doses of ginseng ephedra, and the doctors did not dare to say yes, and the grain road was not doubted, and drank its medicine, not overdue, drowned, and the grain road was happy to give to the Jin Gong with thousands of gold." Wang Qi lamented that both Lu and Zhang Erjun had treated diseases for the grain road, probably to emphasize that their cures had miraculous effects, so Wang Qi emphasized that the book was "famous and concise, and contains a lot." One should think carefully about it in order to reap its benefits, and be careful not to regard it as shallow and neglectful."
From this point of view, the reason why Wang Qi published the book of the former sages may be that he lives near the Lushan Hall, can smell the elderly, has the convenience of geography, and has the feelings of Sangzi, in order to avoid the scattered books of the sages, so they are engraved and sorted.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > biblical sages and liturgical wisdom: an anthology of the "Medical Forest Finger Moon"</h1>
Although the medical books included in the series of books published by Wang Qi are from different periods of time and by different doctors, they are interrelated with each other. It is mainly the works of the Qiantang physicians Lu Fu and Lu Zhiyi, as well as Zhang Zhicong and Gao Shiyu's masters and apprentices. Lu Fu's "Zhiyuan Hypothesis Grass Case", Lu Zhiyi's "On Malaria" ("Zhiyuan Sushe Malaria Theory", "Zhiyuan Sushe Malaria Loose Fang") "Xuegu Diagnosis Rules", Zhang Zhicong's "Materia Medica Chongyuan", "Lu Shan Tang Class Debate", Gao Shiyu's "True Biography of Medicine". Although the other 6 are not authored by him, most of them are commented on, corrected, and discussed by them or their disciples. The "Doctor's Heart Method" and "Bian Que Heart Book" were commented by Hu Jue, a private shu disciple of Gao Shiyu, and "Yi's Medical Case" and "Ao's Typhoid Fever Golden Mirror Record" were written by Lu Fu. In addition, Huang Zongxi personally wrote a biography for Zhang Jiebin (see The Record of Doubts), and the reason why the DaSheng Compilation written by The Chu Zhai jushi was selected may be a practical book. Qiantang physicians wrote, compiled school doctors, and passed on the torch, which was highly praised by Wang Qi.
Therefore, although the series of books published by Wang Qi includes medical works since the Song Dynasty, in the arrangement of the series of books, the order of the series of books is not arranged according to the previous practice and the order of the time of writing, but the "True Biography of Medicine" by Gao Shiyu, a Qing Dynasty Qiantang physician, is listed at the beginning of the volume.
In the preface to the series, Wang Qi explicitly emphasized that in the Buddhist sutra "Lengyan Sutra", "people should show people with their fingers on the moon, and people should look up at the moon wheel because of what they are referring to", implying that this series of books is a way for scholars to guide the study of the classics. Wang Qi also wrote and commented on the medical works included in the series. It can be seen that when Wang Qi edited the series of books "Medical Forest Finger Moon", he had certain criteria for selection, and published his book in order to serve as a guide for future studies, avoid going astray, and return to the right path.
The book "True Biography of Medicine" begins with "The Lost Transmission of the Medical Path", "the doctor of the world, the source of the sage sutras, and the dross of the Fang Shu of posterity." Isn't it absurd that the book of Tang Fang's songs is regarded as a secret code, a book of different categories, and a Bible? I know it therefore: Xuanqi did not die and the medical path died, Zhongshi died and the true transmission was extinguished, and Xun did not slander it."
Wang Jiasi, who wrote the preface to this book, was a protégé of Gao Shiyu, and in the "Preface to the True Biography of Medicine" (Kangxi Thirty-eighth Year, 1699), he particularly emphasized, "Since the beginning of the Peasant Emperor, the identification of grass and trees has been medicinal; Xuanqi has succeeded, and the Ming Yin and Yang have written the Inner Scriptures." By the end of the Han Dynasty, Du Sheng Zhang Zhongjing was the first teacher, shangcheng Nongxuan Zhizhi, and wrote two treatises: "Stroke Disease (Typhoid Fever)" and "Miscellaneous Diseases (Jin Kui)". The rate is to advocate the right learning, to uphold the medical system."
However, after Zhang Zhongjing's death, the way of scripture was lost, and the family was a book, and people learned by themselves. Fortunately, Gao Shiyu "has superior knowledge, comments on the scriptures, has already described the Dao and corrected its transmission, and gathers disciples to discuss difficulties in the past and again", gathers into a scoundrel, picks up its key points, and comes out with the world, "so that everyone knows that the transmission of medicine has its truth, and the learning is not false, it is sincere that my master supports the aspirations of si Dao."
Han Yu believed that After Confucius and Mengmeng, Taoism was lost, so he proposed to revive the Taoist system. Like the Confucian narrative path, after Zhongjing's death, the medical path gradually lost, and also called for the true transmission of medicine. In the forty-ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1710), Yao Yuan, when writing the preface to the True Biography of Medicine, also said that "self-orthodox learning has been lost, and the medical sect has no evidence", abusing attacks and coldness. And use medical cases to warn the world, "The rash is a mild evidence, and it can be adjusted and healed immediately." Invite several pediatricians, all called Shi Yan. At first, it was too aggressive, causing phlegm and wheezing, and then it was too cold, and it was forbidden to eat and drink, so it was unbearable." After reading the "True Biography of Medicine", I learned that "the doctor is the wrong person", so I re-published this book and disseminated it, "Peeping at the will of the princes of Chun And Zhongjing, then this book solidifies the guide to medicine".
The True Biography of Medicine has a special section on the "Treatise on the Medical Gate", proposing that the "Benjing (Shennong Materia Medica)" and "Neijing (Huangdi Lingshu Su Qing)" are all medical bibles, "卒病(typhoid fever)" and "Miscellaneous Diseases (Jin Kui)" are all medical door sages, and the five classics and four books of the Confucians are also. Wang Qi was particularly affirmative of this, and also said in the middle of the poem that "the five books of the Lingshu, Su Qing, Shennong Benjing, TheOry of Stroke Disease, and The Outline of the Golden Plateau are all the subtle words of the sages and the mysteries of the medical door."
Through the publication of books, it provides a guide for medicine, "advocating the right learning, and upholding the medical system". This may also be Wang Qi's desire to publish a series of books, trying to establish a model of medical integration, and to establish a medical canon and Taoist system.
The medical series not only contains these sage sutras, but also receives popular reading materials for the benefit of the people. It emphasizes both medical science and medical cases, bringing together the basic theories of Chinese medicine and personal experience in practicing medicine. It can be seen that the Ming and Qing medical books have undergone very significant changes in both form and content.
On the one hand, the number of medical records far exceeds that of the previous generation, on the other hand, the practical value of medical records is more and more prominent, attaching importance to the introduction of specific medical prescriptions, listing medical cases in detail, and emphasizing practicality. The direct motivation for stimulating the sharp increase in the number of medical books and the shift in content is the existence of a huge demand for reading, and the basic readers of medical books include not only doctors, but also ordinary people.
"Da Sheng" is simple and easy to understand, short in length and extremely high in practical value, and the author emphasizes that "those who are good at life should see it and should be widely disseminated." The powerful re-engrave the passage, the powerless copy several books by hand, dictate several people, and go as they please, and it is not necessarily the same thing as my Confucian compatriots. We are not seeking blessings, but if we accumulate good deeds and celebrate, we will return to our ends."
The publication and dissemination of books has become a way to seek the well-being of the people.
"Repeat the reasoning, as for the prescription medicine, it is not enough, and even one or two are taken from the sages and the ancients, and the things that are extremely ordinary must be used", in order to popularize the public. "Who is the one who opens the book and carries the birth?" The cover of the temporary warehouse is not enough to be scrutinized, because the first article is contained in the cutter, and the door is straight to the point, everyone is familiar with it, and it is easy to do it. If you talk about it in normal times, you may as well look at it from the order of fetal protection." "This compilation of words is slang, it is inevitable to laugh and be generous, but it was originally designed for women, and the literate do not need to speak, and the illiterate can be recited, and they can be understood. However, it must be said in ordinary times, so that the heart understands that it has its own ideas temporarily. Not only should the mother know, but also the old and young men and women should know it, rather than reading plays and listening to books, it is not so beneficial. "It needs to be explained and understood at ordinary times, in case of emergency use." The medical books compiled in this book not only pay attention to the classics to establish the norms of medicine, but also pay attention to the popularization of medicine as a guide.
From this point of view, classicization and popularization go hand in hand, and the aspects of medical knowledge inheritance are diversified.
The development of the printing and publishing industries in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the activity of private bookstores, and the expansion of the book sales network made the medical books engraved in the fangben begin to become an important part of such books, thus breaking the traditional pattern of medical books that originally mainly relied on government official engravings and the author's own home carvings. The series of books emphasizes the importance of engraving and sorting books everywhere, and Shi Kai, who prefaces the "Doubtful Record", said that although he could not be a disciple of Zhang Jingyue who went to the door and entered the room, he read his posthumous works, "Although he could not arrive, his heart snickered and longed for it", and called on "comrades and gentlemen, the second zi line, to appreciate Yan together"! Wang Qi said in the middle of the poem, "Zhang Jingyue wrote in the Ming Wanli and the Apocalypse with his medical skills, and the two kinds of "Class Classics" and "Jingyue Quanshu" compiled by him were circulated all over the world, but the "Record of Doubts" was already published by the Donghai Shi Clan, and few people in the world saw it." Zhang Jingyue's "Record of Doubts" was chosen because it was less circulated. However, Wang Qi also particularly emphasized his identity as a Confucian doctor, "the sons of the Six Classics, all of them examine the mirror", "good at talking about soldiers, thinking about usefulness in the world", "In the number of elephants, the stars, the latitude of the stars, the public opinion, and the law of The Law, all of which can be investigated. As for the defeat of Liaoyang and the disturbance of the Central Plains, they were all predetermined a few years ago, and they were very knowledgeable, not special medical skills at the end of the road"!
The circulation of books has opened up a broader way for the dissemination of medical knowledge.
The "Medical Family Heart Law" and the "Bian Que Heart Book" collected by "Medical Forest Finger Moon" are both participated in the review by Qiantang Hu Jue. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), when Hu Jue participated in the "Doctor's Heart Law", he said that "those who are proficient in medicine in Zhejiang have two high sons, mr. Yue Shizong who lives in Qiantang, and Mr. Gufeng who lives in Siming". At that time, Hu Jue "wanted to accept the name of Mr. Mu Shizong", but "forced to be poor, it did not bear fruit". However, although Hu Jue was not a disciple of Gao Shiyu, he "did not tire of studying every time he received his writings, but was private." Later, Hu Jue obtained the "Doctor's Heart Method" from Wang Qian of Yuexi, "Deep joy, decades of private scenery, once you have to read his books, it is tantamount to seeing his people, how fast as it is."
This shows that at that time, the way for teachers and students to learn medicine in person required a certain cost, and through reading privately, the poor could also afford it, lowering the threshold for studying medicine. Behind Zhu Zhenheng, there were constantly reading and disseminating his works to claim to be Zhu Zhenheng's disciples. Hu Jue's collation of books has a spontaneous sense of responsibility for the inheritance of medical knowledge.
The Song Dynasty Dou Cai's collection of "Bian Que Heart Book", "years have been submerged, few people in the world", Hu Jue after obtaining it, regarded as the "Secret Book of Strange Books", and Hu Jue himself "refined medical theory, in ancient and modern fang theory, dissecting suspects, denouncing falsehoods, all in line with Xuanqi justice." In the face of a critical illness, others shrank their hands and complained", Hu Jue "cures it, often works", after getting this book, "cure people's chronic diseases, benefit more miracles".
After his death, his son Hu Daozhou inherited his medical profession. He wrote his book by hand and showed it to Wang Qi, hoping to reprint it for posterity, but because his family was poor and weak, he could not publish it. The book was gradually eroded, and his grandson had no choice but to ask Wang Qi to help it be published. The book is accompanied by more than a hundred articles of Hu Jue's discussion, picking up the missing pieces and filling in the gaps, which can really be described as "Dou's heroes". Family heirlooms generally cannot be engraved by outsiders, but in order to make the medical books widely spread to the world, Wang Qi is specially invited to assist in the publication.
Wang Qi sighed: "Decades ago, the father and son of the old man of Gu Yue (Hu Jue) met each other, just like the past, the years are like chi, the tombs of the two have been arched, and it is a book that is republished without being seen in person, which is a pity. The same is true of the book "Materia Medica Chongyuan", "Zhang Jun (Zhi Cong) founded it, Zhang Fu and Gao Jun (Shi Yu) gathered it and wrote samples." Fang wanted to hammer the board, Gao Jun died again, and the matter was dropped. After the que, the sample was passed back to the Hu Nian'an (Jue) family, and the Master of the Nian'an (Jue) died, but it is not known whose clan it belonged to. A copy of the copy is obtained from the high-ranking scholar of the Hu Zhimen people".
"Materia Medica Chongyuan" was written by Zhang Zhicong, compiled by Gao Shiyu, and later collected by Hu Jue, and then Wang Qi obtained the book from Hu Juemen and eventually compiled it into the "Medical Forest Finger Moon". It can be seen that the three medical books compiled in "Medical Forest Finger Moon" all rely on the collection and collation of fellow villagers Hu Jue and his descendants and disciples. Wang Qibao said: "Nian'an (Hu Jue) worked hard to correct the ropes, make up for the shortcomings and save the shortcomings, instruct the scholars to be confused, and medically approve the ancient scriptures, which is also called a good teacher for the younger generations, and can also be called a slanderous friend of the ancestors." ”
The circulation of books makes the acquisition of medical knowledge open, and the books make up for the shortcomings in further correction and engraving, and in turn sort out and summarize the medical knowledge, and instruct later scholars to be confused.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Wulin Medical Serval: The Geographical Construction of Medical Knowledge in "Medical Forest Finger Moon"</h1>
In the "Medical Forest Finger Moon", zhang Zhicong, Gao Shiyu and others are particularly emphasized to study and lecture at Lushan Hall.
At the beginning of the series, "The True Biography of Medicine", its opening introduction reads: "In the spring of 1696, Mr. Cheng's disciples gathered at the Lushan Lecture Hall and taught the Tao, which lasted for more than four years. The group of disciples successively asked questions, the Tao gradually became clear, the doctor gradually prepared, and the handwritten recorders such as the master and the disciples were no less than a hundred. Because of the name and the door, this medical true transmission, Ru and other records, can be made public to the world in the future. He was given the title of Zi for the excerpt. It can be seen that Gao Shiyu inherited Zhang Zhicong's style of lecturing in the Mountain Hall, debating and lecturing with his disciples, so as to enlighten the Tao, and dictate medical knowledge to "publicize the world", so as to show that medicine is also a public instrument under the heavens.
However, the deeds of Lu Shan Tang, since the death of Zhang Zhicong in the thirteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1674), although fang zhi has been repeatedly repaired, the "Chronicle of Qiantang County", "The Chronicle of Hangzhou Prefecture", and "Zhejiang Tongzhi" have not been recorded. Until the "Hangzhou FuZhi" compiled by the Republic of China, it was first written: "Zhang Zhicong, Zi Yin'an, Gao Shiyu, Zi Shizong, all Qiantang people." During the Kangxi Dynasty, Qiantang was a doctor, such as Zhicong, who was particularly heavy, and many of those who visited his disciples became good doctors, and tried to teach with their disciples in Lushan Hall. At that time, the Tao of The World had become popular, and when he heard Zhicong's lectures, he traveled from it, and his skills advanced greatly, and he was even as famous as Zhicong. This record directly mentions that the reason why Zhang and Gao are respected is because of Chen Xiuyuan, "Min doctor Chen Nianzu, named Gaishi, is the only one who bows down to Zhang and Gao, and in his "Three Character Classic": Great author, push Qiantang. Self-note cloud: Zhang Yin'an and Gao Shizong were all Qiantang people, each with his own eyes, and had not been issued before, which was the first book of the Han Dynasty. It is also known in the "Typhoid Fever Fan Case": Zhi Cong's writings, beyond the group of books, it is poured for the doctors so much."
Chen Xiuyuan (1766-1823), a native of Changle, Fujian, once studied medicine under the famous quanzhou physician Cai Mingzhuang, and when he was directly subordinate to Renzhi County, he made his own prescriptions to treat the affected people. After Jiaqing returned from illness in the twenty-fourth year (1819), he gave a lecture at the Jingshan Caotang in Changle Songshan, and his disciples were also many.
When Chen Xiuyuan combed and evaluated the source of medicine in the "Three Character Classics of Medicine", he had less respect for each family below the "Qianjin" and "Outer Platform", "after the author, gradually immersed; red and purple, Zheng Weiyin", especially the Ming Dynasty, "the number of sons, one long each; the ancients, also absurd; Changsha Room, still wandering", but the "Qiantang" was highly respected, "the great author, push qiantang; take the law, get ci hang", from the collective and regional nature to summarize Qiantang medicine.
A small note after the biography of the Republic of China's "Hangzhou Fuzhi" clearly points out that the joint biography of Zhang Zhicong and Gao Shizong is from the strategy written by Zhong Xuerui. Looking through the historical data, Zhongxue did indeed affirm Chen Xiuyuan's admiration for Qiantang healers in the thirteenth year of Guangxu (1887) in the "Notes on the Suling Collection of Lushan Tang and Hou Bao", but he also emphasized that Chen Xiuyuan's own medical thought was also influenced by Zhang and Gao, "the great purpose of the Lushan Hall":
Changle Chen Xiuyuan, want to be confused, special kai jue road, in the "Three Character Classic", the source of medicine to tell people: big author, push Qiantang. Qiantang is called Zhang Yin'an and Gao Shizong. During the Kangxi Dynasty, Yin'an and his disciples preached on the scriptures in Lushan Hall, and Shizong followed him, so Lushan Hall had books such as "Direct Interpretation of the Annotations of the Su ling Collection", "Seal of the Typhoid Sect", "Direct Explanation of the Typhoid Fever Golden Collection", "Debate of the Lushan Hall", "The Secret Legend of Acupuncture", "The True Biography of Medicine", "Materia Medica Chongyuan" and so on. Fu "Su" and "Ling" are used in the bright body, and "Typhoid Fever" and "Jin Kui" are used with the sutra as the body and the square as the use. Yin'an composed the "Commentary on the Collection" because of the difficult meaning of the Jingfang, and Shizong composed the "Direct Explanation" because of the difficult meaning of the "Commentary on the Collection". The rest of the books, the eleven laws below the Yellow Bell, are the ones who are the ones who have passed on the Yellow Bell. Passed to the cultivation garden, there is also the "Su Ling Collection Commentary", with more than ten kinds of external appendages, the language is not broken, etc., so that the reader is like eating cane, gradually entering a better state, and the general purpose is to learn about the Benlushan Hall.
In the Republic of China's "Hangzhou FuZhi" also included a biography of Wang Qi, after the biography also said that Wang Qi's deeds came from the strategy written by Zhong Xuerui. However, his biography is classified in the category of "Righteous Conduct", and Zhongxue recounts that Wang Qi "tasted the school book in Lushan Hall, that is, the lecture office of physician Zhang Zhicong Gao Shiyu", and praised Wang Qi for engraving "Medical Forest Finger Moon", which is a righteous act aimed at saving the world.
From this point of view, the reason why Wang Qi pushed Lu Shan Tang at the beginning of the "Medical Forest Finger Moon" section really comes from his local experience. In this chronicle, Lu Zhiyi is also referred to as Zhang Zhicong's teacher, but looking at the historical materials of the Kangxi period and the works of Lu Zhiyi and Zhang Zhicong, it seems that there is no evidence to show that Lu Zhiyi is Zhang Zhicong's teacher. However, Lu Zhiyi wrote in the book "Materia Medica Andya Half-Wai" that "in the year of Gengwu (Ming Chongzhen III, 1630), the wulin gentlemen set up the Yushe, citing the two discussions of Zhongjing and the Su Ling Mi'ao, and the remaining one person elaborated for it", with special emphasis on the great collection of the wulin gentlemen to study and teach. Lu Zhiyi "honored the classics retro" and made a lot of collation and annotations on the "Inner Classics", "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", and "Materia Medica". This kind of collective study of the classics in the form of lectures guided the methods and directions of the later Qiantang physicians. Zhang Zhicong and Gao Shiyu basically followed this form in their studies, lecturing and writing with their disciples in Lushan Hall, and later generations classified Zhang Zhicong as Lu Zhiyi's disciple, which may be based on this.
Wang Qi specifically mentioned in the "Medical Forest Finger Moon" that "Qiantang Lufu, wanli tianqiren, although hidden in medicine, did not make friends in vain, and exchanged poems and wine with wenzi generals and Yan Rengong in his life, and was a friend from the heart." It is not also, Yan Yin holds as a biography, Xu Zhiyuan as a deed, Li Changheng as a tomb watch, Chen Yuanhui as a zhiming, and a famous scholar of the time, he can know it." Lu Fu is deliberately placed in the scene of regional society, and the interaction between the doctors and scholars in Qiantang is highlighted to highlight the regional identity of the doctors. Therefore, a little later Cao He (?) -1861) in the "Medical Reading Chronicle" volume download: "Zhi Cong, the character Yin'an, a disciple of Lu Zhiyi, claimed to be a descendant of Nanyang. In the "Inner Classic" and the Zhongzu Book, the child learned it, and the white head first got its want. It is a day and night dream, and it has accumulated for another twenty years, and Fang Cheng is a collection. In particular, Zhang Zhicong was claimed to be a disciple of Lu Zhiyi.
Zhang Zhicong once described himself in the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever on Zongyin And Self-Introduction": "Cong's family shi Nanyang, living in seclusion on the right side of the river during the chaos of the Han Dynasty, the eleventh ancestor traveled to the eunuch Qiantang Buzhu Lake, from Zhongzu and now forty-three leaves." In the meantime, there are two or three people with the name of the doctor. Yu was lost in his life, abandoned Confucianism to practice medicine in Yuzi, and for thirty years, he taught and read the books of the previous generations. Zhang Qingzi ,also known as Zhang Suichen (1589-1668), Zhang Zhicong claimed to be a Qingzi master, but Wang Qi, who grew up near LushanTang, did not compile Zhang Qingzi's medical writings. Zhang Qingzi was included in the "Chronicle of Renhe County" during the Kangxi Dynasty, while the Kangxi "Chronicle of Wukang County" and the "Chronicle of Haizhou Prefecture" all claimed that he was originally from Renhe and moved to Wukang, while the Kangxi "Hangzhou Fuzhi" directly referred to him as a Qiantang person.
However, Ni Zhumo, who was a contemporary of Zhang Qingzi, called him Yuyao in the "Teacher's Surname" in the "Materia Medica", Ni Zhumo had "traveled all over the world and asked for advice" when compiling this book, and Zhang Qingzi was a Yuyao person, and living in Hangzhou was the truth. Zhang Qingzi himself also declared that "his disciples Zhang Kaizhi and Shen Liangchen are the most famous", and did not mention Zhang Zhicong, obviously Zhang Zhicong was not a prominent person among Zhang Qingzi's disciples, which can also explain why Zhang Zhicong has not been recorded in the former Zhizhi. However, as a fellow villager, Wang Qi strongly admired this xiangxian who claimed to be after Zhongjing, and it was Zhang Zhicong who gathered the children of the doctors in the Lushan Hall to study and debate the scriptures, which stirred up the grand situation of the martial arts medical community. Most of the healers included in the "Medical Forest Finger Moon" are also active scholars associated with Lushan Hall, so they do not deliberately emphasize Zhang Qingzi, who lives in Hangzhou. From Lu Fu and Lu Zhiyi to Zhang Zhicong, and then from Zhang Zhicong to Gao Shiyu, father and son, teacher Cheng, open-ended lectures, and the study of classics have made martial arts medicine a grand view.
Zhong Xuerui himself felt that Zhang Zhicong was "robbed of the ashes of the lecture hall and his remains were also burned by soldiers", so he collected them everywhere. Zhongxue 辂, the word 昴庭. Qiantang bottle kiln man, Qing Tongzhi three years (1864) raised people, once served as a teacher in Chun'an County, Zhejiang, and later abandoned the official for medical treatment.
Zhongxue Ren is Zhang Taiyan's cousin Uncle Xing, and Zhang Taiyan's "Records of Zhongshi Shiyi" praises: "Mr. Pleiades, to teach People in Chun'an, Good Ming Dao Yichuan Zhixue, You Shan Doctor." ...... Zu Shu Zhongjing, The Book of Sun Simiao and Wang Tao, teaches people in the four languages of the modern world Yu (Jiayan), Zhang (Zhicong), Ke (Yunbo), and Chen (Xiuyuan,...... And the sickness should be effective, and people think that god. ...... Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing Dynasty was conscripted and returned to the Zhejiang (Hangyuan) Medical Bureau, and tens of thousands of people lived without worry. Zhongxue Rei took Zhang Zhicong's "Materia Medica Chongyuan" as the outline, and referred to Zhang Zhicong's "LushanTang Class Debate" and Gao Shiyu's "True Biography of Medicine", gathered the strengths of the family, added supplements and proofreading, and compiled the "Materia Medica Chongyuan Collection", inheriting and carrying forward the medical ideas of Lushantang. In the first year of Xuantong (1909), Zhang Taiyan's eldest brother Zhang Bingsen wrote a preface to the book: "Shu Yu LiXue, a sect of "Benjing", Changsha (Zhongjing) and Zhang Shi (Zhicong), Gao Shi (Shi Yu), Loose Prescription Medicine, Divine Changes." ”
Another contribution of Zhongxue to LushanTang was the reprinting of medical books such as "Su", "Ling", "Ji Zhu", and "Su Qing Zhi Xie", which were proposed by the bookstore to song for observation, and belonged to Zhang Chunbo to participate in the school, please publish it in the Weida Zhongcheng Development Bureau, "According to the time when Lushan Tang came to Qianlong, but the "Secret Biography of Acupuncture and Moxibustion" was missing, and more than half of the books have been lost for more than a hundred years. If the heavens will be dachangsi Dao, they will be able to search one by one, proofread and pay for it, so as to spread it widely, then the luck of the medical door, that is, the luck of the world's life is also the husband"! Qiantang medicine can be passed on, and it is also the process of books being continuously preserved, annotated, and engraved.
Zhang Taiyan once studied in Hangzhou and began to specialize in zuoshi transmission. Therefore, he was particularly affirmative of the qiantang doctor's idea of respecting the retro scriptures, and he himself had specially commented on the "Materia Medica Chongyuan", "The Doctor's Heart Method", "Lu Shan Tang Class Debate", "Yi's Medical Case" and so on. Although Zhang Taiyan was separated from Zhang Zhicong's era, he was also added to the inheritance of Qiantang medicine through the annotation and collation of the books "LushanTang Class Debate" and "Materia Medica Chongyuan". It can be seen that this group of scholar-type doctors, especially those with rich experience in annotating books and periodicals, from Wang Qi to Zhongxue and Zhang Taiyan, has enabled Qiantang medical knowledge to be continuously passed on.
In March 2007, the Zhejiang Provincial Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Hangzhou Municipal Landscape and Cultural Relics Administration bureau established the "Monument of LushanTang" saying:
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, Kangqian has toured, and the medical situation is unprecedented. When the doctors gathered, the famous masters gathered, and the scholar Xian Xian of Xiqi Huangzhi longed for it, and people called Wulin a doctor. On the teaching of medicine, Lu Zhiyi set a precedent; honored the sutra Chonggu, Zhang Suichen created a faction; continued to carry on the upper and lower levels, Zhang Zhicong gathered great achievements; did his best, Zhang Xiju's wings; poured out his heart and blood, Gao Shiyu passed on the mantle; the salary was passed on, and the zhongxue was finally good. Passed down from generation to generation, the name zhen for a while, the history is called the Qiantang Medical School, which has led the way for a hundred years. It is the hall that records the medical culture of Wulin and witnesses the historical events of Qiantang, but it was destroyed by soldiers during the Qianlong period, and now that it is in the prosperous era of Taiping, it is also suitable for the publication of the book "Qiantang Medical School", which is the monument erected in the pavilion.
It can be seen that the group image of the Qiantang doctors is constantly superimposed in the narrative of different texts. From the publication of Qiantang Wang Qi's "Medical Forest Finger Moon" to the annotations of Yu Hangzhang Taiyan, literati scholars played an important role in the regional construction of medical knowledge, and finally constructed a complete sequence of the two Lu, three Zhang, Gao and Zhong of the Qiantang Medical School.
In the induction and collation of Qiantang medical knowledge, "Medical Forest Finger Moon" is not the only one, but its process of sorting, copying and engraving implies the internal vein formed by the Qiantang Medical School. Wang Qi lives in Wushan, Hangzhou, adjacent to Lushantang, and is familiar with the stories of Zhang Zhicong and Lushantang's medical style. He sorted out the original meaning of the medical books, in order to preserve the classics and pass on the scholarship. However, among the selected evaluation points, it directly revealed his standards and views on the genealogical collation of Qiantang regional medicine.
The Qiantang healers centered on Lushan Hall and conducted collective discussions. Emphasis is placed on medical theory, reading and lecturing, analyzing articles, and practicing tirelessly. The doormen are all different, asking difficulties and sincerity, benefiting each other, and even collectively annotating books. Questions and answers between teachers and doctors inspire each other. The gathering of Lu Shan Tang did not introduce a master or pursue the origin of the sect, but a group of like-minded healers, sharing experience and knowledge, often through debate and inspiration.
This scene unfolds in the time and space of the region centered on Wushan mountain in Hangzhou, and the significance of the region in the interaction between doctors and academic evolution is reflected here. Wang Qi said in the "Lushan Tang Class Debate" that "the people of the outer counties call Wulin a doctor", "a scholar who reads Xuanqi, xian yearns for the gate of the two kings (Lu Fu and Zhang Zhicong)", and also summarizes Chen Xiuyuan's "Three Character Classics of Medicine" as "big author, push Qiantang". On this basis, the late Qing Dynasty Physician Zhongxue Ren continued to carry forward his purpose of honoring the scriptures, and Yu Hangzhang Taiyan also commented on some of the works included in the "Medical Forest Finger Moon". The Qiantang author group involved in "Medical Forest Finger Moon" has gradually become the core figure of the Qiantang Medical School respected by later generations, and the collective and regional nature of its medical knowledge has been continuously constructed layer by layer, until the "Qiantang Medical School" of later generations has been clearly proposed.
From this point of view, in the process of editing medical books, the compilation of local medical books summarizes and sorts out medical knowledge as an important driving force for the reconstruction of regional medical schools. In the process of continuous collation, copying, and engraving of texts, it has gradually become a relatively fixed knowledge space, so that the group of regional physicians can be highlighted in the process of summarizing and sorting out texts, and the combing of schools has gradually become possible.
Excerpt from The Culture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 5, 2019
Edit: Ai Ye