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The Southern Dynasty period (420-589) of ancient China was an important period in Chinese history, during which many changes took place in the cultural, political and social systems.
Among them, the education system of the Southern Dynasty played a key role in shaping the society and cultivating talents at that time.
Characteristics of the two-way academic system
The emergence of the hierarchical academic system is one of the important features of the two academic systems.
During this period, a strict hierarchy was formed in society, and different social classes had different educational opportunities and treatment.
The core of the hierarchical academic system is the education of identity privileges based on family status and social status. In this system, children of aristocratic families had access to better educational resources, including better teachers and teaching materials.
In contrast, the children of ordinary people were restricted to their education at home or in low-level private schools. The emergence of the hierarchical academic system has further exacerbated the differentiation between social classes and limited social mobility to a certain extent.
Corresponding to the hierarchical school system is the strong development of home education. During the Two Jin Dynasties, private school became the main form of education. As the most basic educational unit, the family assumes the responsibility of nurturing children.
This kind of homeschool education focuses on the inheritance of traditional culture, and attaches importance to the cultivation of children's moral education and etiquette norms.
The main feature of homeschool education is the mentoring system, where parents or hired teachers personally teach their children and impart knowledge and skills, which has the advantage of better cultivating their children's family values and social adaptability, and also lays the foundation for private education in the later Southern Dynasty period.
The diversification of educational content is also one of the distinctive features of the two academic systems. During this period, the content of education was no longer limited to Confucian classics and knowledge of scripture and history, and a wider range of disciplines began to emerge.
In addition to studying Confucian classics, students are also exposed to education in arts and skills such as literature, history, music, and calligraphy.
This variety of educational content allows students to acquire more comprehensive knowledge and literacy, and also provides more choices for their future development.
II. Southern Dynasty Bureaucracy System
In the central official school during the Southern Dynasty period, Chinese culture was the most important part of it.
Guoxue was an academy directly managed by the emperor, training royal heirs and royal advisers. Sinology focuses on a comprehensive educational content, including knowledge of literature, history, politics, and etiquette.
The teaching method of sinology focuses on the combination of theoretical learning and practical application, aiming to cultivate students' leadership skills and ruling ability to adapt to the needs of the royal family.
In addition to the study of Chinese culture, the Central Government School also has a school hall. The academy is a branch of the official academy and is responsible for training reserve talents for officials. The academy focuses on practical education, teaching officials the skills and knowledge they need to have.
The teaching content of the academy mainly includes political, legal, military and other aspects to help students better qualify for government duties. The teaching methods of the academy emphasize practical operation and case studies to develop the practical work ability of officials.
In addition, the Central Government Academy also has a special form of education.
These specialized forms of educational institutions train specialists in specific fields, such as medicine, economics, agriculture, etc. These educational institutions provide in-depth academic research and practical experience that contribute to the development of various fields.
The counterpart to the central official school is the local official school. The local government academy is an educational institution established by the local government to train and select local government officials.
The teaching content and methods of local official studies are similar to those of central official schools, but pay more attention to the actual local situation and the needs of local officials. Through the study of actual cases and local characteristics, local government studies have cultivated a number of outstanding officials for local governments.
The implementation of the official school system in the Southern Dynasty had a profound impact on the society and government governance at that time. By selecting and training outstanding officials, the official academy has improved the government's management level and governance ability.
The official school pays attention to the combination of theory and practice, and cultivates many talents with professional knowledge and practical work ability in various fields. At the same time, the development of official schools also promoted academic and cultural prosperity, and made important contributions to the progress of Southern Korean society.
III. Royal and Court Education
The education received by emperors, princes and princes during the Southern Dynasties was quite special and specialized.
The emperor's system of teacher protection was an important way for emperors to receive education. The emperor would have a special master who would teach the emperor about politics, etiquette, literature, etc., and impart ruling skills.
The system of the prince's protection is the system in which the prince receives education, and the prince will have a special bodyguard who is responsible for educating the prince's moral cultivation and learning.
The system of princely teachers, friends, and literature is the way the prince receives education, and they will have special teachers, friends and learning partners to learn, communicate and improve together.
Reading by attendants was an important form of court education. The emperor and the prince would have attendants who were responsible for reading subsets of scripture and literature and art.
These attendants were usually talented literati or scholars, who would interact with the emperor and prince, interpret scriptures, explain history, create literature, and guide them to form correct ideological and aesthetic concepts.
The prince's lectures and explanations were another important part of the court education of the Southern Dynasty. The Prince regularly holds lectures and invites knowledgeable scholars to teach.
These lectures not only helped the Prince to expand his knowledge, but also provided opportunities to interact with scholars, promoting the exchange of ideas and academic discussions.
The prince will also perform a ceremony to pay tribute to his ancestors to show respect and inheritance of traditional culture.
The education of court girls was also part of the court education during the Southern Dynasties. The main education received by court women included literature, music, dance, etiquette, etc.
They are educated by specialized female teachers and nurture their talents and morals. This education was not only to meet the needs of court life, but also to make them cultured and virtuous women who could better assist the emperor and court affairs.
4. The Development of Private Studies in the Southern Dynasty
Private lectures were widely popularized during the Southern Dynasties, forming a unique educational phenomenon. There are certain reasons for this phenomenon. During the Southern Dynasties, society was in turmoil, and people longed for opportunities for stability and advancement in society through knowledge and learning.
Private lectures became an important means for them to acquire knowledge and knowledge. The flexibility and freedom of private lectures attract more students and faculty.
Private lectures come in a variety of forms, ranging from individual lectures to student gatherings to meet the needs of different groups of people.
The inheritance and continuity of private lectures are also key factors in their development. Many private lecturers have been passed down from generation to generation, forming a stable educational system.
The types of private lectures are also varied. Lectures based on scripture are the most common. The study of scriptures, including Confucian classics and commentaries, was the subject of learning that Southern Dynasty society attached great importance to.
In addition, literature, history, poetry, etc. are also important contents of private lectures. Private lecturers teach according to their own expertise and knowledge, meeting the needs of different students.
Private lectures are also regional in nature. The development of private lectures varies from region to region. Private lectures are more prosperous in the Gangnam area, which is related to the local economic prosperity and cultural atmosphere.
Private lectures in mountainous areas are relatively rare, subject to transportation and resource constraints. Regional differences have also brought certain limitations to the development of private lecturing.
During the Southern Dynasties, homeschooling became one of the important forms of education. Homeschooling is mainly education carried out in the family, which has certain characteristics and influences.
The transmission of homeschooling mainly depends on the education of parents and parents. Parents pass on their knowledge and experience to their children and develop their knowledge and morality. This traditional family education was further developed and strengthened during the Southern Dynasty period.
The content of home education includes many aspects such as subsets of history and literature, and art, aiming to cultivate children's comprehensive literacy. Parents should not only impart knowledge, but also pay attention to the cultivation of moral and social skills of their children, so that they can become qualified members of society.
An important part of homeschooling is home discipline and home commandments. Family discipline is the teaching and norm of parents to their children, guiding their behavior and thoughts through words and deeds.
Family commandments are parents' advice and exhortations to their children to inspire their wisdom and outlook on life.
The content of family discipline and commandments is rich and varied, including both academic requirements and moral norms. This kind of family education is important for shaping the character and values of children.
During the Southern Dynasties, girls' education was also gradually emphasized. Homeschooling has become the main way for girls to receive education.
Girls receive basic literary, musical and weaving education in the family to improve their housekeeping skills and social literacy. The prosperity of girls' education made a certain contribution to the status of women and the development of women's education in society at that time.
5. Teachers and students in schools of the Southern Dynasty
During the Southern Dynasties, the Central Official Academy was an important institution for training government officials. In the Central Official Academy, the teaching staff is mainly composed of classicists and Confucianists.
They have deep knowledge and extensive teaching experience, are able to impart classics and commentaries, and guide students to understand and apply.
They pay attention to rigor and discipline in their teaching, and conduct rigorous assessment and selection of students. Students study hard and pass exams for further development opportunities.
Local official studies were an important place for training officials in various places during the Southern Dynasty period. In local official schools, the teaching staff is generally held by local scholars and scholars. Usually have a considerable level of knowledge and teaching experience, able to impart subject knowledge and practical application.
Compared with the central official school, the local official school pays more attention to practicality and local characteristics. The relationship between the teaching staff and the students is also closer and harmonious, and teachers often act as guides and mentors for students.
Private school was the most common form of school during the Southern Dynasties, and the teaching staff was the master of private school. Most of these masters are from the Shi clan and have profound knowledge and experience.
In their teaching, they pay attention to imparting subject knowledge and cultivating students' moral cultivation.
Different from the central government school and local official school, the teachers and teachers of private school pay more attention to the development of individual students and pay attention to personalized education methods and guidance. The relationship between master and student is often more like an intimate interaction between master and apprentice.
Bibliography:
GAO Huibin . Study of the academic system of the Southern Dynasties. Journal of Jilin University .