Wen|Mumu
Editor|Stargazing
In order to restore agricultural production, which had been severely damaged at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing government adopted a land policy that encouraged reclamation, recognized the land ownership of the reclamation, and exempted the reclamation from upgrading for a certain number of years, and this policy of encouraging reclamation continued until the Qianlong period.
With the implementation of the regulations on reclamation, the social economy gradually improved, such as Hunyuan County, "from the eighth year of Shunzhi to the end of the thirteenth year, 716 hectares and 41 mu of wasteland were reclaimed, and Xingtun was reported to Xingtun for a total of 1,343 hectares and 84 mu."
It reflects the positive effect brought by the reclamation policy. But in some areas, this effect is not sustainable for long.
For example, in the twenty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1682), Lingqiu County "has been recruited to cultivate the Sichuan Plain, and the high ridges of the hillsides are difficult to cultivate", reflecting the saturation of the land carrying capacity in the Lingqiu area.
1. Land carrying capacity
The decline of land carrying capacity reflects the superposition effect of institutional policies, human activities and regional environment, resulting in continuous population migration in northern Jinbei, forming the survival habit of "going to the west exit".
In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to stabilize the order of the northern border, the Qing government strictly prohibited Mongolian and Han exchanges, and implemented a policy of ethnic isolation and reclamation in the northern Mongolian region, "In the 12th year of Shunzhi (1655), the open land inside each side mouth was allowed to listen to the reclamation of seeds, and it was forbidden to graze land outside the reclamation mouth."
Beginning during the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing government gradually relaxed the export reclamation policy for the people in the border areas, and the reclamation of Mongolian land changed from a ban to a relaxation ban.
With the increase of the number of people reclaiming the outside of the mouth, in the early years of Yongzheng, Gubeikou, Zhangjiakou, and Naturalized City Tongzhi were successively added to strengthen local management.
In the fifth year of the Yongzheng Dynasty (1727), "He will meet the resident residents and the farmers, find out the names and places of origin, compile a register and consult each nationality, and still order the provincial and prefecture officials to record all the export farmers for future checking." Later, those who export their land to cultivate the land shall be allowed to live, cultivate at the end of the year, and make a register and report to the Ministry of Records, on the one hand, and on the other hand, and on the other hand, they shall be consulted by their own books."
The successive establishment of directly subordinate offices such as Fengzhen, Ningyuan, Guihua, Helinger and Qingshuihe during the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods reflects the social and economic development outside the mouth after the change of reclamation policy. In the reclamation of the area outside the mouth, the people in the northern Jinbei region exported the most reclamation seeds.
"Qingshui County, which belongs to a vast area, more than 1,000 li, was originally a Mongolian grassland, and all the inhabitants were not indigenous, and most of them were people from the prefectures and counties in the mainland. There are especially many people in the two counties of Pinglu and Pinglu in the vicinity, and their customs are different from the places where they belong, and they are not far from the places outside the border."
The Qing government's policy on reclamation in the border areas was a process of adjustment, which was not only a reflection of the social and economic development of the Qing Dynasty, but also a reflection of the interaction of various factors such as environment, population, and ethnicity in and outside the mouth.
The reclamation of the border areas has to a certain extent promoted the mechanical movement of the population such as geese walking people and walking west entrances, and for the inside of the mouth, "the few are strong outside the mouth, and the old and weak are actually nourished at home."
Population migration brings about changes in the proportion of regional people and land, which has a greater impact on regional land reclamation, and comprehensively affects regional land transactions in combination with intraregional population flow.
For example, in the Yong Tenant custom of Oka Lan County, it was mentioned that the land in Oka Lan was sparsely populated, and the local people were not nervous about cultivating land, so the relatively cheap mountain fields were mostly rented by immigrants, and in order to be able to cultivate in a foreign land for a long time, they demanded the right to Yong Tenancy.
The description of the actual land is sparsely populated and also applies to Shuozhou, Yanbei and other places in the north, but the land lease situation in these two regions is also different, the proportion of land lease in Shuozhou is low, while land lease in Yanbei is more common, and most of them are based on the sharing and rent system.
Therefore, the formation of regional land relations is the result of the interaction of multiple factors, not a single factor.
2. Production methods and customs
Jinbei is located in the intersection of agriculture and animal husbandry, and most of the agricultural production adopts extensive management, extensive planting and small harvest, and most of the people are engaged in both agriculture and animal husbandry. There are still a number of differences in agricultural production within the region, and these regional differences also have a lot of influence on the formation of regional land relations.
In the areas of Wutai, Dingxiang, Lao and Xin counties, the villages are denser and the population is large, so the amount of land distribution is small, and the farming methods are close to intensification. However, in Yanbeisho County, in the area of Youyu and Zuoyun, the population and land distribution situation is the opposite.
Arable land in this area, calculated in units of five acres, is very common to own two or three hectares of land, and its farming is quite similar to that of newly developed countries.
In the case of Yuanlan County, the mountains are dangerous, the transportation is inconvenient, and the cultivation in this place is mostly a farm system, and the situation described by the village elders is quite similar to the European medieval manor system.
The data show that agricultural production in northern Jinbei has different regional characteristics, and the agricultural production status in several typical areas such as the Xin Dynasty region in the east, the Yanbei region in the north, the Yellow River area and the mountainous area in the northwest are different.
Most of this internal regional division is closely related to the production environment, combined with the specific climate, soil, water conservancy conditions, etc., each region has formed a certain crop planting structure, farming technology and survival mode, reflecting the adaptation and response of the population in a certain regional environment.
The northern Jinbei region is mainly dominated by traditional dry farming technology in the north, and the regional imbalance of technology is also prominent, and the basic characteristics of traditional agriculture are maintained as a whole.
Extensive agricultural production methods and traditional agricultural production techniques determine land productivity and land revenue, which in turn affects land rights transactions.
The northern region of Shanxi has been a multi-ethnic settlement since ancient times, and the nomadic and hunting customs of the northern ethnic minorities have a subtle influence on the customs of the northern region of Shanxi.
Due to the abundant grassland resources, such as Dashuo area in northern Jin, Ningwu in northwest Jin, Baode and other places, and grassland in Wutaishan area are widely distributed.
Therefore, animal husbandry in this area is very common and developed, in addition to official permanent pastures and horse factories, most of the people also use animal husbandry to assist their lives.
Among them, there are many sheep farming, "the state of people and animals, moving hundreds and dozens, this large number is also", fully reflecting the regional characteristics of the agricultural and pastoral intersection area. Commercial customs are more prominent in Shanxi, and people often have business customs.
Shanxi merchants have been very active since the Ming Dynasty, and the term "Jin merchants" we often say refers to Shanxi merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
After the middle and late Qing Dynasty, a large number of Shanxi people exported to make a living, mainly engaged in commercial operations and foreign reclamation.
There are regional differences in the distribution and activities of merchants in northern Jin, in the Xin Dynasty and other places, there are many people and narrow land, people are more exported, or farming or doing business, northwest Jin along the Yellow River area has more commercial exchanges, but in some mountainous areas of northwestern Jin, where transportation is inconvenient.
Rare commercial activities, and in Yanbei's Datong, Youyu Killing Hukou and other places, it is also a very important commercial transit point and pass. Most people in the Xin Dynasty region exported to do business, but they often invested in their hometowns, which affected regional land distribution and economic development.
For other commercial and trade areas, the impact of commercial activities is the main aspect, such as in Datong, Youyu and other places, and along the Yellow River in northwest Jin.
There are various livelihood methods that revolve around commercial activities, which actually have a certain impact on the formation of regional land relations.
In addition, there are other factors such as clan kinship, war, war, religion and culture and other social factors that affect regional land relations.
Most of the trading activities such as land sales, land sales, and renting have the principle of giving priority to clansmen, reflecting the concern for clan relations.
Many of the deeds are also intra-clan transaction documents, demonstrating the influence of clan relationships in land rights transactions, with the influence of clans in the south being more profound than in the north.
War and social turmoil have a certain degree of suddenness and practical effect, and have a greater impact on land rights transactions within a certain time and space range.
Religious culture is a cultural characteristic formed in the process of long-term social and economic development, which is more manifested as a subtle influence, which promotes the formation of trading habits.
At the same time, the Qing government's management of land transactions and the promulgation of several land transaction policies also played a very important role in the formation of the characteristics of regional land rights transactions.
The Qing government had relevant restrictions and regulations on the redemption, price searching, and perpetual tenancy of the pawn, but from the above analysis, it can be seen that the purchase and sale of private land has a strong regional color and is relatively greatly influenced by local customs.
In short, the causes of traditional land rights trading in northern Jinbei are complex and diverse, and have certain regional characteristics.
3. Discussion on the formation of mechanisms
The formation of the characteristics of regional land rights transactions is not a certain factor acting alone, but has its own certain mode of operation, so it is necessary to discuss the interaction between several elements, that is, the formation mechanism.
The so-called mechanism refers to the structural relationship and operation mode between various elements, and the relevant theories and methods of systems theory are introduced here to try to explore the formation mechanism of regional land rights structure and transaction characteristics.
Many factors interact with each other with certain relationships, and then promote the formation of a land right transaction structure, the most important of which is the constraint mechanism based on the role of constraints.
The constraint mechanism is mainly reflected in the restrictive role of environmental factors on the emergence and development of other human factors, and the restrictive role of the natural environment on the role of some factors.
Natural environmental factors have obvious constraints and influences on other social and human factors, such as topography, light, heat, soil, water and other conditions in environmental factors.
It not only directly constitutes the natural attributes of the land, but also restricts the types of crops, crop planting structures, agricultural production technologies and other aspects of agricultural production on the land, thus directly affecting the price, term and distribution of income of land transactions.
At the same time, the formation, development and role of other factors are subject to environmental factors. For example, the evolution of the Weisho Tuntian system and the implementation of land reclamation policy should discuss its implementation effect in the process of grassroots implementation and promotion, taking into account the regional environment.
In some areas with many mountains and few fields and poor agricultural production conditions, the land carrying capacity is relatively saturated after the implementation of the reclamation policy for a period of time, and the role of the reclamation policy is limited at this time.
There is also an incentive and promotion relationship between various factors, which is often mutual, forming a mutually reinforcing incentive mechanism. For example, the incentive effect of institutional factors on socio-economic factors such as agricultural production and population.
The Qing government adopted a land policy that encouraged reclamation, recognizing the land ownership of the reclamation and exempting them from further education for a certain number of years.
With the implementation of the reclamation regulations, the social economy has gradually improved, the area of cultivated land has increased, and the fleeing people have gradually returned to their hometowns and engaged in local production and labor, showing the positive effect brought by the reclamation policy.
At the same time, after the implementation of the policy of "breeding people and never endowing" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the population showed an increasing trend, indicating that the various rest and recuperation policies implemented in the early Qing Dynasty were conducive to social and economic development, and institutional factors had an incentive effect on agricultural production and the development of social and economic levels.
At the same time, there is also an incentive mechanism between various factors, and many factors complement each other and motivate each other.
For example, the evolution of the health system and the change of political region have a certain role in promoting the implementation of other factors such as land endowment policy and reclamation policy, and there is also a certain incentive mechanism between production technology and factors such as population and customs.
The feedback mechanism refers to a kind of role and reaction, which is reflected in the response activities of human society under environmental factors, and the feedback mechanism that is constantly adjusted in the process of policy implementation, forming an environment-policy-environment cycle model.
The response activities of human society under environmental change are mainly reflected in the people's understanding of the environment and several response activities carried out in the catastrophic environment, which is actually the environment acting on social production, institutional culture and other factors, and various factors will also produce different information feedback.
The feedback mechanism in the process of policy implementation is more obvious, such as the reclamation policy and management problems in the areas inside and outside the Great Wall, as well as the resulting problems of population movement, policy adjustment, and social and economic development in and around the Great Wall.
It is mainly manifested in the interaction between policy systems, production methods, land carrying capacity, customs and habits, etc., which comprehensively affects the land rights trading and social and economic development of the areas inside and outside the Great Wall.
Natural and humanistic factors interact with each other by constraints, incentives, feedback and other mechanisms, and each factor is not only different from each other, but also coordinated and transformed into each other, reflecting the independence of each factor and the integrity and complexity of the operating mechanism.
In this way, under the comprehensive action of various factors, the characteristics of land rights in the northern Jin region of the Qing Dynasty were formed.
Through a detailed investigation of the forms of land rights transactions in the northern Jinbei region of the Qing Dynasty, such as land, permanent tenants, and ordinary tenancy, it can be concluded that the forms of land rights transactions in the northern Jinbei region of the Qing Dynasty were relatively diverse, and the structure of land rights was relatively complex, with certain regional characteristics.
Specifically, there are many pawn lands in areas with relatively good agricultural production environments, most of them do not specify the redemption period in the deed, and the civil agreement is generally redeemable after one year, and at the same time reflects the care of intra-ethnic relations.
The prevalence of Yongtengan rights in the northern Jin region of the Qing Dynasty still needs to be discussed, and the distribution of Yongtengan rights is closely related to the distribution of Yamada, and there are some incomplete Yongteng, and some Yongtengs have a tendency to "dian" or "field face rights".
There are regional differences in ordinary tenancy in northern Jin, land leases in northwestern Jin and northern Yanbei are more common, mostly based on the sharing system, and rents in the northern Shuozhou region and eastern Xin Dynasty area are not common, and if there are tenants, it is also manifested as a sharing lease system.
The relevant discussions fully demonstrated the diversity and complexity of land rights transactions in the northern and southern regions of the Qing Dynasty, and there were several regional differences. The formation of this characteristic is mainly closely related to the regional natural environment and certain human factors.
Among them, natural environmental factors have obvious constraints and influences. Between human factors such as the Weisho Tuntian system, land reclamation policy, population migration, production methods, customs and habits.
and the interaction between various human factors, such as constraint mechanism, incentive mechanism, feedback mechanism, etc.