History of Serbia
The current Serbia inherited the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which was actually composed of Serbia and Montenegro. Later, after Montenegro separated from the FRY, Serbia alone could not maintain the Union, so it announced the dissolution of the FRY and inherited all responsibilities of the FRY.
All the tragedies in Serbia originated in Ottoman Turkey, and in the 13th century AD, the Ottoman Empire was so powerful that it first occupied the Balkans in order to march into Europe.
Before the Turkish occupation of Serbia, Serbs lived in Kosovo for thousands of years.
Kosovo is in the eyes of Serbs, is the "land of black birds", as can be seen from the picture, the current Kosovo area is surrounded by mountains, the central part is relatively flat, but the resources of the Kosovo region are not rich, why do Serbs live there for generations?
It is because the Balkans have dealt with the dividing point between Asia and Europe over the years, and from Asia across the Turkish Strait, the Balkans are at the geographical dividing point and are the focus of contention among various countries.
It is the years of war in the Balkans that have made Kosovo's relatively flat basin surrounded by mountains a very rare advantageous area. So Serbs have lived in Kosovo for generations.
Before the Ottoman occupation of Serbia, 90% of the Serbs were Orthodox. After the Ottoman occupation of Serbia, the Turks carried out a series of religious cleansing campaigns, and they vigorously suppressed the Serbs.
On the one hand, Turkey forcibly promotes Islamization, wants to forcibly change the original Orthodox Church to Islam, Turkey is more clever to adopt the method of taxation, they use the method of non-Islam faith tax, non-Islam to collect poll tax, unwilling to pay Serbs have migrated north.
On the other hand, when Albanians were poor, Turkey used incentives to encourage Albanians to move into Kosovo, encourage them to practice Islam and distribute the land and houses of the displaced Serbs to the Albanians.
After nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule, the Serb population throughout Kosovo declined dramatically, and by the time Turkey was defeated, Albanians made up 60 per cent of Kosovo's population. Gradually, the Serb population in Kosovo changed from an overwhelming majority to a minority population. And with the change of the crowd, the original mainstream mainstream religion in Kosovo, the Orthodox Church, has basically slowly changed to Islam with the migration of Serbs.
II. The Yugoslav Federation
In 1941 Yugoslavia was occupied by German-Italian fascists. Under the leadership of Yugoslav leader Tito, Yugoslavia was liberated in May 1945 and the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed by a new parliament on 29 November of the same year.
The FRY is composed of six republics - Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro - and two autonomous provinces - Kosovo and Vojvodina. You will find out why there are two special autonomous provinces in the Yugoslav Federation at this time, Kosovo and Vojvodina.
Let's first talk about Vojvodina, the main ethnic group of Vojvodina is the Serbian ethnic group, which belonged to Hungary before World War I, Hungary was defeated in World War I, and Vojvodina joined Serbia; In World War II, Vojvodina was incorporated into Hungary as a whole, and after World War II, Tito's Yugoslav Federation was strong, and Vojvodina immediately joined the Yugoslav Federation, so Tito gave Vojvodina the status of the autonomous province.
But Kosovo is different, since Turkey was beaten away, the Albanian population in Kosovo has risen sharply, and the faith of the main body has also changed to Islam, the contradictions between them and the Serbs have become deeper and deeper, and Serbia and Kosovo have carried out mutual ethnic cleansing for many years. Serbia kills an Albanian, and an Albanian kills a Serb back. The contradictions between the two regions have become irreconcilable. So Tito gave the status of an autonomous province of Kosovo based on the consideration of the status quo.
Tito led the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during this period, taking a neutral line abroad, and the Warsaw Pact of the Soviet Union and NATO at that time were like water and fire, fighting to the death, but under Tito's leadership, the entire Yugoslav Federation was in the position of a neutral country and implemented the World Non-Aligned Movement.
Under Tito's rule, he insisted on following the line of independence and self-determination, did not form an alliance, and wanted to benefit from both sides, but in fact, from the perspective of history, it was a very wrong policy. Tito wants to think that both sides are not guilty, and each side is safe and developing, but unfortunately this idea is often the most unrealistic, because Pifu is not guilty, Huai Bi is guilty, the Balkan Peninsula is so important, will the Soviet Union or NATO allow a strong federal government to exist? Like Liu Biao in the Three Kingdoms period, in the face of the choice of camp, he often takes the neutral line, but the neutral line is actually advanced, that is, one cannot be at the intersection of the two forces, and the other is that its own ability must always be strong enough, so that neither side can help.
Unfortunately, Yugoslavia does not meet the above two points, after a long struggle between the Warsaw Pact and NATO, Yugoslavia is already at the intersection of the two major forces, and from the perspective of territory, Yugoslavia does not have enough strong capital. Therefore, when the Soviet Union collapsed, Yugoslavia suffered a great blow, including the subsequent bombing of Yugoslavia, which can also be said to be indirectly caused by the Non-Aligned Movement.
1. Race
In order to balance the power of various ethnic groups in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Tito adopted a policy of ethnic equilibrium, and Serbia was in the majority of the entire Yugoslav Federation at that time, so Tito suppressed the Serbs. In 1961, the proportion of ethnic Serbs in the entire federation was 42 per cent, but in 1980 it decreased to 36 per cent. Although this policy of suppressing the main ethnic groups of the state has reduced the inequality between ethnic groups, it has a very big drawback, that is, the cohesion of the entire country will deteriorate.
Kosovo's Albanians were in the minority category at the time, so Tito used the policy to actively encourage childbearing. The Albanians themselves in Kosovo converted to Islam, and with the encouragement of federal policy and Islamic teachings, Albanians began to prosper. In just 30 years, the Albanians in Kosovo make up 80 per cent of Kosovo's population, and Kosovo Serbs have become a true minority.
2. Economy
In the 1960s and 1980s, Yugoslavia under Tito's leadership practiced neutrality, which made Yugoslavia the object of the United States and the Soviet Union, and also won Yugoslavia a glorious 20 years.
As can be seen from the above figure, before 1980, Yugoslavia's GDP growth was very fast, the average GDP growth rate reached 6.1%, Yugoslavia has gradually grown into a superpower, but in fact, behind the economic prosperity, there are major hidden worries, Tito in order to balance the economy of all Yugoslav member states, on the one hand, actively delegated the central government, so that later the federal government only left diplomatic and defense powers, on the other hand, in order to pursue balance, completely do not act according to economic laws, For example, if Serbia needs a steel plant, all other member states will build a steel plant, which is a serious violation of economic laws.
In 1980, two major events happened in Yugoslavia, one is the death of Tito, the other is that the Soviet Union began to show a decline since the beginning of the Afghan War in 1979, and the Soviet Union has gradually been unable to compete with NATO, so the external environment of Yugoslavia has changed drastically, the originally neutral external environment is no longer reliable, and NATO does not allow the emergence of superpowers in the Balkans. So from 1980, NATO began to suppress Yugoslavia economically and divide Yugoslavia politically.
3. NATO began to divide Yugoslavia
NATO's division of Yugoslavia first adopted the spread of democratic ideas. As soon as this trend spread, it received a positive response from all Yugoslav member states, and this response was set against the backdrop of a decade-long recession in Yugoslavia after 1980, when Yugoslavs believed that democracy could solve all economic problems. This idea is very similar to Hong Kong, China, which is also because of the defeat in the competition with the mainland and the economic decline, European and American countries have taken the opportunity to promote democracy in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong young people have directly recruited Hong Kong, believing that democracy will definitely save Hong Kong's former glory, but unfortunately, Hong Kong's young people do not realize that Hong Kong's prosperity is an accident of history, and Hong Kong can no longer appear in the past.
In March 1989, Slovenia, which is closest to Western European countries, was the first to be recruited, and in March 1989 Slovenia proposed "ending the one-party system and implementing a multi-party system". Many political parties for votes, populist ideas became more and more serious, and eventually directly led to the Slovenian War of Independence between Slovenia and the Yugoslav Federation, when the weak Yugoslavia was unable to prevent Slovenia's independence, the predecessor of the European Union, the European Community, after the outbreak of the war, actively pressured Yugoslavia, forcing the Slovenian War to end in only 10 days, and finally Slovenian independence, because the war lasted only 10 days, so it was called the Ten Days Event.
Slovenia's independence was an excellent example for other Yugoslav member states.
In order to further divide Yugoslavia, in 1992, with the support of NATO, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina also seceded from the FRY and declared independence.
The Yugoslav leader at the time, Milosevic, realized that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia could no longer be sustained, so under his leadership Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and declared himself president of the Union.
Since the beginning of Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence in 1992, the FRY has supported the ethnic cleansing of Croats and Muslims by Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina broke out. This on-site war directly led to the generation of more than 2 million refugees, these refugees poured into Western Europe, including more than 200,000 refugees in Germany, the influx of these refugees to Western European countries brought great social instability, so NATO used this as an excuse to warn the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that if the war is not stopped, it will take the initiative to send troops to strike. However, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ignored it and continued to support the Serbs in Croatia to attack the Croatian government army, so the US-led NATO directly adopted the method of military intervention, using the air force to raid the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina on a large scale, and finally forced Milosevic to sign an armistice. At this point, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina officially achieved independent status.
III. War in Kosovo
The independence of the member states of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has brought great hope to the autonomous province of Kosovo, Serbia, and Kosovo's desire for independence has become stronger. Because the Albanians in Kosovo already account for more than 90 per cent of the entire Kosovo, Albanians who believe in Islam have used Islamic extremists to form the Kosovo Liberation Army. After several years of NATO activities to divide Yugoslavia, the original Yugoslav Federation no longer exists, but the FRY still exists in order to further divide the FRY. NATO began to actively support the Kosovo Liberation Army.
According to The Scotsman, between 1998 and 1999, many jihadists from the Middle East and Central Asia were called up to Kosovo to assist the Kosovo Liberation Army in fighting a jihad, which was vigorously promoted by the United States, while the US Department of Defense intelligence services, MI6 and the British 22nd Special Air Force jointly trained the Sovo Liberation Army, and the training camp was located in northern Albania.
The Mujahideen were brutal and carried out a frenzied ethnic cleansing of Serbs in the Kosovo region, and the Serbs who were not disturbed by them died and fled. According to statistics, Albanians now account for 98% of the total population in Kosovo, which means that there are basically no other ethnic groups in Kosovo.
When the majority ethnic group in Kosovo changed from Serbs to Albanians during the Ottoman era, a long-term policy of mutual ethnic cleansing between Serbs and Kosovars began. It was only later, under Tito's rule, when Kosovo gained the status of an autonomous province, that the conflict eased slightly, but it was under Tito's policy of ethnic balance that the Albanian population in Kosovo reached 90%. The achievement of this population ratio has actually made it impossible for Kosovo to return to Serbia.
Milosevic has also adopted a tougher approach to ethnic cleansing from Kosovo. In early 1998, armed conflict broke out between Serbia and Kosovo.
The conflict between Serbia and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) had resulted in thousands of deaths and more than 200,000 refugees again as a result of 1998.
On 24 March 1999, NATO bypassed the United Nations and began bombing Serbia directly, and NATO even used cluster bombs prohibited by international conventions and depleted uranium bombs that can cause neonatal malformations and leukemia to bomb the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Because NATO bypassed the United Nations directly and used prohibited weapons, China opposed NATO bombing.
- On April 12, NATO aircraft bombed an international train, destroying one carriage and derailing three more after catching fire, killing 55 people.
- On 14 April, NATO bombed ethnic Albanian refugees returning home in Kosovo, killing 75 people and seriously injuring more than 20. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly.
- On April 17-18, NATO planes blew up a chemical plant in Pancevo, resulting in 10,600 times the level of carcinogens over the city.
- On 23 April, the Radio and Television Serbia building in central Belgrade was blown up by NATO cruise missiles, disrupting three programmes that were being broadcast, killing at least 10 people, including journalists, and wounding 19.
- On 1 May, a long-distance bus was blown up by NATO aircraft 20 kilometres north of Pristina, killing 47 passengers and seriously injuring 16.
- At noon on 3 May, NATO aircraft attacked a bus bound for Montenegro, killing 20 passengers and injuring 43.
- At 23:45 local time on May 7 and 5:45 Beijing time on the 8th, the Chinese Embassy in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was attacked by five missiles launched by NATO from different angles, killing three people, injuring more than 20 people and seriously damaging the premises.
- On 14 May, NATO bombed an Albanian refugee convoy in the Wadi region of Kosovo, killing at least 79 people and wounding dozens.
- Beginning on May 2, NATO attacked power supply facilities in the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Large-scale power outages and water outages not only brought trouble to the lives of the people of the FRY, but also made it difficult for important livelihood departments such as hospitals and bakeries to maintain.
- On 10 June, NATO finally announced a moratorium on the brutal bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
- After NATO bombing, Serbia was completely powerless, and 78 days later, Kosovo was entrusted by the United Nations, and NATO sent up to 500,000 international security troops to Kosovo.
Since then, there has never been a unified dynasty in the Balkans.
4. Racial integration
The issue of ethnic integration is at the heart of the entire tragedy in Serbia, where the leaders of Serbia have directly adopted a policy of ethnic cleansing and sprecidation in the face of Kosovo's Albanian Muslims. Kosovo Albanians are cleaning Serbs for independence, while carrying out terrorist attacks to kill Serbs. The entire history of the Balkans has been largely cleansed by this ethnic cleansing.
The current United States is also facing the racial problems of whites and blacks, and the racial problems of the United States are becoming increasingly serious, especially the low willingness of white Americans to give birth, while the low living standards of Mexicans but strong willingness to give birth, the poorer and poorer, so that the main white nation in the United States has been greatly eroded, how similar this situation is to Serbia in the past.
There are also many ethnic minorities in China, why do there are so few incidents of ethnic cleansing? Since ancient times, China has adopted two methods of ethnic integration:
One is Stalin's forced relocation;
The other is the automatic integration of China's population with the economy, using economic forces to promote the free integration of the population, which is the method used by China to solve Xinjiang/Tibet.
In fact, there is also the method of ethnic cleansing between Serbs and Albanians mentioned in this article.
It's just that it turns out that only with the automatic integration model of the economy is the softest and most humane way.
So it boils down to everything, there are also many ethnic minorities in China now, and we must allow those ethnic minorities to fully flow. Through economic means, let them integrate into the Han people, and even adopt the method of encouraging intermarriage, slowly assimilating ethnic minorities into Han people, and reducing the gap between ethnic minorities and Han people, so as to avoid the recurrence of tragedy to the greatest extent.