Gao Yun of the History of Yida Studies, the Prosperity of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The book picks up.
Keep dreaming.
The guest invited today is still the first strategist in the world during the Qin and Han dynasties, Mr. Zhang Liang.
I asked, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which of the Southern and Northern Dynasties was more stable?
He said that it must be the Southern Dynasty, and the basic plate of the Southern Dynasty is the Han People, with absolute control, and even if there are barbarian tribes in the territory, they cannot make waves. The Northern Dynasty was different, the wolves snatched the meat, and the wolves had a brief honeymoon period under the call of the eldest brother Da Jian, who unified the north. As soon as he died, the whole north was immediately split into two major sections, and the area around Guanzhong was occupied by the Qiang people called Later Qin, what about the Shandong area in Hebei? Then it was occupied by the Xianbei Murong family called Hou Yan, at this time there was a small team in the north to start a second venture, it was the Northern Wei created by the Xianbei Tuoba family, why is it said to be a secondary entrepreneurship? When Wuhu was chaotic, they also came to grab the meat, and as a result, they were slapped to death by Jian Jian, and when the three-legged Ding was standing, the Northern Wei was the weakest and smallest, in today's Datong area, the result? They destroyed Later Yan and Later Qin successively, and once again realized the unification of the north. As we mentioned earlier, Liu Yu said why the empress did not use Han but used Song, one of the reasons is that during the Three Kingdoms period Shu Han was destroyed by Cao Wei, Liu Yu saw that Northern Wei was growing when he was founding the country, and he committed taboos, and it turned out that Liu Yu's worries were not superfluous, and the first stage of the confrontation between the Southern and Northern Dynasties was the Southern Song Dynasty against Northern Wei.
I asked, southern and northern dynasties, who has a higher combat value?
He said that it must be the Northern Dynasty, China's historical changes, most of the north destroyed the south, the reasons for the high combat strength of the northern dynasty are several points: First, there are many plains, many fertile fields, and many hills in the south, in the agricultural era, the population density of the north is greater than that of the south. Second, on the ancient battlefield, cavalry relative to infantry, whether it is the speed of marching or the combat strength of individual soldiers are generally external existence, and the north is the main production area of horses. Third, the Hu people are more fierce and strong, and their individual combat ability is more prominent.
I asked, isn't it reasonable to say that the southern climate should be more livable?
He said that today, an important factor in the slow population growth of the ancient South is miasma, what is miasma? It can be understood as malaria, schistosomiasis, cholera, leprosy, smallpox, influenza, and rashes.
I said, the southern and northern dynasties of the southern and northern dynasties, who is the orthodoxy of the Chinese nation?
He said that from the perspective of aristocratic bloodline, after the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, the dignitaries ran to Nanjing to start another stove and establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the entire Southern Dynasty was basically a continuation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so it can be understood that the Southern Dynasty is orthodox, and Sima Guang, the author of the Zizhi Tongjian, must be toward the Eastern Jin Dynasty, no matter what, the entire Jin Dynasty is also the highlight moment of the Sima family, so Sima Guang believes that the Southern Dynasty is orthodox. What's the point? History is also a consequential hero, and in the end, the Northern Dynasty destroyed the Southern Dynasty, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the continuation of the Northern Dynasty, so Li Tangzong took the Northern Dynasty as orthodox when he revised the Book of Jin.
I said, according to my understanding, at that time, the Han people all went to the south of the Yangtze River, and the north was all Hu people, and the Northern Dynasty could not be orthodox.
He said that there is a basic problem here, that is, although the Hu people rule the entire north, but the common people are still the majority of Han people, the Hu people are the top, the management is mainly Han, the western Jin Dynasty in the last years of the popular crown of clothing and crowns to the south, but not all the big families have crossed the south, more than half still stay in the north, representative families are: Qinghe Cui, Fanyang Lu, Xingyang Zheng and so on.
I said, similar to the Japanese devils occupying the North China Plain? When I was in elementary school, whenever the Qingming School would invite the old Red Army to tell the story of the anti-Japanese resistance, there was a detail that I could not understand, according to the old Red Army, when a few devils managed our two counties, what was it that I wondered? Why not kill them?
He said that the result of killing them was to provoke the slaughter of the city, and they used one or two counties as a management unit, the core layer was Japanese, and then absorbed Chinese formed a corresponding simple government structure. Popular understanding, that is, rural people are generally more numb, they are not so sensitive to who to manage themselves, anyway, let me farm, let me live on the line, there is no TV stage of the kind of hatred for whom to the bone. Therefore, successive dynasties have never ruled the vast rural areas by garrisoning soldiers. According to your understanding, Japan's management density is too sparse, in fact, Japan is a foreign invaders, compared to the Chinese dynasties, this is already strict enough, the Yuan and Qing Dynasties did not even do the county garrison, still stabilized the situation, when you went to school, you learned the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, it sounds like a great sphere of influence, right? The whole Yangtze River Delta, actually? In fact, what is really in hand is only a few large cities along the river, and other places are just some soldiers standing in management.
I said, it's a bit like South Africa, where the management is white and quality black, and the basic plate is black.
He said, almost.
I asked, after the Hu people unified the north, would they take the initiative to contact the major famous and prestigious families of the Han nationality?
He said, sure, the famous and prestigious clan will also take the initiative to contact them, as we mentioned many times before that those who win the world have the hearts of the soldiers, as long as you have the power, they are willing to serve you, including the Hu people, for example, Yao Cang, who established Later Qin, initially he belonged to the Qiang clan, after being destroyed by Zhi Jian, he followed Zhi Jian and became a great general, if you look at the resumes of the Hu generals of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, you will find that they mostly jump around like this.
I asked, when The Three Legs of Later Qin, Later Yan, and Northern Wei were at their peak, it was reasonable to say that Later Qin was the most unified in strength, after all, it was Northern Wei who was in control of Guanzhong?
He said that after the Qin Dynasty, the most suffered losses, all the circles were fierce enemies, and another point was that he was a Hu person, and the basic plate of the entire Central Plains was han, and the Hu people were directly rooted in the Han base area, the foundation was not solid, and should use the encroachment strategy, eating from one side, and slowly advancing, such as the Northern Wei, advancing downward from the position of today's Inner Mongolia, little by little, and later Japan invaded China, and also borrowed this strategy, not directly taking Nanjing, but first occupying the three eastern provinces, taking this place as its own base area, and gradually advancing. Until the japanese surrender, most of China was still in the hands of the Japanese.
I asked, why did the Hu people end up being wrapped up in our Han culture?
He said that the process of colonization is the process of the collision of two cultures, the general situation is like this, whose civilization is more advanced, who will dominate, for example, European culture is definitely more advanced in Africa, so The European language and order will soon be popularized in Africa. Compared with the minority nationalities, our language, writing, and civilized order are more advanced, so we quickly gained the upper hand, that is, the Hu people led the Han people on the political side, but in terms of culture, we completely swallowed them up.
I asked, where did the Northern Wei dynasty set up its capital?
He said that they first set up their old nest in Inner Mongolia, and then gradually pushed it south, located in Datong, as we mentioned earlier, in ancient Times, Datong was a border city, and there were many nomadic peoples settling here, and the Northern Wei imperial family was a Xianbei tribe and a nomadic people, and they chose Datong to give themselves a buffer zone, on the one hand, to slowly adapt to Han culture, on the other hand, to prevent harassment by northern nomads. After the capital datong, the population of Datong is increasing, and the land around Datong is barren, encountering bad years, the whole capital city is a problem, many people suggest moving the capital to Yecheng, Yecheng around the countless good fields, abundant materials, why not go? It is that they feel that the foundation of the Han people is not good enough, it is easy to have an unstable regime, and when the regime is stable enough, they cannot push it south, and after 50 years of unifying the north, they moved to Luoyang.
I said, there are high people to point out.
He said, yes, the Tuoba family received the full support of the Qinghe Cui clan, one of the four major families in the north at that time, the representative figure is Cui Hao, the Tuoba family can unify the north, the biggest hero is Cui Hao, for example, the Tuoba family just mentioned wants to relocate from Datong to Yicheng, everyone supports, only Cui Hao opposes, Cui Hao's reason for opposition is easy to lead to turmoil, this is the unchangeable law of the Central Plains Dynasty, we can not challenge the probability. The Tuoba family trusted him very much, after all, he was an outsider, did not understand the rules of the Central Plains, and there was nothing wrong with asking Cui Hao more.
I asked, are there some very strange rules in these Hu people's palaces?
He said that there are more men and women's affairs, for example, after the death of the father, the son wants to take over the stepmother, Wang Zhaojun has married two sons successively, and when we talk about the Tang Dynasty later, we will make a special introduction, for example, we all say that Li Shimin is xianbei, and the reason is that he took over his brothers and daughters-in-law, as well as with his daughter-in-law, which means that the Han people can't do these dirty things, only the Hu people can. These are not nothing, I say the most bizarre, "the death of the son and the noble mother", which means that once the prince of the Northern Wei Dynasty is made crown prince, his birth mother must be given death to prevent foreign relatives from being too powerful and interfering in the affairs of the dynasty.
I asked, what credit does Cui Hao have?
He said that the founder of the Northern Wei Dynasty was named Tuoba Jue, and Cui Hao was his secretary at that time. The second northern Wei was called Tuoba Si, during this period, Cui Hao opposed the relocation of the capital, suggested that Northern Wei establish diplomatic relations with Liu Yu and lend liu Yu a way to let them attack Later Qin, of course, Tuoba Si did not listen, suffered a big loss. After Liu Yu's death, Tuoba Si wanted to take the opportunity to go south, Cui Hao strongly opposed, put forward a compromise suggestion, if you really want to fight, hit the north of the Huai River, take these territories down first, with the Huai River as the boundary for confrontation, instead of directly going to the important towns of slippery platform and Tiger Prison, the result? Tuoba Si did not listen either, and ate a nose of ash again. After several rounds, the Tuoba family believed more and more in Cui Hao, and by the time of Tuoba Tao, Cui Hao had become the most powerful assistant of the Tuoba family, taking the Kingdom of Great Xia, repelling Rouran, destroying Northern Liang, and achieving the great unification of the north.
I said, the number one hero.
He said, however, a tragic death. After the realization of the great unification, the Tuoba family felt that they should revise the history of the country, increase the self-confidence of the nation, let the people know how brave our Tuoba family is, Tuoba Tao said to Cui Hao, you are responsible for this matter, you must tell the truth, don't fool the posterity, Cui Hao is also really obedient, wrote according to the truth, you think, they are barbarians from Daxinganling, where is the history of civilization? Originally, Tuoba Tao wanted to write a family biography to pass on to future generations, and as a result, Cui Hao made up his own mind to directly carve the inscription, which is equivalent to broadcasting the black history of the Tuoba family live, so can there be good fruit to eat? kill! Not only to kill him, to destroy the Nine Tribes, the entire Cui clan must be killed, there is a marriage relationship must also be killed, the four major families in the north are almost completely destroyed, the only survivor is called Cui Mo, it is Xingyang Taishou, Cui Mo believes in Buddhism, very religious, and Cui Hao, especially hates people who believe in Buddhism, because when he was in power, he always bullied Cui Mo, and when Cui Hao was killed and the whole family was killed, Cui Mo was often bullied by Cui Hao, and he was spared in this extermination tragedy!
I said that a companion is like a companion of a tiger, and it is not false at all.
He said, I personally feel that when it comes to an official of Cui Hao's level, he will not be mentally retarded enough to write history like this, if this is really the case, then the editor of the history of the tongshu country will also be zhulian nine tribes, why is there nothing about Gao Yun? To illustrate, Cui Hao was a victim of political struggle, and to the point where he had to be eliminated, several forces strangled him.
I asked, what kind of power will it be?
He said that during the Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhism flourished, and Cui Hao proposed and organized a campaign to exterminate Buddhism, which was also the first large-scale extermination of Buddhism in history, and Cui Hao's proposal was very dangerous, because many people in the dynasty also believed in Buddhism, so it was bound to be countered by these Buddhists in the DPRK and China.
I asked, why did you destroy the Buddha?
When Buddhism is large and influential enough to influence the regime, it will naturally trigger a movement to exterminate Buddhism, just as a stock market disaster must correspond to a historical high point.
I said that the Tuoba family is a series of humble people, barbarians, giving people the feeling that they should not believe in Buddhism.
He said that compared with the entire Central Plains, the Northern Wei rulers were outsiders, and they found that the common people especially believed in Buddhism, Buddhism had a particularly good foundation among the masses, and they were optimistic about Buddhism as a medium, so the entire imperial family also began to believe in Buddhism, including Tuoba Tao, who launched the campaign to destroy Buddhism, who initially believed in Buddhism, and it was a concept that the president of the United States should take the Oath of The Bible in hand. There is a Yungang Grotto in Datong that was built during the Northern Wei Dynasty, where did you go to get these craftsmen at that time? Tuoba Tao destroyed the Northern Liang of the Hexi Corridor, not to mention the destruction of the country, the royal family and subjects, craftsmen just like the cattle were driven to Datong, at that time, the Buddha statue technology spread from ancient Greece to Central Asia, and then from Central Asia to Xinjiang and the Hexi Corridor, the Northern Wei attack on northern Liang, this war, the technology of making Buddha statues was brought to Datong, buddha statues are many natural believers.
I said, that is to say, the buddhist upsurge of the Northern Wei Dynasty was also triggered by Tuoba Tao.
He said, yes, why did he later make up his mind to destroy the Buddha? Originally, the entire imperial family's definition of Buddhism was a tool, to put it nicely, it was used to establish a channel to connect with the Han people, and to put it ugly, it was one of the tools of rule. Every royal family is indulging in Buddhism, including the prince, so that you can pretend to believe it, and you have sunk. Secondly? The result of the state's promotion of the whole people to believe in Buddhism is that the monks and nuns are treated with high salaries, there are people who eat and drink without military service, and they have circled money everywhere, and they have become a commercial empire, and the monks are not doing the right thing, they are engaged in money and women, Tuoba Tao looks at it, that is not OK, in the long run, these people will seize power sooner or later, the key is that the prince has been brainwashed, and all day Amitabha Buddha, which means that the whole Jiangshan Society is immediately someone else's.
I said that when I collected information, I found another theory, that Cui Hao believed in Taoism developed by Kou Qianzhi's reform of wudou rice religion, and tuoba tao also bent and believed in Taoism, which in turn attacked Buddhism and promoted the movement to eliminate Buddhism.
He said, I tell you, people who can become emperors only believe in themselves, no matter what religion they believe in, it is just a performance, Tuoba Tao decided to destroy Buddhism for only one reason, Buddhism has grown to affect the stability of the regime, what is the premise for Buddhism to develop harmoniously? The president of the Buddhist Association actively takes sides, and there is no infiltration into the imperial family, that is, you can own your Buddhist empire, but the believers can only be ordinary people, the apparent control is in your hands, you are a living bodhisattva who worships by thousands of people, but you have to listen to me, otherwise? Can I accommodate you?
I said, that is, the real promoter of Emperor Taiwu's destruction of the Buddha was Cui Hao.
He said that Cui Hao was the proposer and implementer, and to this day, many Buddhists have identified Cui Hao as retribution for being a member of the Nine Tribes. My personal view is that at that time, Buddhism penetrated too deeply into the DPRK and China, and it devoured Cui Hao, and no matter what era, it was the most difficult to extinguish the faith.
I said that they should promote their humble religion.
He said that late, at that time, the Buddhist mass base was already very good, the Tuoba family was a member, and the denominator was 99.99% of the ordinary people who spoke Chinese, and if they wanted to rule well, they had to passively Sinicize, intermarry with the Han people, use the Han surname, and even actively believe in Buddhism.
I asked, why is it that when people mention the powerful ministers of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the first reaction of people is to think of Gao Yun?
He said that in ancient times, when you were an official, your head was tied to your trouser belt and could fall off at any time, so in the eyes of posterity, a person who could live to the age of ninety-eight and be the elder of the Five Dynasties was simply a totem, and could even be enshrined to make himself so lucky. Secondly? The Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of great importance to fame, and because fame had a great influence on whether or not one could become an official, it indirectly caused a culture of mutual praise among literati, and it was very outrageous to exaggerate people.
I asked, really live to ninety-eight?
He said that in the fourth century AD, ninety-eight years old is equivalent to one hundred and twenty or thirty years old today, do you know why China's longevity villages are mostly in remote mountainous areas? Because, their household registration information is not accurate, China's real longevity village is in Beijing, Shanghai, so for Gao Yun's ninety-eight, to mark a big question mark, but there is no way to verify, look at a detail, his career began to record from the age of forty-one.
I asked, is Gao Yun of aristocratic origin?
He said that the Gao Yun family belonged to the third echelon, at best it was a large family, the first echelon was a humble nobleman, and the second echelon was the four major families.
I asked, what are the main achievements of Gao Yun?
He said that in the biography of the character, if you describe how strong his martial arts are and how noble his morality is, it all shows that what he did is too little worth recording, such as Li Guang, whom we talked about earlier, Li Guang, as a great general, did not have a battle to annihilate the enemy over a thousand, and the records of Gao Yun in the biography are mostly moral, such as being very clean, the government does not pay wages, the two sons cutting firewood to feed him, the trial of prisoners is very fair, and the people are very honest, as for the records of career? Very little. From this point, it can also be seen why he can die? It is enough to do nothing, using the Sima Yi model, careful, meticulous and stealing, and never sin against people. Of course, different people have different interpretations, some people have another interpretation, I think it may be reasonable, that is, although Gao Yun is also from a large family, but his father died early, he is basically an orphan model, that is, he only wants to serve the country, that is, his inner belief is to cultivate himself and rule the country and the world, that is, I do not stand in line, I do not have selfish intentions, and I am bent on doing things for the country. And Cui Hao? It is the representative of the aristocratic door valve, which will naturally and unnaturally take sides.
I asked, was the northern Wei period large, or was the pre-Qin period large?
He said that the Pre-Qin period was large, the section at the peak of the Former Qin was very exaggerated, take today's map to tell you, Xinjiang, Tibet, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, eastern three provinces are all under the category of Former Qin, why is it so awesome? Because the Soviet model used by Former Qin was a strategic alliance, but what about the Northern Wei? It was fought from Inner Mongolia downwards, little by little, so the territory is not very large, north to Inner Mongolia, west to Yinchuan, south to Qinling, roughly today's Shaanxi Shanxi Henan Hebei Shandong, excluding the three eastern provinces.
I asked, is Mulan from the Northern Wei Dynasty?
He said, yes, at that time, the Northern Wei Dynasty went to Rouran, and Rouran is today's Mongolia.
I said, I always thought that Mulan was fighting for the Han people!
He said that the Northern Wei Dynasty was ultimately the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which can also be understood as Han Chinese.
I asked, which generation of emperors in the Northern Wei Dynasty completely implemented the policy of Sinicization?
He said, Emperor Xiaowen, first find an ancestor, say that the Yellow Emperor is the ancestor of Xianbei, demand that the Xianbei surname be changed to the Han surname, prohibit the intermarriage of the Xianbei surname with the same surname, encourage intermarriage with the Han people, change the household registration system, and integrate the surname system of the Xianbei and the Han people in one furnace, that is, we are all Chinese, and after dozens of generations, we can no longer tell which is the Han and which is the Xianbei.
I asked, when will Buddhism flourish again?
Soon, he said, within a few days, the Shaolin Temple was built during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen to house the Indian monks he admired.
I asked, will the North and the South Dynasty communicate with each other?
He said, yes! They will send emissaries to do cultural exchanges, which is also intermittent, and they will punch a few punches when they think of it, and kiss them twice when they think about it. The white-robed general Chen Qingzhi visited northern Wei once, and after returning home, he had special respect for the northerners, and someone asked him, why did he go to the north once and change? He said, at first, I thought that the north of the Yangtze River (Northern Dynasty) was all the hometown of Rong Di, and when I arrived at Luoyang (the capital of Northern Wei), I learned that the high-level intellectuals were in the Central Plains, and the south of the Yangtze River (Southern Dynasty) could not catch up at all.