Today, many people complain that there are a bit too many bureaus, is it necessary to have so many bureaus?
Some people say that it is still necessary, for example, to move the Civil Affairs Bureau and get married on the spot. Without the Civil Affairs Bureau, how do you register your marriage?
Some people also say that it is still good in ancient times, there are only 6 bureaus, that is, six, how simple. How bloated is it like today, so many bureaucrats.
In fact, this is a typical misunderstanding, six departments do not mean six bureaus, a so-called "department" is actually very large. So, how exactly did the six parts come about? What bureau is equivalent to the six parts of ancient times?
How did the first and third provinces come about?
As we all know, in the imperial system that lasted for more than 2,000 years before the fall of the Qing Dynasty, there was a major change in the political system every 700 years, mainly in the Qin, Sui and Ming dynasties.
Qin Shi Huang was the first to unify China, establishing the emperor system, and also set up the "Three Dukes and Nine Qing System", which lasted for 700 years.
That is to say, in addition to the prime minister, the person responsible for doing things is mainly "Jiuqing", and today historians also say that there is no such thing as "Jiuqing", but these nine official positions are real.
Qin Shi Huang
The second great change occurred in the Sui Dynasty, after more than 300 years of development and integration of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty could no longer use the old system of the Qin and Han periods, in this case, Emperor Wen of Sui, who had just unified China, set up the "three provinces and six ministries system" as the main political system, which was used in the Qing Dynasty.
In fact, this system was invented in the Sui Dynasty and should be regarded as the merits of the Sui Dynasty, but people often classify it as the merits of the Tang Dynasty, because it was perfected by the Tang Dynasty.
Emperor Wen of Sui
The third innovation of the political system was in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen the imperial power, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty directly abolished the chancellor system and personally served as the emperor and prime minister.
Zhu Yuanzhang
However, for an emperor, it should be equal to the CEO, and a general manager who understands politics is also needed to do specific things for him, so the Ming Dynasty set up a cabinet, and the head of the cabinet was equivalent to the previous prime minister, but the power was much smaller.
The system lasted for 600 years, and in the Qing Dynasty, it continued to be used, and a military aircraft department was also set up, which can be called the product of the peak of ancient imperial power.
Okay, stop there.
Some people say that what you said above is clearly the content of high school history textbooks.
These contents, during class, I listened to drowsy. I can't remember it at all after class. You also come to repeat it, it seems that this article is not intended to be read.
I think history is a very good thing to remember, and the key is understanding.
In fact, the reason why many people are very unfamiliar with the three-province six-part system is that they swallow jujube and do not understand it at all.
First of all, the three-province six-part system did not arise out of thin air, but was the product of patching by successive dynasties such as the Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, and Northern Zhou.
Qin Shi Huang set up a system, which can be called Qindows 221 BC, which was very good at the beginning, so even if the Western Han used the county-state parallel system and changed the program backwards, it did not affect the operation of the system.
However, as time goes by, this system becomes more and more difficult to use and is not suitable for the times, and it needs to be constantly patched and repaired.
First of all, the emperor needs to convey orders, when Emperor Wudi of Han strengthened imperial power, he set up the inner dynasty to convey orders, so during the Western Han Dynasty, Shangshu was formed, specifically to convey orders, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shangshu Province was formed, conveying orders.
At that time, Emperor Wudi of Han actually conveyed orders called "Zhongshangshu", referred to as "Zhongshu", and over time, Zhongshu Province became an institution for transmission, and Shangshu Province was mainly responsible for implementation.
Emperor
Later, during the Three Kingdoms era, Cao Wei set up Zhongshu Province to divide the power of Shangshu Province.
Similarly, there is communication, there is implementation, and there is also a review, which gives birth to Menxia Province. Menxia Province was responsible for review, and the establishment of Menxia Province further divided the power of Shangshu Province.
These are the three provinces, in fact, they appeared in the rudiments during the Han Wudi period, were officially set up during the Cao Wei period, and were used in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Emperor Cao Pi of Wei
So, the three-province system is the first patch to Qindows Pre-221.
So, what about the six departments, in fact, it was first set up by Liu Xiu, the emperor of Han Guangwu, and continued to be used by Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty, and after hundreds of years of continuous optimization in the two Jin Dynasties and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the six-part system was formed.
The six-part system is the second patch to the Qindows Pre-221.
With these two patches, the system was actually upgraded, and by the time of the Sui Dynasty, the Suidows589 version of the system was formed. Replaces the old system.
So, how are the six parts set up? What do these departments manage? What bureau is equivalent to the six parts of ancient times?
What kind of bureau is the equivalent of Part II. Six?
Let's talk about six parts.
With three provinces, there are specific institutions to do things, and this is the six ministries.
The chief of the six ministries is called "Shangshu", Shangshu Province is responsible for implementation, and Shangshu is mainly responsible for doing things, which is also quite appropriate.
The name of the deputy post is more strange, called "Attendant", like the meaning of "Serving Lang Officer", no wonder everyone has to do the main job, this name is too ugly.
Speaking of which, there is a famous story of Ji Xiaolan, when Ji Xiaolan was an attendant and Hejun was Shangshu.
Once while drinking, Kazuki pointed to a dog and asked, "Is it a wolf or a dog?" It means "the waiter is a dog".
Ji Xiaolan was very shrewd, knowing that Hejun was scolding herself, so she replied quietly: "The hanging tail is a wolf, and the upper vertical is a dog." It means "Shangshu is a dog".
Hejun wanted to scold Ji Xiaolan with the homonym of "is a wolf" and "squire", but he did not expect that Ji Xiaolan hit him back with the homophony of "Shangzhi" is "Shangshu".
Through this story, everyone should be more aware of these two names.
Each article about the six parts is very complicated, and from the perspective of the six parts, many people still do not understand.
Why are there six? Seven and eight can't work?
Of these six departments, who is bigger and who is small?
It can be said that this is the first concern of many people.
Here we are, leaving six behind, for one game.
Let's say we're playing a computer game like Three Kingdoms right now.
At this time, we had the capital and land, and began to build a country.
As the emperor, the seventy-two concubines of the three palaces and six courts are almost accepted, and you can start to do the right thing about governing the country.
So, which departments do you need?
Many people complain that our bureaucracy today is too large and bloated, but many things really need people to do, and without some bureaus, things cannot be done.
First of all, everyone thinks of the need to have a Ministry of Defense to ensure security.
Whether it is fighting a war in troubled times or ruling the world for peacekeeping, an army is needed, and no country does not have an army.
So, the first thing that needs to be there is the Ministry of Defense.
This is the "military department".
The military department is equivalent to today's Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of People's Armed Forces.
So far, we have an emperor, three provinces, and a military department.
Then, it's time to sit back and relax.
As a result, after many months, you find that there are no people who work, the whole country is a mess, there are no people who work. Even after the establishment of the Taliban, they called on the people to hurry to work at their posts, and when there was no one to work, the country came to a standstill.
So, in ruins, he began to work.
In troubled times, there are many barren fields, and tuntian is indispensable.
It is also normal to build water conservancy.
Let the craftsmen go to work, let all kinds of projects start, let the transportation become the condition, and soon everything will be in ruins.
This is the "Ministry of Engineering".
The Ministry of Works is equivalent to today's Ministry of Land + Ministry of Water Resources + Ministry of Agriculture + Ministry of Industry and Information Technology + Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development + Ministry of Transport.
This is equivalent to the combined functions of these six departments. And each of these six ministries is the top priority today, so the Ministry of Works is more important among the six ministries in ancient times.
During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Yan Shifan, the son of the famous corrupt official Yan Song, was a waiter of the Ministry of Works and a vice minister of the Ministry of Work. Usually I only know about corruption and never do the right thing.
It can be imagined that the land, water conservancy, agriculture, industry, housing construction, and transportation that he mainly grasped must be a mess, and the Jiajing period was so decayed, and the people in this important position were bastards, and finally Jiajing couldn't bear it anymore and killed him.
Similarly, in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu became an official of the Ministry of Works and Foreign Lang, so he was also called "Du Gongbu", and today, he is the director of Du Shuili.
Poetry St. Dufu
Well, now there is an army outside to guarantee national defense, and there are projects inside that are in full swing. It should be said that the country is already thriving.
What needs to be done at this time is to start selecting officials and let all walks of life move. The prefecture needs the prefect, the prefecture needs the prefectural guard, the prefecture needs the prefectural order, these people are in place, the messy situation will end immediately, it will become orderly, and the rule will be orderly.
And the appointment, dismissal and inspection of responsible officials are called "officials".
The Ministry of Officials is equal to today's Organization Department + Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.
At this time, the rule of a state has been established.
As a result, the emperor became angry the next day, and it turned out that the prime minister did not know how many acres of land there were in the country and how many people there were.
As the king of a country, you can't even figure out how many people in this country are, and you, as the emperor, will vomit blood.
At this time, it is necessary to send someone to measure the land and conduct a census.
At the same time, taxes had to be collected, and the state began to have money.
At this time, a department that manages the population and finances is needed, which is the "household department".
The household ministry is responsible for the world's land, household registration, taxation and finances, and the world's civil affairs are also managed by this ministry.
As mentioned earlier, the Civil Affairs Bureau was moved over to get married, which in ancient times, marriage had to be registered with an agency under the Ministry of Household Affairs.
The household ministry is equal to today's Ministry of Finance + Ministry of Civil Affairs + Ministry of Statistics + Ministry of Audit.
As a result, a country is becoming more and more prosperous, at this time, crime will breed under the prosperity, and the police need to stand up, and without the police at all, the whole society will be in chaos.
Therefore, law and imprisonment are indispensable, this is the "Criminal Department".
The Criminal Department is equal to today's Political and Legal Affairs Committee + Court + Procuratorate + Ministry of Public Security + Ministry of Justice, as well as various police station systems.
This is the bad side, the good side is that people have obtained land, finally planted food, eaten, and at this time, people need more needs.
The first is the imperial examination, where people want to progress in the exam.
The second is the management of schools, people want to read books and learn cultural knowledge.
The second is the management of hospitals, ancient people also have to get sick, and all kinds of langzhong and doctors also need to manage. Ancient people's haircuts and bathing cities had to be managed.
There are also people who also have various needs such as music, entertainment, and tourism, and the so-called "cangxi knows etiquette", which is put on the agenda at this time, which requires the "Ministry of Etiquette".
At the same time, the "Ministry of Rites" is also responsible for royal sacrifices, as well as some national theatrical performances and celebrations. In ancient times, it was also responsible for receiving foreign guests.
The Ministry of Rites is equal to today's Ministry of Propaganda + Ministry of Education + Ministry of Tourism + Ministry of Culture and Broadcasting + Health Commission + Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In this regard, we summarize:
Military Department = Ministry of Defense + Ministry of Human Forces.
Ministry of Works = Ministry of Land + Ministry of Water Resources + Ministry of Agriculture + Ministry of Industry and Information Technology + Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development + Ministry of Transport.
Ministry = Organization Department + Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.
Household Department = Ministry of Finance + Ministry of Civil Affairs + Ministry of Statistics + Audit Department.
Criminal Department = Political and Legal Affairs Committee + Court + Procuratorate + Ministry of Public Security + Ministry of Justice, as well as various police station systems.
Ministry of Rites = Ministry of Propaganda + Ministry of Education + Ministry of Tourism + Ministry of Culture and Broadcasting + Health Commission + Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In this regard, we found that the basic functions have been covered, a country, long enough peace and stability, does not need more departments, therefore, "six departments" are enough, there is no need for "eight heavenly dragons" to protect the law.
In this way, the so-called "six departments" actually cover at least 25 departments, all of which are indispensable.
It seems that no matter how rudimentary a national institution is, it cannot be without these 25 bureaus.
This is not called bureaucratization, this is called the most basic political needs. Later, on the basis of six departments, each part was divided into four divisions, a total of 24 divisions, and these 24 divisions were similar to today's 25 departments, indicating that the bureaucracy of the Tang Dynasty was very mature.
In fact, today, comparing our current government departments, ministries and commissions, we find that except for the "National Development and Reform Commission" and the "Environmental Protection Bureau", there were no in ancient times, and the rest were available.
The reason why the NDRC did not have it is because it is a product of the socialist market economy, which could not have existed in ancient times.
The reason why the EPA did not have it is because it is a product of environmental damage, which could not have existed in ancient times, and it was not so serious.
Calculate it, there is only one discipline commission, there was no in ancient times, but the ancient punishment inspection envoy, as well as the Ming Dynasty's Jinyiwei, are even more powerful in supervision.
In this way, it is a bit unjust to say that the administrative structure is bloated, just as the classical Chinese is far more concise than the vernacular language, and in ancient times, "six departments" replaced 25 departments, and these departments are indispensable today.