The college entrance examination is approaching, and I think of the ancient imperial examination.
Yesterday someone asked me, the college entrance examination has junior college, bachelor's, master's and doctoral, in ancient times there were Xiucai, lifting people, jinshi and champions, what degree is equivalent to today?
Ancient readers first tested children, and Xiucai, and lifted people, and Jin Shi and even champions, list eyes, and tanhua.
The original examination goal of ancient readers was to be a child. Only after being admitted can it be called a "child".
The children's examination is not easy, you need to pass the county examination, the government examination to obtain, some people mistakenly think that passing the county examination is a show talent, wrong, only children pass the provincial science examination, also called the academy examination, can be regarded as show talent and the first, with the initial reputation.
Therefore, the goal of children is to get a showman.
If the reader obtains the talent and the first place, it will be incredible, and the reader will be looked up to wherever he goes.
Xiucai is also divided into three classes, and the best grades are called "junsheng", who can enter county and government colleges for further study, and the government will distribute grain on a monthly basis; Secondly, it is called "hyperplasia", which does not supply food, and there are certain places for "growth" and "hyperplasia"; The third is "attached students", that is, attached students who have just enrolled in school, and are generally not recommended to participate in the township examination.
After winning Xiucai, the next goal is to lift people.
Only when Xiucai passes the township examination can he become a lifter.
It is said that it is a township test, and the specifications are also provincial examinations. Although the township examination is organized by the province, the chief examiner is appointed by the imperial court to preside over it, and it is held every three years, usually in the autumn, so it is also called "Dabi" or "Qiuyun".
We often say that if you lift a person, you become a person. From Xiucai to lifting people, this step is very difficult, most of the ancient readers stop at Xiucai, and some people can't lift people in their lives, such as Su Shi, Su Zhi's old father Su Xun, his sons have been admitted to Jingshi, and he has not been admitted to lifting people. So he sighed: "Mo Daoden Keyi, the old man is like ascending to the sky!" ”
The first name is Xie Yuan, the second name is Yayuan, the third, fourth, and fifth names are Jingkui, and the sixth name is Yakui.
Xiucai does not have the qualifications to be an official, and can open a private school to teach and educate people, which is equivalent to obtaining a "teacher qualification certificate".
In addition to enjoying the preferential privileges of showing talent, people already have the qualifications to be officials and enjoy a certain amount of merit, and their social status is higher.
The next goal is to enter the Junior College.
The higher level of examination after the middle school is the conference examination, which is held in the capital, commonly known as the rush examination in Beijing.
When people entered Beijing to participate in the examination, the imperial court gave them road expenses and provided them with vehicles, and the places they passed had the responsibility of providing them with food and lodging.
The examination, once every three years, is generally held in the early second month of the lunar calendar, called Chunyun or Liyun, and generally admits 200 to 300 people, the first name is Huiyuan. Anyone who passes the examination and makes the top list can generally become a jinshi without special circumstances.
The examination is not yet the highest level exam, and there is also a palace examination, which is presided over by the emperor himself. Those who passed the examination took part in this examination.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the content of the palace examination was discussed together, and the test questions were pre-drafted by cabinet ministers and temporarily submitted to the emperor for delineation.
The top three in the temple examination are Champion, List Eye, and Tanhua. As for who can become a champion, one depends on the level of strategy, the second looks at the emperor's mood, and the third looks at his own luck.
The imperial examination is not like today's academic education examination, which is all one out of thousands or even one in a thousand miles, which is difficult and difficult, much more difficult than the current exam. But it is the only advanced channel for bachelors. Countless readers across the country have gone through the county, prefectural, township, and conference examinations, and finally won the palace examination, and the fierce competition can be imagined.
The imperial examination is similar to our primary school, junior high school, high school, university, master's and doctoral examinations today, but there are also essential differences.
If you only talk about academic degrees, then Xiucai is equivalent to today's middle school students, lifting people is equivalent to today's college students, and Jin Shi is equivalent to today's masters and doctoral students.
Xiucai, lifting people, jinshi, champions, we mostly get recognition on the stage or in books.
We are familiar with one is Lu Xun's Kong Yiji, who has read books and wasted reading, a poor talent, unable to pass the exam, and reduced to the point of stealing books.
One is Wu Jingzi's Fan Jin, who is also a poor talent, who finally won the middle age exam, was happy, and was crazy, because it was too difficult, one step to the sky, and the psychology could not bear it.
Another is Zuo Zongtang, a famous minister at the end of the Qing Dynasty, who was admitted to the Jin Shi and No. 1, and later although he became an inspector, he was unwilling, and he also shouted to Empress Dowager Cixi to participate in the examination.
There is also Zeng Guofan, he is a Jin Shi and Di, a famous minister of the Qing Dynasty, people mention him together with Confucius and Wang Yangming, known as "two half-saints", Zeng Guofan is considered a half-saint.
There is also a champion is Chen Shimei, after being admitted to the champion, he was recruited as a horse, abandoned his wife Qin Xianglian, and was finally given a guillotine by Bao Zheng.
There is also the famous "Three Su Father and Son" of the Song Dynasty: Su Xun, Su Shi, and Su Zhi.
Su Xun was also a great writer and wrote "On the Six Kingdoms", but he did not go well. It is said that he only started studying at the age of 27, and after winning Xiucai, he could not go to school again.
In 1056, Su Xun took his two sons to Beijing to rush for the exam. The two sons, Su Shi and Su Zhi, took the first place in the exam, and one was the same as the middle school and two jinshi, which caused a sensation in the Jingshi division. The old father Su Xun is still a "big white ding".
Su Xun recalled that he had been studying hard for decades, repeatedly failing exams, and not having any merit, but he did not expect that one "scumbag" had taught two top students.
He wrote a poem lamenting: "Mo Dao den Koyi, the old man is like ascending to the sky." Mo Daodenke is difficult, and children are like mustard. ”
Speaking of which, the ancient scientific examination and today's college entrance examination also have similarities, that is, the exam is relatively fair, regardless of whether it is rich or poor, the score is preferred. The exam is an opportunity to change one's destiny, a turning point in life, and an important way for the country to select talents.
There is a little emotion: as long as you are willing to work hard, carp can also jump the dragon gate! I wish this year's students to get good results and realize the life ideal of carp jumping dragon gate.