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This article is the 39th article in the series "Current Political Reporter Reads the History of Ming", which continues this article on Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition: Dreamy position, shaking the Yuan army and himself, "This is the success of the Northern Expedition? ”
preface
In the war against the Yuan Dynasty, Chang Yuchun shined.
He will lead the way in every battle, destroy the front, and be invincible. After driving the Northern Yuan out of the Central Plains, he took Han Jiaerlang to the Mongolian Plateau and drink the Mahanhai.
Outside the pass, Chang Yuchun taught the Northern Yuan people, who grew up on horseback, how to play cavalry, rushing more than 2,000 kilometers from Shaanxi to Kaiping, galloping outside Saiping, and capturing Yuanshangdu.
But his faction cannot escape the fate of being used and abandoned, what is the underlying logic of it?
One
After Beijing was conquered by Xu Da and Chang Yuchun, Emperor Yuanshun and his party fled back to the grassland.
He was greeted by the contemptuous eyes of the people in his hometown.
As early as when the world was just in chaos, Alu Hui, a descendant of Wo Kuotai, wrote to Emperor Yuanshun, saying that the world of Dayuan was so lost by you, the descendant of Kublai Khan, it is better for me to be the emperor!
It's magical
And then now the world of the Yuan Dynasty has been thrown away ...
What if you are Emperor Yuanshun?
The only thing left for him was one trick, which was to learn from Liu Bei's policy in Sichuan:
Declare to the outside world that my descendants of Kublai Khan will definitely fight back, and when the time comes, I will still be able to bring everyone to rich!
In the past two years, the people have suffered a few less, saved their rations, and supported us in chasing the Central Plains. At that time, you will be from the Dragon Lord, each let you Harpy!
Liu Bei, a native of Hebei, brought Zhuge Liang, a native of Hubei, to Sichuan
In fact, the regimes that have been expelled from the Central Plains since ancient times like to play this set.
You can't see it, "Don't forget in Ju" is still engraved on Kinmen Island.
Otherwise, why should a small group of defeated people reach the indigenous masses, concentrate their resources and enjoy exclusive political power?
After you don't see it, after you no longer mention the "restoration", what is the situation of the "scraping people's party" today?
Such a political situation determined that the Northern Yuan regime and the Ming Dynasty were inevitably at odds. If you can't fight, you can't win, but you must fight.
As long as there is a slogan of "fighting", resources can be snatched away from the opposition. Do you dare to obstruct the great cause of the counteroffensive?! This is our Yuan people's great plan! Profit in the future!
Even if it is defeated again, wouldn't it be better if the arrangement was brilliant and the opposition was sent away as cannon fodder?
Two
Soon, a new round of war between the Ming and Yuan began, this time it was Zhu Yuanzhang who started first.
At the beginning of the second year of Hongwu (1369), two months after the capture of Taiyuan, Xu Da led his army across Tong Pass into Shaanxi. At this time, the powerful people in Guan were mainly Li Siqi and Zhang Liangbi, who had been sawing Wang Baobao for many years.
When Xu Da entered the customs, it coincided with a famine in the customs. Previously, Zhang Shicheng fell, Zhu Yuanzhang was full, and the wealthy Ming army took a money offensive and ordered to give each household 3 stone (more than 300 jin) of rice, and the people were happy, and the towns along the road fell to the wind, and Xu Dabing took Xi'an without bloodshed.
The remaining Li Siqi and Zhang Liangbi were entrenched in Lintao County (ancient name Didao) in Dingxi, Gansu and Qingyang, Gansu, respectively.
Since the ancient Guandong, the Guanxi generals, Lintao and Qingyang are multi-ethnic settlements, the people are martial, and there are many famous generals, such as those ruthless people of the Dong Zhuo Group are basically from these two places (except Lü Bu).
In April, the Ming army soldiers came to Li Siqi's base camp.
Dingxi, Gansu Province, where Lintao is located, is holding an intangible cultural heritage event "Fire in the Society"
Li Siqi and Wang Baobao's godfather Chahan Timur are fellow villagers, and they started the army together, which can be regarded as old seniority, and they have been rampaging the Central Plains for many years and have scavenged a lot of money.
When Li Siqi was panicking, his subordinate Zhao Qi, who was also the leader of the local tribe, bragged to him, saying that you give me the money, and I will help you recruit local foreign ruthless people to become soldiers. Li Siqi was overjoyed, thinking that he had met a savior and gave him all the money he had saved all his life.
Unexpectedly, after cheating Li Siqi of money, Zhao Qi actually held him hostage and surrendered to the Ming Dynasty.
Sure enough, he was as treacherous as Dong Zhuo.
At this point, only Zhang Liangbi was left to guard Qingyang.
Qingyang, also known as Phoenix City, is known as the "highest wall in the country"
Xu Da inquired that Zhang Liangbi went to Lanzhou to find Wang Baobao for help, but was detained. Xu Da was preparing to send troops, and Zhang Liangbi's younger brother Zhang Liangchen, who remained in Qingyang, sent an envoy to surrender.
Qingyang was called Longdong in ancient times, and it was not only expected to be Shu, but also capable of subduing Qin, and its military significance was extremely important.
Moreover, the terrain of Qingyang is extremely precarious. The castle was built on Takaoka and is more than ten feet high. There are also two rivers under the city, which surround the city.
Xu Da did not dare to slacken, and hurriedly arranged for the two most important generals under his command, Xue Xian and Zhang Huan, to lead the 5,000 horse army and 6,000 infantry to be surrendered.
Among them, Xue Xian was the best cavalry combatant in the Ming army, and was once rated by Zhu Yuanzhang as "Xue Xian, Fu Youde brave champion, can be a face". Zhang Huan was born in the former army of the tent, and Zhu Yuanzhang took him with him during his private visit, and was Zhu's most trusted general, and he was appointed to do it when he copied the Yuan Dynasty treasury in Beijing. At present, Zhang Huan is the commander of Yulinwei, and as soon as he hears his name, he knows that the soldiers are the most elite troops guarding the emperor.
The equipment of the Ming Dynasty Royal Forest Army was restored
The landing was initially smooth, and Zhang Liangchen crawled to the side of the road, trembling and not daring to speak. Xue and Zhang saw that the other party was so intimidating, and felt that the big thing had been decided, and they were satisfied.
That night, Zhang Liangchen led Qingyang soldiers to rob the camp, the Ming army rushed and collapsed, Zhang Huan was captured, and Xue Xian was seriously injured and fled back.
Even the main generals were captured or injured, and the fate of the more than 10,000 elites was self-evident.
The First Northwest Campaign officially began.
The ancient city of Qingyang Huan County
Three
When Xu Da heard the news of the defeat, he was furious, and summoned all the elites of the Ming army, including Feng Sheng, Tang He, Fu Youde, Yu Tongyuan, Gu Shi and other famous generals in the history books, and drained the water of Qingyangwei.
Zhang Liangchen relied on the favorable location and was completely unafraid. He knew that the Yuan army was about to come to the rescue, and from time to time he took the initiative to attack, wanting to come to a "center blossom".
Around Qingyang, hundreds of thousands of soldiers of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties fought on various fronts.
Wang Baobao sent two large armies, the first led by Han Zhaoer, from Ningxia to Qingyang. The army advanced rapidly, and soon attacked Yuanzhou (Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province), more than a hundred kilometers away, killing Chen Shou, a divisional cadre and commander of the Ming Dynasty.
Border city of Qingyang
The other, led by He Zongzhe, besieged the important Shaanxi town of Fengxiang, intending to attract Ming reinforcements.
Emperor Yuanshun had previously taken advantage of the fact that the main force of the Ming army was in the northwest, and had already sent Prime Minister Cheng to quickly lead 10,000 cavalry to attack Beijing. Upon learning about Qingyang, he urgently ordered the veteran warlords Kong Xing and Tiebo who were entrenched in northern Shaanxi to attack Datong.
Xu Da had previously transferred Chang Yuchun back to Beijing, but he lacked enough troops on hand. They had to besiege Qingyang single-handedly, while Fengxiang and Datong allowed the Yuan army to attack.
However, the terrain of Qingyang City was too dangerous, and Zhang Liangchen was a veteran who had fought for 20 years, with rich combat experience, repelled the siege of the Ming army again and again, and also took the initiative to attack, so that the Ming army could not relax for a moment.
A small city in Qingyang has carried the siege of so many Heavenly King superstars of the Ming army for 3 months. As a last resort, for this kind of strong city built on a mountain of more than 10 meters, the Ming army actually used the stunned trick of digging tunnels.
But the Ming army can't attack the city, and the Yuan army can't do it. The Yuan army could not capture Fengxiang, and had to dig a tunnel.
On the other side, Han Zha Er saw the spire of the pagoda in Qingyang City, but was defeated by the fierce general Fu Youde and had to retreat to Ningxia.
Three months later, the situation in Qingyang City was very bad, and the grain was eaten, and even "those who used yellow mud to fry it in oil were eaten." Zhang Liangchen's father and son were betrayed by their subordinates, and even brought the city to Xu Da.
Hearing that Qingyang City was broken, the Lu Yuan army besieging Fengxiang had to withdraw.
Ming painting
Netizen "Mimi's Mama Liu Sir" restored soldier equipment according to Ming paintings
Off topic, some readers have raised their opinions, saying that Mao Zhishen's description of the war is too short and not enjoyable to watch. But the problem is that this kind of war that did not go smoothly is recorded in a very simple history, and it is difficult for my wife to cook without rice.
The Battle of Qingyang is also sporadically recorded in historical records, but according to the post-war measures, it is expected that the war was extremely tragic. According to the Chronicle, after the city was destroyed, the Ming army "detained its defenders, slaughtered its men, and plundered women." ”
Only 12 words, but very clearly write the final fate of the residents of the city.
Zhu Yuanzhang also hated this place deeply. Scholar Zheng Kesheng's paper "Ming Dynasty Re-Fu for Political Reasons" verifies that because of the Battle of Qingyang, the taxes paid by Ning County under Qingyang over the past 200 years of the Ming Dynasty doubled compared with the previous dynasty, and were significantly higher than those in the surrounding areas.
Four
Chang Yuchun was a famous general who was ranked alongside Xu Da in the early Ming Dynasty, and the rescue of Beijing and the series of battles that followed were the culmination of his brilliant life. He made the Beiyuan man, who had been on horseback all his life, exclaim: It turns out that the cavalry can still play like this?!
In March 1369, Chang Yuchun led elite cavalry from Fengxiang, Shaanxi. It reached Beijing in just one month, covering a distance of 1400 km+.
His speed frightened Prime Minister Beiyuan Ye Speed, and he withdrew with the main force of Beiyuan.
The constant spring of AI restoration
But who is Chang Yuchun? Born as a bandit, he has been as fierce as fire all his life, he even killed the troops, ran back from Shaanxi for more than 1000 kilometers, and you ran away without even seeing me?!
Where can this work?!
After asking Zhu Yuanzhang, Chang Yuchun took 10,000 cavalry, and also ordered Zhu Yuanzhang's nephew Li Wenzhong to bring 80,000 infantry and go out! The pursuit is also fast!
As soon as he came out, he thought that Li Wenzhong's infantry ink had blotted, so he threw him away and led the cavalry away, and Li Wenzhong's nephew was stunned.
Ming cavalry
First chase 210 kilometers to reach Huizhou (now part of Chengde)! I heard that I also ran fast? Pursue!
Chase another 230 kilometers to Jinzhou and quickly break the city. Also ran fast again? Pursue!
After chasing another 260 kilometers to Huining (now under the jurisdiction of Chifeng), he finally caught up with him.
Looking at the big tomorrow sun and moon flag waved by Chang Yuchun, he was also stunned! Why did the Han people play cavalry, so fierce?
It has been more than 1,000 kilometers from Shaanxi to Beijing, and this is also 1,000 kilometers out of Cyprus, and it is still so lively! Do you have a vendetta against your father? Don't play like that!
It is impossible for the earthlings to stop Brother Chun.
There are 6 words on the "History of Ming" in this battle: defeat is faster than Huining.
How to solve his logistical difficulties? I didn't find information on this trip to Chang Yuchun, but Huo Qubing was "light and heavy" back then, and the Xiongnu were enemy countries, so it must be where to grab it.
After defeating Ye Speed, the previous strategic mission has been completed, and Chang Yuchun returned to Beijing.
He marched 250 kilometers in a week to Xingzhou and took the city.
Frequent spring out of the roadmap
Here, he captured Zhongshu Youcheng, a high-ranking official of the Yuan Dynasty government, and learned from him that Emperor Yuan Shun was opening the Yuan capital 200 kilometers away.
"Will not be subject to foreign military orders" means that Chang Yuchun did not care about Zhu Yuanzhang's thousands of instructions in advance to be cautious and go straight to Kaiping.
Three days later, he killed Timur, the Prince of Northern Yuan.
Five days later, Chang Yuchun captured Yuanshangdu Kaiping.
A hundred years ago, the Yuan army entered Hangzhou and the Southern Song court surrendered. The Yuan army captured Emperor Gong and the imperial family of the Southern Song Dynasty, and dug up the heads of Emperor Lizong, who had defeated the Yuan army many times, and made them into wine cups.
A hundred years later, Chang Yuchun brought Han Jiaerlang to Yuanshangdu.
The way of heaven is good, and it is necessary to cover China; The hearts of the people are obedient, although they all take revenge.
Emperor Yuanshun was frightened, abandoned the city, and went deep into the vast steppe. After that, he fell ill and died in less than a year.
Chang Yuchun chased hundreds of miles, captured his emperor King Qingsheng, Pingzhang Dingzhu, etc., and beheaded them.
The battle also captured tens of thousands, 10,000 cars, 30,000 horses, and 50,000 cattle.
After the capture of Kaiping, Chang Yuchun finally stopped attacking, and the squad returned to the dynasty. Twenty days later, he traveled to Liuhe River and died suddenly at the age of forty. This strange man from a robber background died in the steppe like this.
Zhu Yuanzhang was greatly shocked when he heard of the funeral and was buried under the Nanjing Bell Mountain.
The capture of Kaiping became the culmination of Chang Yuchun's life's achievements, and he was posthumously honoured as the King of Kaiping.
Five:
Mao Zhishen believes that Zhu Yuanzhang has feelings for Chang Yuchun, and when he heard of his death, he wrote a poem that was incompatible, which shows that his mood was agitated:
There are thousands of lines of pig iron juice, and I do not cry for my children in my life.
Suddenly heard yesterday's daily public weed, tears spilled dry grass and trees wet.
It was Chang Yuchun, at the historical node when Zhu Yuanzhang crossed the Yangtze River to attack Nanjing, he was the first to jump ashore, braved the arrows and bravely advanced, and rushed into the enemy position.
It was Chang Yuchun, when Chen Youcheng's fleet surrounded Zhu Yuanzhang in the Battle of Poyang Lake, it was he who killed the siege and saved Zhu Yuanzhang's life.
It was Chang Yu Chun, the vanguard during the Northern Expedition, riding alone, the whole army was agitated, and the soldiers followed, straight down Luoyang.
It was Chang Yuchun who led his army to Youyan, allowing Beijing to return to the hands of the Han people after 500 years of falling into the dust.
It was Chang Yuchun who took Han Jiaerlang out of the customs, swept through the plug, and captured the Yuan capital, so that Emperor Yuanshun did not dare to go south.
Chang Yuchun was in the army, and he said that he could run a hundred thousand troops rampant in the world, so he was known as "Chang 100,000".
Every battle must take the lead, Zhu Yuanzhang said:
When millions of people bravely ascended first, they were invincible, just like the deputy general meeting the spring letter.
Daming's merits in opening up the territory, in ten words, Yu Chun occupies its seventh or eighth.
Chang Yuchun was also politically important to Zhu Yuanzhang. Xu Da is Zhu Yuanzhang's fellow villager, and like Li Shanchang, he is the core member of the Huaixi Gang. And Chang Yuchun was initially just a robber in the field.
Therefore, the existence of Chang Yuchun also plays an important role in balancing the Huaixi Gang in the army.
Zhu Yuanzhang also had the crown prince Zhu Biao marry Chang Yuchun's daughter, made her a concubine, and gave birth to two sons.
After Chang Yuchun's death, his brother-in-law Lan Yu became his heir to the mantle, and with Zhu Yuanzhang's support, he became the pillar of Optimus of the Daming military, so that Zhu Yuanzhang could safely clean up his fellow villagers in Huaixi in the Hu Weiyong case.
But isn't the so-called politics all about pulling one faction against another?
Chang Yuchun's faction gradually grew bigger, and his grandson Zhu Yunxi was the worthy heir of Daming. His son Chang Mao, brother-in-law Lan Yu, and in-laws Feng Sheng have all been made dukes of the state, and there are countless branches in the army.
It was also time for Zhu Yuanzhang to win over a new faction of civil officials to attack Chang Yuchun.
After the death of the crown prince Zhu Biao, Zhu Yuanzhang abandoned Zhu Yunxi, which was supported by the military, and chose Zhu Yunxi, who was born to other women and supported by civilian officials.
Lan Yu was executed just after making a great achievement in the battle of the fishing sea. His case has also resulted in the killing of more than 10,000 people.
Feng Sheng was given death, and none of his sons were allowed to succeed him, and even the daughter who married Zhu Yuanzhang's second son, King Qin, was forced to commit suicide.
Chang Yuchun had three sons, the eldest son Chang Mao was exiled in the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), and finally died without knowing what happened.
The second son, Chang Sheng, was involved in the Blue Jade case and was killed.
The third son, Changsen, is even more strange, his reputation is not in historical records.
In the end, Daming found a descendant from Yunnan who was said to be Chang Yuchun and inherited his title.
Is
The golden cup is the same as the drink, and the white blade is not spared.
Of course, what is the good end of Zhu Yunjiang, Zhu Yuanzhang's beloved grandson?
Why does it always end so tragically?
The so-called feudal autocracy, when a person enjoys exclusive interests, the natural law is that he must constantly win over the minority to kill the faction that can threaten him, and then after the minority grows bigger, he will win over the new minority. This process has been repeated for thousands of years.
And because of the exclusive existence of interests, he or his descendants must play off, and the difference is only the length of time.
The interests of the upper classes were even more exploited, and even the land of military households was encroached upon. As a result, the grand scene of dozens of Jurchens catching up with the Qianming army reappeared again and again.
As a result, "the Han army was dissatisfied with the salary, and the salary was invincible", which became:
The Jurchens are dissatisfied with ten thousand, full of ten thousand invincible.
More content, and to be next time (program preview, this chapter is the peak of Chang Yuchun's life, and the next chapter is the peak of Xu Da's life)
(Image source network, invasion and deletion)
Some references:
"Chronicle Certificate" Li Xinfeng
"The Great Biography of Zhu Yuanzhang" Chen Wutong
"Zhu Yuanzhang's Front and Side" Li Linnan
"Biography of Zhu Yuanzhang" Wu Han
"Collected Essays on the History of Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty" and Tian Qing
"Zhu Yuanzhang's Policy on the Northern Yuan" Xueyan
Station B netizens "Pheromone War History" Northern Expedition related video
Special thanks to the article related to Chang Yuchun of "Zisai Miscellaneous Talk"