"General History of China" Episode 62 Subtitles Song Dynasty Culture (Part I)

The National Library of China has more than 2.9 million rare ancient books, the most precious of which is these beautifully engraved Song plate books, because the amount of inheritance is rare, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there is a page of Song edition one or two gold saying, Song edition books mostly use leather paper and hemp paper, the literary theory is firm and tough, the layout is loose and elegant, there are often engravers' names and the number of words per edition under the heart of the plate, the font and ink are extremely exquisite, with distinctive Song Dynasty characteristics. From these Song edition books that have been handed down to the present, people can not only see the mature woodblock printing technology of the Song Dynasty, but also restore the Song Dynasty with prosperous culture and developed science and technology nearly a thousand years ago through the above text.

This is the performance of the original Yue opera "Liu Yong" in Quanzhou, Fujian. Fujian Fanghuayue Troupe has performed nearly 50 performances of Liu Yong's play, Liu Yong is the representative of the Wanyao school of lyricists in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the first professional lyricist in the Northern Song Dynasty to devote his life to lyric creation.

Wang Junan: He is a genius with a very temperamental person. He is willing to be a lyricist, on the other hand, he wants to take this road of the road, but the road of this road is very bumpy, he has been very unsmooth all the way, then in the end he himself realized that in fact, creating and writing words is his most important, and in the end he completely let go, and finally he felt that writing words was what he wanted. Liu Yong not only describes the joys and sorrows of red men and green women, spring sorrows and autumn grievances, but also writes into the words themes such as urban prosperity, travel scenery, citizen life and travel sorrow. With its unique artistic personalities such as popular and colloquial Xiaochang language, and the imagery of scene blending, he has made bold innovations in the content and form of this literary theme, thus having a far-reaching impact on the development of Song Dynasty.

Zheng Yongxiao: The style of words originated in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, so his production is mainly related to the rise of banquet music. Then this word is more prosperous in the late Tang period, the late Tang because the style of the times began to change, after the Anshi Rebellion, this flourishing Tang weather, gone forever, the literati no longer pursue meritorious achievements, so he pinned this spirit, pinned on here, singers and dancers, write some small words for them to pass their lives. After the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Tang Dynasty, and some lyricists in the Southern Tang Dynasty were included in the Song Dynasty, but their vocabulary was basically not developed. The city saw Liu Yong, who was good at absorbing their specialty of singing slow songs, and then opened up the word context. Since then, this word has had a great impact not only in the Central Plains, but also in the ethnic minority countries in the north.

Originally inherited from the late Tang dynasty, Song Ci mainly described erotic feelings, focusing on describing children's customs, and the ideological content was inevitably narrow, but the structure was deep and meticulous, the rhythm was gentle and harmonious, the language was fresh and beautiful, and it had the artistic characteristics of gentleness and softness. Since the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the gentle lyricists represented by Liu Yong have expanded their expressive artistic conception and enriched their artistic techniques, and their lyrical expression makes people sing and sigh. Until the Southern Song Dynasty, lyrical masterpieces continued to emerge.

Singing: "Red crispy hands, yellow wine, spring palace walls and willows in the city, east wind evil, joy thin, a glass of sorrow, a few years of divorce, wrong, wrong, wrong."

The Southern Song Dynasty lyricist Lu You's song "Phoenix with a Broken Head" describes the love tragedy of Lu You and Tang Wan, expressing the deep attachment and lovesickness between the two people, and expressing the author's resentment, sorrow and indescribable infatuation, which is a unique and tear-jerking work. And this poem "Su Muzhao" by Fan Zhongyan is different from the general style of Wanyo school, it uses a heavy and majestic pen power to write a low and gentle melancholy, "blue clouds, yellow leaves, autumn colors, cold smoke on the waves", the chanter is called Xu Ping, because of work, he has a strong interest in Fan Zhongyan's past years, and can also casually recite some of Fan Zhongyan's words.

Xu Ping: Fan Zhongyan was a famous military strategist, educator, literary scholar and thinker of the Northern Song Dynasty, he was later known as Fan Wenzhenggong, and he was also a lyricist greatly admired by Mao Zedong.

The large banner of Song characters in the distant Fan Zhongyan Memorial Hall on Tianping Mountain in Suzhou, as well as a row of signs with the famous sentences of Fan Zhongyan's poems, convey the local people's remembrance of Fan Zhongyan.

Xu Ping: Fan Zhongyan is an honest and honest official, so he has been belittled many times, but he has always attached great importance to this initiative to promote education and learning. Even when he was defending Shaanxi against the invasion of Western Xia, he still did not forget that this cultivation of talents and the cultivation of talents were emphasized.

In 1040 AD, 52-year-old Fan Zhongyan was ordered to organize the defense of Shaanxi against the invasion of Western Xia, and in the face of the bleak scenery caused by the war outside Serbia, he wrote down the ancient term "Fisherman's Proud", "Stuffing the scenery in autumn, Hengyang geese go without paying attention, the sound of horns on all sides, the smoke in a thousand mountains, the sunset and the lonely city are closed, the turbid wine is a cup of thousands of miles, and Yan Ran has no plan." The Qiang pipe was full of frost, the people were sleepless, and the general was white-haired and tearful. This generous and eloquent poem shows the heroism and hard life of the guards at that time. The artistic conception is deep and open, desolate and tragic. Since then, like Fan Zhongyan, he has reflected the major problems of the country and society into his lyrics, and used them to place political opinions and ideal feelings on them, which has become an increasingly common way of expression for lyricists in the Song Dynasty.

The literary hero Su Shi also opened up a new generation of wind and created a bold hero that formed a twin-peaked competition show with the gentle softness. "The great river goes east, the waves are exhausted, the characters of the ages, the west of the fortress, humanity is, the Three Kingdoms Zhou Lang Chibi." In 1082 AD, Su Shi, who lived in Huangzhou because he wrote a poem satirizing the new policy of changing the law, landed in Chibi Iso, and felt that he wrote a thousand-year-old poem, "Niannujiao Chibi Huaigu".

Wu Guangxing: Su Shi, through his writing practice, changed the way of word creation, he turned the words of the singer into the words of the poet, and the original words of simple entertainment became a literary style of literati and doctors, reflecting his own care and character, and of course, opening up a new literary world.

The scenery depicted in Su Shi's words is often strange and vast, and the feelings expressed are broad and quaint. He combined the lyricist's romance with the poet's speech well, greatly improving the taste of the word, and the word reached the eastern slope, and its body was honored. Su Shi's transformation of the style of words established the important position of the Haofang school in the Song pronoun circle, but the extravagant words of the Northern Song Dynasty were more embodied in the repressed spiritual pursuit of liberation under the feudal system.

With the change of Jingkang, the fall of the Central Plains, the partial security of the Southern Song Dynasty, the turbulent social reality, the pain of losing one's homeland, and the desire to regain the lost land, began to be reflected more and more in the lyrics of the Nandu lyricists. "Where to look at Shenzhou, full of scenery Beigulou, how many things rise and fall through the ages, leisurely, endless Yangtze River rolling." Xin Qiqiang, a famous lyricist of the Southern Song Dynasty, advocated anti-gold all his life, and participated in the anti-gold army many times, and his words are even more unique, spanning ancient and modern times. Xin Qiqian is good at using text as words, writing in ancient times and the present, with a wide range of themes and changing lyric styles, both Shen Xiong, who is drunk to look at the sword and dreams of blowing back the horn company, and looking back at the vivid and delicate person in the lamplight, known as the dragon in the word.

In 1205 AD, the first year of the founding year of Emperor Ningzong of Song, Xin abandoned his illness as the prefect of Zhenjiang in his twilight years, ascended to the North Gu Pavilion, looked far ahead, traced the past today, and wrote "Nanxiangzi Jingkou Beiguting Youhuai", in the name of Sun Quan, the hero of the Three Kingdoms, lamented that the Southern Song Dynasty had no great wisdom and courage to turn things around, and the young man was not stopped, and the heroes of the world were opponents, Cao Liu, and the son should be like Sun Zhongmou. Xin abandons illness, three questions and three answers echo before and after, desolate and majestic, lofty artistic conception, compared with the "Yongyule Jingkou Beiguting Huaigu" he did at the same time, a bright style, a somber and depressed, and at the same time nostalgic for the past and the present, the swan song of the ages, but the writing method is very different.

Li Qingzhao, who was known as Jinan Er'an with Xin Jiujiao, was an outstanding representative of the female lyricists of the Song Dynasty, known as the Wanyao Zhizong. Li Qingzhao, in his early years lived a good life, his style of words was clean and bright, and in the later period he suffered from changes in his home and country, his lyrics lamented his life and his mood was sentimental, "the sky is connected with clouds and waves, and the stars and rivers want to turn a thousand sails and dance, as if the dream soul returned to the emperor's house, heard the heavenly language, and asked me where I belonged."

Zheng Yongxiao: This poem has a subtitle Sending Dreams, that is, it is written about the scene in the dream, then I see this scene is very broad and magnificent, so his style, not like this Li Qingzhao's original words, but more extravagant This predecessor's evaluation is absolutely similar to Su Xin school, more extravagant, and her original gentle style is very different.

Li Qingzhao believes that words should emphasize the harmony of law and advocate elegance, and lyrics should be different from poetry, literary law, and other families. In fact, many lyricists in the Song Dynasty have varied styles and do not specialize in righteousness, and Qin Li is delicate and heroic and generous, which also makes Song words colorful and varied. Song poetry concentrates on the highest achievement of Song Dynasty literature, is a strange flower of Chinese language and literature, at the same time, Song poetry creation has also entered a prolific period, "All Song Poems" includes nearly 10,000 poems, more than 200,000 poems, the number and length of poets exceed five times that of "All Tang Poems", Song Dynasty poets attach importance to ideological content, good at using text as poetry and discussion as poetry, and the formation of this atmosphere is related to a poetic innovation movement in the Song Dynasty.