Not long ago, I saw a Russian report about the celebration of the 165th anniversary of Boli (called Khabarovsk in Russia).
Many people know that Russia is north of China and North Korea is east of China, but few people know that Russia and North Korea are bordered, although the border between North Korea and Russia is less than 20 kilometers, but it just chokes the mouth of the Tumen River, and the DPRK and Russia have built a friendship bridge, and northeast China has forever lost the opportunity to enter the Sea of Japan. This land of Russia belongs to the Primorsky Zone, which is the southernmost land in the whole of Russia by latitude
Beginning with the Treaty of Aihun in 1858 and ending with the Treaty of Beijing in 1860, Russia took a large area of northeastern China, almost one million square kilometers. It is equivalent to slashing horizontally on the head in northeast China, moving the border from the south of the Outer Xing'an Ridge to Heilongjiang, and then slashing vertically, and the border moving from the Sea of Japan to the Ussuri River. Some people now refer to this region as "Outer Manchuria", corresponding to the equally lost "Outer Mongolia".
For today's Russia, this land corresponds to five regions: east of the Ussuri River is Primorye; Sakhalin is Sakhalin Oblast; North of Heilongjiang is mainly the Amur Oblast (the Amur River is Heilongjiang), and across the river from Hegang is the Jewish Autonomous Region (now all run out, less than 1%, there is a chance to tell this tragic story); In the area where the border rivers Heilongjiang and the border rivers Ussuri meet is the Khabarovsk district.
When it comes to the Treaty of Yaohun, we must mention Yishan, the authentic love of the royal family of Xinjuluo. When his uncle Daoguang was in power, he went to Guangzhou to fight a defeated battle and signed the Treaty of Guangzhou with the British Yilu. When his eldest brother Xianfeng was in power, he went to Xinjiang to sign the Ili Treaty with the Russians, agreeing to almost all the terms. Later, when he was a general of Heilongjiang, he signed the Treaty of Yaohun. This treaty humiliated the country and survived two more emperors, and he died a good life.
To say that Yishan is a signing "master" is really a bit wronged by him. From the Treaty of Nanjing in the First Opium War, the entire country spent the so-called "Treaty Century" in the process of continuous signing. On the one hand, land is cut and reparations, on the other hand, ports are opened, on the other hand, beaten everywhere, and on the other hand, learning from the world. The treaties we signed include not calling foreign countries equal, allowing foreigners to be stationed in Beijing until Chinese are allowed to go to the United States to exclude Chinese.
At that time, the border between Qing and Russia was the Outer Xing'an Ridge, the Heilongjiang River was a large river into the sea south of the Outer Xing'an Ridge, the inland river of the Qing Dynasty, and the Songhua River and the Ussuri River in the south flowed into the Heilongjiang River, and the Sanjiang Plain was the most fertile land like the Songnen Plain. The counterparty to the Treaty was Muravyov, who had been governor-general of Eastern Siberia since 1849 and had a very clear understanding of the Northeast Plain, the mouth of the Heilongjiang River and the coastal region.
Russia's eastward development was also completed by several generations, and in 1643, before the Manchus entered the customs, the Russian Poyarkov spent more than a year walking to the mouth of the Heilongjiang River. Ten years later, Khabarov, who was more famous and ruthless than him, led a group of Cossacks to Yaksa, the northernmost apex of the arc of Heilongjiang, and established a fortress. The Qing and Russian armies came and went, and finally Soetu and Golovin signed the Treaty of Nebuchu in 1689.
In the map, the location of the red line between the yellow in the middle and the white above is the Outer Khing'anling Mountains; The black line between the yellow and the white below is the Heilongjiang River, called the Amur River in Russia, and the almost vertical red and black line to the west is the Argon River, the lower end is Manzhouli, and the upper end is merged into the Heilongjiang River. The Treaty of Nebuchu somewhat prevented Russia from moving eastward (bounded by the Argon River to the west) and southward (bounded by the Khingan Ridge to the north).
In the two hundred years since the Treaty of Nebuchu was signed, Russia slowly infiltrated Heilongjiang. Settlements were established at the entrance of the Jingqili River (Hailan Bubble) in Heilongjiang, at the entrance of the Ussuri River (Boli) in Heilongjiang, and in Nikolaevsk at the mouth of the Sea (Miaojie) in Heilongjiang. Until 1858, taking advantage of the Anglo-French army landing in Tianjin, troops came to the city, in the name of helping the Qing resist Britain, forcibly signed the Treaty of Yaohun.
The timing of the signing of the Treaty of Yaohun is very precise. In May 1858, there were Anglo-French troops outside, the Taiping Rebellion inside, and behind the Far East Governor Muraviov were a series of de facto settlements north of Heilongjiang. The result: ceded north of the Heilongjiang River and condominium east of the Ussuri River. This meritorious governor was made a count (count of Heilongjiang), there is a statue of him in Khabarovsk, and he is also on the 5000 ruble banknote.
Statue of Muravyov
Russian rubles printed with Muravyov
At that time, the Treaty also stipulated that "on the left bank of the Heilongjiang River, from the south of the Jingqili River to Holmolezintun, the original Manchurians and others shall continue to be allowed to live forever in the tun where they live", and this area is the so-called "Jiangdong 64 tun". In addition, the so-called condominium of the two countries east of the Ussuri River was revised by the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing two years later, and the condominium was changed from a condominium to Russian land.
At that time, it was only Heilongjiang general Yishan who signed the Treaty of Yaohun, and Xianfeng did not make a clear statement. Russia sent a special envoy, Ignatiyev, who was less than thirty years old, to Beijing to implement the royal signing. At that time, the Anglo-French forces and Beijing were preparing for war. If the Qing Dynasty wins, the Treaty of Yaohun will be yellow; If Britain and France had won, the Treaty would have been contained. This genius diplomat maneuvered and cleverly maneuvered to overmeet the task.
Ignatiyev
In Beijing, Ignatiyev promised the Qing that he would avoid excessive demands from Britain and France, and went to Shanghai to show that he could help pacify the Qing court. In order to save the city of Beijing, the Qing court ratified the Treaty of Yaohun and gave Russia the land east of the Ussuri River to the mouth of the Heilongjiang River in the north and the mouth of the Tumen River in the south. The Qing court and both Britain and France thanked him for his efforts to mediate. The governor took north of the Heilongjiang River and the envoy took the east of the Ussuri River.
A statue erected by Russia in honor of Ignatiev
Forty years later, during the Boxer Rebellion, Jiangdong was occupied by Russia, and the last piece of land on the other side of the entire Heilongjiang River was missing. Since then, Russia has vigorously developed the Far East and built the 9,288-kilometer Trans-Siberian Railway, and only then has the story of Vladivostok. Later, I met the Japanese who came over the Changbai Mountain, and then I had the story of the Dongqing Railway, the story of the Russo-Japanese War, and the story of Dalian and Lushun